Aboveground and belowground ectomycorrhizal (ECM) communities associated with different age classes of the exotic plantation species Pinus radiata were investigated over the course of two years in the North Island of New Zealand. ECM species were identified with a combined approach of morphological and molecular (restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and DNA sequencing) analysis. ECM species richness and diversity of a nursery in Rotorua, and stands of different ages (1, 2, 8, 15 and 26 yrs of age at time of final assessment) in Kaingaroa Forest, were assessed above- and belowground; furthermore, the correlation between the above- and belowground ECM communities was assessed. It was found that the overall and stand specific species richness and diversity of ECM fungi associated with the exotic host tree in New Zealand were low compared to similar forests in the Northern Hemisphere but similar to other exotic plantations in the Southern Hemisphere. Over the course of this study, 18 ECM species were observed aboveground and 19 ECM species belowground. With the aid of molecular analysis the identities of Laccaria proxima and Inocybe sindonia were clarified. In the aboveground study, five species were found associated with P. radiata that were previously not reported with this host in New Zealand (Inocybe sindonia, Lactarius rufus, Lycoperdon gunii, Rhizopogon pseudoroseolus and Wilcoxina mikolae). Belowground, the species Psudotomentella sp., P. tristis, R. luteorubescens, Tomentella sp., Wilcoxina mikolae were found as new associates of P. radiata in New Zealand, additionally nine ECM types were found that could not be identified with molecular analysis. There was little correlation between the species fruiting and the species colonising root tips. Only seven species were found in common between the above- and belowground communities, furthermore the dominant species aboveground were not observed in the belowground ECM communities. The influence of host age on the above- and belowground ECM communities of different age classes of P. radiata plantations was investigated. The aboveground species richness increased from the nursery to the oldest age group investigated (26 yrs), while diversity increased to the 15 yr old age group and decreased slightly to the oldest stand. A clear sequence of ECM species changes was observed to be related to stand age with a growing complexity over the chronosequence. The belowground ECM communities showed a different picture and richness and diversity initially decreased from the nursery to the outplanting but increased thereafter. Belowground no change in ECM composition that was directly related to the age of the host was observed, but two distinct groups of ECM species were found – a 'young' and a 'plantation forest' group, with the respective discriminating species being Rhizopogon rubescens and Type unknown Basidiomycete/Amanita muscaria. Another aspect of the study was the fate of the nursery ECM species in the outplanting and the arrival of non-nursery species. The ECM communities of seedlings in the nursery were investigated in 2006 and these seedlings were followed up over eight assessments in the field for one year, furthermore data from the 1-, 2 and 8 yr old plantation stands was analysed. It was found that the nursery species do survive the first year of outplanting and are dominant in the first year. The first non-nursery species occurred six months after outplanting but was only in minor abundance. Nursery ECM were dominant for two years after the seedlings were planted, and were completely replaced after seven years. Rhizopogon rubescens was found to be the most persistent and dominant species in the outplanting, facilitating the successful establishment of the seedlings in the plantation forest.

我國女性勞動參與率逐年上升，雙薪家庭比例逐年升高，然而在家庭中幼兒的照顧工作仍以女性為主力，透過完備的公共托育政策將有助於平等性別分工。我國自2001年起推動社區保母系統服務，自2008年起開辦保母托育管理與托育費用補助計畫，旨在於使雙薪家庭父母親能夠安心使用保母托育服務。 本研究目的在探討幼兒父親與母親決定使用保母服務及選擇保母的動機及考量因素，以及使用保母服務托育後父親與母親自覺對自己的父職角色及母職角色的認知有何影響。並透過研究結果以提供保母與保母托育服務管理者參考及協助媒合。 本研究屬質化研究，透過位於台北的彭婉如基金會提供9對父母親受訪者，為避免夫妻權力干擾，訪談方式為研究者與父母親分開之單獨訪談。研究結論歸納九點：一、因家庭經濟考量與無法由家裡長輩照顧而尋求保母托育，且「人際管道」為主要的找保母管道；二、父母親普遍重視保母證照；三、選擇保母時，父母親重視托育持續性，意即可固定保母長期托育；四、父母親期待保母能有其他托育幼兒，使幼兒可學習人際互動；五、父母親選擇保母時重視幼兒感受；六、家長使用有系統管理的保母較安心；七、家庭對於選擇保母是以「母親」意見為主導，且母親考量較細緻；八、母親對於使用保母服務有愧疚感且感受深切，父親則無；九、使用保母服務有助於親職角色的發揮。最後，提出幾點關於承辦社區保母系統基金會的角色、保母訓練課程，以及托育政策等的相關建議。 / Taiwan's female labor force participation rate increased year by year, the proportion of double-income family is gradually increased, however, still women in the care of the children in the family as the main force, through a comprehensive public childcare policy will contribute to equal gender division of labor. Taiwan since 2001 to promote Communal Nurse the System service, Child care management and child care fee allowance program offered since 2008, aims to double income families, parents can feel at ease to use the Family child care providers nursery service. The purpose of this study was to investigate fathers and mothers decided to use the family child care providers nursery service and the motives and considerations of selecting the family child care providers, as well as after the use of the family child care providers nursery service, the father and the mother is conscious awareness of fatherhood and Motherhood what impact. And through research results to provide Family child care providers and the Family child care providers nursery service managers Reference and assist in matching. This study is a qualitative research, nine pairs of parents of respondents through the Peng Wan-Ru Foundation located at Taipei. The way of interview in this study to separate researcher and the parents is for avoiding the interference from parents by marital power. Conclusion this study of nine points:1.Due to the family economy and at home elder cannot take care of children, seeking for a child care, and seeking for a child care “interpersonal channels” is the main way; 2. Parents generally value the Family child care providers’ license; 3.Select a family child care provider parents attach importance to child care sustained, meaning family child care providers can be long-term childcare; 4.Parents look forward to the family child care providers can take care other children so that children can learn social interaction; 5.Parents choose family child care providers focus on children feeling; 6.Parents use family child care providers of systems management service feel trust; 7.Family select the family child care providers leading on the views of "mother", and mother considerations is in greater detail; 8. Mother feeling guilt and deep feelings for the family child care provider service, but no father; 9.The family child care providers nursery service contribute to the parenting role to play. Finally, offer some points of the foundation’s role to host the Communal Nurse System service, family child care providers training courses and childcare policy recommendations.

<p>This dissertation deals with how didactic fiction and writers of child literature of the 18^th and 19^th centuries tried to strike terror into their young listeners to make them obedient to the social and moral norms of adults. Particular attention is devoted to texts where children themselves function as protagonists. Fairy-tales by the brothers Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm but also by Ludwig Bechstein and Charles Perrault are taken into consideration as are examples of child literature by Johann Baptist Strobl, a less famous didactic philanthropist at the end of the Enlightenment.</p><p>The theme of horror and intimidation is followed and analyzed with special regard to narrative techniques, but also to objectives of educational and socialisation processes. The dissertation argues that many of the recurring stereotypes and <i>topoi</i> in these horror stories for children can be traced back to popular superstition and other notions of an early preliterary and oral society.</p>

This dissertation deals with how didactic fiction and writers of child literature of the 18th and 19th centuries tried to strike terror into their young listeners to make them obedient to the social and moral norms of adults. Particular attention is devoted to texts where children themselves function as protagonists. Fairy-tales by the brothers Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm but also by Ludwig Bechstein and Charles Perrault are taken into consideration as are examples of child literature by Johann Baptist Strobl, a less famous didactic philanthropist at the end of the Enlightenment. The theme of horror and intimidation is followed and analyzed with special regard to narrative techniques, but also to objectives of educational and socialisation processes. The dissertation argues that many of the recurring stereotypes and topoi in these horror stories for children can be traced back to popular superstition and other notions of an early preliterary and oral society.

Syftet med föreliggande avhandlingsarbete är att få större kunskap om några av förutsättningarna för förskolans pedagogiska verksamhet och få veta mer om vad som faktiskt sker ute i förskolans barngrupper. I avhandlingen kartläggs tolv förskollärares föreställningar om förskolan och uppfattningar om arbete, lek och inlärning samt hur de agerar i barngrupp med avseende på dessa begrepp. Föreställningar och uppfattningar hos tjuogoen lärarkandidater har också kartlagts, dels vid böljan av deras förskollärarutbildning, dels efter avslutad utbildning.1981 presenterade Socialstyrelsen en ny arbetsplan för förskolan. Den kan betraktas som ett försök till lösning av olika problem inom förskolan som utvecklats under en period av ca tio år. Arbete, lek och inlärning framställdes i arbetsplanen som centrala begrepp vilka gav struktur och innehåll åt förskolans pedagogiska verksamhet. I avhandlingen fokuseras föreställningar och uppfattningar. Dessa kan definieras som strukturerande och integrerande principer av övergripande art som är avgörande för hur en individ tolkar och värderar omvärlden. Förskollärarnas och lärarkandidaternas föreställningar och uppfattningar kartlades genom intervjuanalyser. En särskild kortsorteringsuppgift konstruerades och gavs i samband med intervjuerna. Förskollärarna observerades också i barngrupp.Resultatet visar att några av förskollärarna hade föreställningar om förskolan som "en institution för kompensation" eller som "en institution för utveckling". De flesta av dem såg förskolan som "en institution för anpassning". De hade även skilda uppfattningar om arbete, lek och inlärning. De olika uppfattningskategorierna kan sägas ge uttryck för ett mer eller mindre "pedagogiserat" eller "psykologiserat" synsätt; "vuxencentrerat" eller "barncentrerat" synsätt Observationerna visar att förskollärarna inte helt agerade i enlighet med den syn de gav uttryck för i intervjuerna. De agerade mer lika varandra i praktiken än vad man hade anledning att anta. De flesta av dem uttryckte i sin praktik att förskolan är en institution för "anpassning", endast få gav uttryck för "utveckling" och ingen alls för "kompensation". De uppfattningar som främst kom till uttryck i praktiken var att arbete är "förelagd uppgift", lek är en "terapeutisk nödvändighet" och inlärning är "social träning". I avhandlingen diskuteras resultaten i belysning av förskolans utveckling under 1970-talet. Professionalisering, yttre förutsättningar för verksamheten och förskolans tradition är begrepp som också används i diskussionen och för förklaring av resultaten. / The purpose of this dissertation is to acquire greater knowledge of some of the conditions of the educational activities of pre-school as well as of what is actually going on in pre-school. The study examines twelve pre-school teachers' notions of pre-school and conceptions of work, play and learning and how they interact with children with respect to these concepts. The notions and conceptions of a group of twenty-one trainee teachers have also been studied at the beginning and at the end of their training. In 1981 a new plan for pre-schooling was presented by The National Board of Health and Welfare which can be regarded as an attempt at solving pre-school problems arisen the last ten year period. Work, play and learning were the central concepts in the plan, providing pre-school, day-nurseries and part-time-groups, with structure and content. In the study, notions and conceptions are key-words. They can be defined as structuring and integrating, comprehensive principles determining how an individual interprets and evaluates the surrounding world. Notions and conceptions are examined through interview analyses. A special classification item was designed and administered in connection with the interviews. The pre-school teachers were also observed interacting with the group of children for fifteen hours.The results show that some of the pre-school teachers had notions of pre-school as "an institution for compensation" or as "an institution for development". Most of them regarded pre-school as "an institution for adjustment". They also had different conceptions of work, play and learning. The categories of conceptions express a more or less "educationalized" or "psychologized" attitude, an "adult-referenced" or "child-referenced" attitude. Regarding the conceptions of activities it is maintained that the trainee teachers have become "educationalized" in the course of their training. They expressed fewer notions that can be described as "child-referenced" or " psychologized". The observations show that the pre-school teachers did not act quite in accordance with the view they expressed in the interviews. They acted more uniformly than could be expected. The practices of most pre-school teachers indicated pre-school as "an institution for adjustment", only rarely "development", never "compensation". The most frequent conceptions expressed in their practices were that work is "assigned tasks", play is a "therapeutic necessity" and learning is "social training". The results are dicussed in the light of the development of pre-school in Sweden during the 1970s. Professionally, frame-factors, tradition in pre-school are important concepts for the understanding of the results. / digitalisering@umu

Oregon's nursery and greenhouse industry has ranked the first in the State's agricultural for 18 years. The majority of nursery sales from the Pacific Northwest come from Oregon. Due to data limitations, empirical study of the Oregon nursery industry is rare. The present dissertation consists of three essays that analyze the demand and supply of inputs and outputs and the relationship between producers and retailers in the Oregon nursery industry. Chapter 2 identifies the major factors affecting farm labor supply and demand and evaluates their relative importance in the Oregon nursery industry from 1991 to 2008. Empirical results show that border control effort doesn't have an influential role in labor supply, while the Oregon and Mexican minimum wage do. It is because of the substantial gap between the U.S. and Mexican economies, reflected for an example in the minimum wage gap, which attracts a continual flow of immigrants. Risk of border apprehension is not great enough to prevent the flow. Increases in Oregon minimum wage is more effective than border apprehension policies in boosting the average wage and in reducing the number of hours that illegal immigrants work in the nursery sector. Chapter 3 investigates producers' and retailers' choices of, and reactions to, various contract types in the Oregon nursery industry from 2005 to 2010. As new and fast-growing retailers in the industry, big-box stores are less likely than independent retailers to make pre-order contracts with the producer. However, once a pre-order contract is chosen, big-box stores demand more days of pre-order interval than independent retailers do. Transactions with independent retailers exhibit – on average over the sample range – scale economies and scope diseconomies. Boosting per-transaction revenue scale and the number of species sold to big-box stores enhances transaction efficiency. Chapter 4 examines the interaction between supply and demand in Oregon nursery products. The result indicates that the production and transaction costs are major drivers on the supply side, while transportation costs and consumer demand for nursery products play important roles on the demand side. At the genus level, the supply elasticities of coniferous plants are larger than those of deciduous plants, which in turn are higher than those of flowering plants. The demand elasticities are the lowest in coniferous trees followed by deciduous plants, then flowering plants. Price discounts on plants with high demand elasticities would significantly boost sales and enlarge the market, while those on plants with low demand elasticities would have less sales impact. Empirically, patenting seems to bring no direct signs of greater profitability. The wholesale nursery may wish to reconsider the pricing and marketing policies of its patented plants to differentiate them more effectively from its non-patented plants. / Graduation date: 2013

A presente dissertação foi desenvolvida no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, na linha de pesquisa “Fundamentos e Práticas de Enfermagem em Saúde da Mulher, Criança e Adolescente”. Trata-se de um estudo de origem qualitativa, cujo referencial teóricometodológico é a Análise de Discurso da linha francesa apresentada por Michel Pêcheux. O objetivo desta investigação foi compreender os possíveis efeitos de sentidos produzidos a partir do discurso da mídia impressa jornalística no ano de 2005, sobre a atuação das profissionais enfermeiras no atendimento ao parto normal. O corpus desta pesquisa foi constituído por: a) documentos oficiais acerca das políticas de atenção a saúde da mulher no Brasil e do incentivo à formação e manutenção do enfermeiro na cena de parto; b) materiais que abordavam a evolução histórica da parturição no mundo e no Brasil; c) documentos referentes à legislação profissional e deontologia das categorias profissionais Enfermagem e Medicina, e legislação do ensino da Enfermagem; d) materiais escritos e materiais visuais publicados na mídia impressa jornalística, questionando e/ou defendendo o parto feito por enfermeiras. O período escolhido para a coleta de informações contidas na mídia impressa jornalística, foi o ano de 2005, propositalmente em virtude dos fatos e muitas discussões ocorridas. Os jornais escolhidos para a coleta de dados são conhecidos como: Zero Hora e Correio do Povo. Analisar o discurso e a mídia impressa jornalística pretendeu evidenciar as práticas de parto e sua historicidade, ficando evidente o perfil intervencionista que possuímos em relação à parturição no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A análise realizada evidencia a legalidade na atuação da enfermeira obstétrica no parto, mas não a legitimidade social e profissional. / The present dissertation was developed in the Nursery Pos Graduation Program of the University of Rio Grande do Sul, in “Nursery fundamentals and practice in woman, children and teenagers health”. It is a qualitative origin study, which theoretical and methodological referral is the speech analysis of the french thought presented by Michel Pêcheux. The aim of this investigation was the analysis of the possible effects of sense produced by the press media speech during the year of 2005, about the professional nurses job attending vaginal delivery. The sources of the research were: a) Official documents related to woman health attending policy in Brazil and the incentive of the nurse development and maintenance in the delivery scene; b) Materials about the delivery historical evolution in the world and in Brazil; c) Documents about Nursery and Medicine professional legislation and deontology and Nursery teaching legislation. d) Press and visual materials published in journalistic press media questioning and/or defending the delivery attended by nurses. The period of time chosen to collect the information contained in the journalistic press media was the year of 2005, especially because of the large amount of facts and discussions occurred during this time. Zero Hora and Correio do Povo were the elected newspapers for the collection of information. By analyzing the journalistic press media speech, it was intended to highlight the delivery practice and its history, making more evident the intervening profile of the professionals in parturition situations in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The present analysis makes evident the legality of obstetric nurse attendance during parturition, but the lack of social and professional legitimacy. / La presente dicertación fue desarrollada en el Programa de Post Grado en Enfermeria de la Universidad Federal de Rio grande do Sul, en la línea de investigación “Fundamentos y Prácticas de Enfermeria en Salud de la Mujer, Niño y Adolescente. Tratase de un estúdio de origen cualitativa, en el cual el referencial teórico y metodológico es el análisis del discurso de línea francesa presentada por Michel Pêcheux. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analisar los posibles efectos de sentido producido por el discurso de los medios de comunicación graficos en el ano de 2005, referidos de la actuación de los professionales de enfermeria en la asistencia al parto normal. La fuentes de esta investigación fueron: a) Documentos oficiales acerca de políticas de atención a salud de la mujer en Brasil y el incentivo a la formación y mantenimiento del enfermera en la escena del parto; b) Materiales sobre la evolución histórica del parto en el mundo y en Brasil; c) Documentos referentes a constituición professional y deontologica de Enfermeria y Medica, y constitución de la ensenanza de enfermeria; d) Materiales escritos y visuales publicados en los medios graficos de comunicacion cuestionando y/o defendiendo el parto asistido por enfermeras. El período de tiempo elegido para recolectar las informaciones contenidas en los medios graficos fue el ano 2005, especialmente por los hechos y discusiones ocurridas. Los diários elegidos para la recopilacion de datos son conocidos como: Zero Hora y Correio do Povo. Analisar el discurso y los medios graficos pretendio dejar evidenciado las prácticas del parto y su história, reflejando el perfil intervencionista que poseemos en relación a parturición en la Província de Rio Grande do Sul. El analisis realizado expone todavia la legalidad en la actuación de enfermeras obstétricas en el parto, pero no hay legitimidad social y professional.

A presente dissertação foi desenvolvida no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, na linha de pesquisa “Fundamentos e Práticas de Enfermagem em Saúde da Mulher, Criança e Adolescente”. Trata-se de um estudo de origem qualitativa, cujo referencial teóricometodológico é a Análise de Discurso da linha francesa apresentada por Michel Pêcheux. O objetivo desta investigação foi compreender os possíveis efeitos de sentidos produzidos a partir do discurso da mídia impressa jornalística no ano de 2005, sobre a atuação das profissionais enfermeiras no atendimento ao parto normal. O corpus desta pesquisa foi constituído por: a) documentos oficiais acerca das políticas de atenção a saúde da mulher no Brasil e do incentivo à formação e manutenção do enfermeiro na cena de parto; b) materiais que abordavam a evolução histórica da parturição no mundo e no Brasil; c) documentos referentes à legislação profissional e deontologia das categorias profissionais Enfermagem e Medicina, e legislação do ensino da Enfermagem; d) materiais escritos e materiais visuais publicados na mídia impressa jornalística, questionando e/ou defendendo o parto feito por enfermeiras. O período escolhido para a coleta de informações contidas na mídia impressa jornalística, foi o ano de 2005, propositalmente em virtude dos fatos e muitas discussões ocorridas. Os jornais escolhidos para a coleta de dados são conhecidos como: Zero Hora e Correio do Povo. Analisar o discurso e a mídia impressa jornalística pretendeu evidenciar as práticas de parto e sua historicidade, ficando evidente o perfil intervencionista que possuímos em relação à parturição no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A análise realizada evidencia a legalidade na atuação da enfermeira obstétrica no parto, mas não a legitimidade social e profissional. / The present dissertation was developed in the Nursery Pos Graduation Program of the University of Rio Grande do Sul, in “Nursery fundamentals and practice in woman, children and teenagers health”. It is a qualitative origin study, which theoretical and methodological referral is the speech analysis of the french thought presented by Michel Pêcheux. The aim of this investigation was the analysis of the possible effects of sense produced by the press media speech during the year of 2005, about the professional nurses job attending vaginal delivery. The sources of the research were: a) Official documents related to woman health attending policy in Brazil and the incentive of the nurse development and maintenance in the delivery scene; b) Materials about the delivery historical evolution in the world and in Brazil; c) Documents about Nursery and Medicine professional legislation and deontology and Nursery teaching legislation. d) Press and visual materials published in journalistic press media questioning and/or defending the delivery attended by nurses. The period of time chosen to collect the information contained in the journalistic press media was the year of 2005, especially because of the large amount of facts and discussions occurred during this time. Zero Hora and Correio do Povo were the elected newspapers for the collection of information. By analyzing the journalistic press media speech, it was intended to highlight the delivery practice and its history, making more evident the intervening profile of the professionals in parturition situations in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The present analysis makes evident the legality of obstetric nurse attendance during parturition, but the lack of social and professional legitimacy. / La presente dicertación fue desarrollada en el Programa de Post Grado en Enfermeria de la Universidad Federal de Rio grande do Sul, en la línea de investigación “Fundamentos y Prácticas de Enfermeria en Salud de la Mujer, Niño y Adolescente. Tratase de un estúdio de origen cualitativa, en el cual el referencial teórico y metodológico es el análisis del discurso de línea francesa presentada por Michel Pêcheux. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analisar los posibles efectos de sentido producido por el discurso de los medios de comunicación graficos en el ano de 2005, referidos de la actuación de los professionales de enfermeria en la asistencia al parto normal. La fuentes de esta investigación fueron: a) Documentos oficiales acerca de políticas de atención a salud de la mujer en Brasil y el incentivo a la formación y mantenimiento del enfermera en la escena del parto; b) Materiales sobre la evolución histórica del parto en el mundo y en Brasil; c) Documentos referentes a constituición professional y deontologica de Enfermeria y Medica, y constitución de la ensenanza de enfermeria; d) Materiales escritos y visuales publicados en los medios graficos de comunicacion cuestionando y/o defendiendo el parto asistido por enfermeras. El período de tiempo elegido para recolectar las informaciones contenidas en los medios graficos fue el ano 2005, especialmente por los hechos y discusiones ocurridas. Los diários elegidos para la recopilacion de datos son conocidos como: Zero Hora y Correio do Povo. Analisar el discurso y los medios graficos pretendio dejar evidenciado las prácticas del parto y su história, reflejando el perfil intervencionista que poseemos en relación a parturición en la Província de Rio Grande do Sul. El analisis realizado expone todavia la legalidad en la actuación de enfermeras obstétricas en el parto, pero no hay legitimidad social y professional.

Submitted by Richardson Barbosa Gomes da Silva (richardsonunesp@gmail.com) on 2017-05-29T13:50:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Richardson Barbosa Gomes da Silva.pdf: 3182502 bytes, checksum: 8fa9597a7aad6e3e72ed5c66cdde181e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-05-31T16:32:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_rbg_dr_bot.pdf: 3182502 bytes, checksum: 8fa9597a7aad6e3e72ed5c66cdde181e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-31T16:32:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_rbg_dr_bot.pdf: 3182502 bytes, checksum: 8fa9597a7aad6e3e72ed5c66cdde181e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-29 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Em muitos viveiros, a experiência pessoal dos viveiristas é o principal método utilizado para determinar quando e quanto tempo irrigar. Os viveiros produzem diversas espécies simultaneamente numa mesma área. Entre as espécies, há muita variação na arquitetura foliar, especificamente nos ângulos foliares. A falta de conhecimento sobre a lâmina adequada e como os ângulos foliares afetam a interceptação e captura da água, limitam a eficiência da irrigação e, consequentemente, a qualidade das mudas florestais. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar se o ângulo foliar das mudas de nove espécies florestais nativas e as lâminas de água aplicadas no viveiro afetam a qualidade morfológica, fisiológica e nutricional das mudas; a fração de lixiviação e a condutividade elétrica da solução lixiviada; e a qualidade morfológica das plantas após o plantio em vaso. As avaliações foram realizadas ao final do ciclo de produção de cada espécie no viveiro, através das variáveis: altura da parte aérea, diâmetro do colo, massa seca aérea, radicular e total, índice de qualidade de Dickson, área de projeção da copa, conformação do sistema radicular, potencial hídrico foliar, índice SPAD, transpiração diária, teores dos pigmentos foliares clorofila a, b, carotenoides e antocianinas, fração de lixiviação, condutividade elétrica da solução lixiviada e acúmulo nutricional. A qualidade morfológica das plantas após o plantio em vaso foi avaliada em intervalos de 30 dias, durante 120 dias, através das variáveis altura da parte aérea e diâmetro do colo. Aqui mostramos que, nas espécies com ângulos foliares maiores, a aplicação de lâminas menores resulta em mudas com maior qualidade. Nas espécies com ângulos menores, é necessária a aplicação de lâminas maiores, exceto quando a área de projeção da copa é pequena. A partir desse conhecimento, o ângulo foliar poderá começar a ser adotado entre os critérios para agrupar as espécies no viveiro, a fim de que a irrigação praticada evite o desperdício de água e fertilizantes, bem como aumente a qualidade morfológica, fisiológica e nutricional das mudas florestais. / In many nurseries, the personal experience of nurseries is the primary method used to determine when and how much time to irrigate. Nurseries produce several species simultaneously in the same area. Among the species, there is much variation in foliar architecture, specifically in the leaf angles. The lack of knowledge about the proper water depth and how the leaf angles affect the interception and capture of water, limit irrigation efficiency and consequently seedlings quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate if the leaf angle of nine species of tree seedlings and the water depths applied in the nursery affect the morphological, physiological and nutritional seedlings quality; the leaching fraction and the electrical conductivity of the solution leached; and the morphological quality of the plants after planting in pot. The evaluations were performed at the end of the production cycle of each species in the nursery, through the following variables: height, stem diameter, shoot, root and total dry mass, Dickson quality index, crown projection area, conformation root system, leaf water potential, SPAD index, daily perspiration, leaf chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids and anthocyanins, leaching fraction, electrical conductivity of the solution leached and nutritional accumulation. The morphological quality of the plants after planting was evaluated at intervals of 30 days, during 120 days, through the variables height of and stem diameter. Here we show that, in species with larger leaf angles, the application of smaller water depths results in seedlings with higher quality. In species with smaller angles, it is necessary to apply larger water depths, except when crown projection area of seedling is small. From this knowledge, leaf angle can begin to be adopted among the criteria to group the species in the nursery, so that the irrigation practiced avoids the waste of water and fertilizers, as well as increase the morphological, physiological and nutritional tree seedlings quality. / FAPESP: 2013/17447-8

My final thesis describes ways of development of cultural properity, trainings of mind and possibilities of motivation in frame pedagogy free time specialized on a Primary School. Theoretical part contains and explains terms culture, palate (taste), elegance, arts, motivation and free time. Also specify primary school education, creative discourse, in this period and shows the use plastic art in public nursery like one of the key options of spending free time. Practical part focus on a project of plastic arts divided into creative activities realized in the public nursery of the pupils of primary school. Each activity containt detailed motivation, described procedure, conclusion and evaluation of children. This part contains also relationships and dependences between all cultural subjects such as arts, dramatization, music, and gymnastics. Explain as well the structure, application for needs of primary school. Particularity of the work of children in the age of primary school is creativity, spontaneity, unprompted action, enthusiasm, positive stance. When the children are properly instructed they cooperate with their equal, tolerate them and are very help full to each other.