<p>The Natura 2000 Network is one of the European Unions many tools concerning nature conservation, and is without comparison the premier contribution when it comes to halting the loss of biodiversity. This essay is a case study on how the regional work with the Natura 2000-network has been carried out in four different counties. These counties are Södermanland, Västernorrland, Jämtland and Örebro. They have been compared based on the theoretical concept of sustainable development. This essay describes how the officials in the County Administrations view the regional implementation of Natura 2000 when it comes to the selection of Natura 2000-sites with forest habitats and the creation of an additional protective measure. This study takes its basis in a bottom-up approach which focuses on value conflicts that have emerged regionally and how different fundamental attitudes brings forward different aspects of sustainable development. Interviews with County Administration officials show that there are differences in the approach and different key factors that have affected the selection of sites and the work with area protection. One approach starts from an ecological point of view while the other takes the socio-economic aspect more into consideration during the selection process. Two main factors that have emerged are also the importance of the regional landowner-structure and the evident time- and staff shortage that has been experienced in all four counties. The results also show that the nature reserve form is the most common area protection for Natura 2000-sites with forest habitats in the four examined counties.</p> / <p>Natura 2000-nätverket är ett av EU:s många verktyg och i särklass det främsta bidraget till att hejda förlusten av den biologiska mångfalden. Denna uppsats är en fallstudie för att se hur det regionala arbetet med Natura 2000-nätverket sett ut i fyra olika län. Dessa län är Södermanland, Västernorrland, Jämtland och Örebro län. De har jämförts utifrån det teoretiska begreppet hållbar utveckling. Uppsatsen beskriver hur tjänstemän på länsstyrelserna ser på den regionala implementering av Natura 2000-nätverket när det gäller urval av Natura 2000-område med skogshabitat och tillblivelsen av ett ytterliggare områdesskydd.</p><p>Studien utgår från ett underifrånperspektiv som fokuserar på de värdekonflikter som uppstått regionalt och hur olika grundinställningar lyfter fram olika aspekter av hållbar utveckling. Intervjuer med länsstyrelsens aktörer visar att det finns skillnader i tillvägagångssättet och olika nyckelfaktorer som påverkat urvalet av område och arbetet med områdesskyddet. Det ena tillvägagångssättet tar sin grund i ett mer ekologiskt synsätt medan det andra tar större hänsyn till de socioekonomiska aspekterna i urvalsprocessen. Två huvudfaktorer som framkommit är även betydelsen av den regionala markägarstrukturen och den upplevda personal - och tidsbrist som tydligt framgår i alla de fyra undersökta länen. Resultatet visar även att naturreservatsformen är det vanligaste områdesskyddet för Natura 2000-områden med skogshabitat i de fyra studerade länen</p>

El objetivo de esta tesis es determinar los patrones de variabilidad espacio-temporal que siguen las comunidades de macroinvertebrados en los ríos de Cantabria, aplicando este conocimiento a los procedimientos de evaluación del estado ecológico de los ecosistemas fluviales Cantábricos. La distribución de los macroinvertebrados en los ríos Cantábricos viene principalmente determinada por la complejidad estructural del hábitat, la disponibilidad de los recursos tróficos y el estrés hidráulico. La presencia de presiones hidromorfológicas y el enriquecimiento orgánico del agua producen importantes cambios, incrementando la importancia de los taxones no-insectos con respecto a los taxones insectos. Estacionalmente las comunidades de macroinvertebrados se ven principalmente influenciadas por la predictibilidad en las condiciones hidráulicas y la disponibilidad de los recursos tróficos.Las métricas de macroinvertebrados se correlacionan mejor con los gradientes de estrés en épocas de mayor estabilidad. Las métricas que mejor se correlacionan con el gradiente de estrés hidromorfológico son LIFE e ICMi. Las métricas que mejor identifican el gradiente de polución orgánica y que además no muestran variabilidad estacional, son EPTt, EPt, ASPT, Rhet y AsMet. / The present thesis aims to determine the spatio-temporal variability patterns of macroinvertebrate communities in Cantabrian rivers, applying this knowledge to the ecological status assessment processes. Macroinvertebrate distribution patterns in Cantabrian rivers are mainly determined by the structural complexity of the habitat, the feeding resource availability and the hydraulic stress. Moreover, hydromorphological impacts and organic enrichment of water produce important changes in the structure and composition of macroinvertebrate communities, increasing the ratio non-insect/insect taxa. At seasonal level macroinvertebrate communities are mainly affected by the hydraulic conditions predictability and the feeding resource availability.Macroinvertebrate metrics correlate better with the antrophic stress gradients in low flow period. LIFE and ICMi are the best metrics to indentify the hydromorphological stress gradient, while EPTt, EPt, ASPT, Rhet and AsMet, do not show significant seasonal differences and are the best metrics to identify the organic pollution gradient.

The Natura 2000 Network is one of the European Unions many tools concerning nature conservation, and is without comparison the premier contribution when it comes to halting the loss of biodiversity. This essay is a case study on how the regional work with the Natura 2000-network has been carried out in four different counties. These counties are Södermanland, Västernorrland, Jämtland and Örebro. They have been compared based on the theoretical concept of sustainable development. This essay describes how the officials in the County Administrations view the regional implementation of Natura 2000 when it comes to the selection of Natura 2000-sites with forest habitats and the creation of an additional protective measure. This study takes its basis in a bottom-up approach which focuses on value conflicts that have emerged regionally and how different fundamental attitudes brings forward different aspects of sustainable development. Interviews with County Administration officials show that there are differences in the approach and different key factors that have affected the selection of sites and the work with area protection. One approach starts from an ecological point of view while the other takes the socio-economic aspect more into consideration during the selection process. Two main factors that have emerged are also the importance of the regional landowner-structure and the evident time- and staff shortage that has been experienced in all four counties. The results also show that the nature reserve form is the most common area protection for Natura 2000-sites with forest habitats in the four examined counties. / Natura 2000-nätverket är ett av EU:s många verktyg och i särklass det främsta bidraget till att hejda förlusten av den biologiska mångfalden. Denna uppsats är en fallstudie för att se hur det regionala arbetet med Natura 2000-nätverket sett ut i fyra olika län. Dessa län är Södermanland, Västernorrland, Jämtland och Örebro län. De har jämförts utifrån det teoretiska begreppet hållbar utveckling. Uppsatsen beskriver hur tjänstemän på länsstyrelserna ser på den regionala implementering av Natura 2000-nätverket när det gäller urval av Natura 2000-område med skogshabitat och tillblivelsen av ett ytterliggare områdesskydd. Studien utgår från ett underifrånperspektiv som fokuserar på de värdekonflikter som uppstått regionalt och hur olika grundinställningar lyfter fram olika aspekter av hållbar utveckling. Intervjuer med länsstyrelsens aktörer visar att det finns skillnader i tillvägagångssättet och olika nyckelfaktorer som påverkat urvalet av område och arbetet med områdesskyddet. Det ena tillvägagångssättet tar sin grund i ett mer ekologiskt synsätt medan det andra tar större hänsyn till de socioekonomiska aspekterna i urvalsprocessen. Två huvudfaktorer som framkommit är även betydelsen av den regionala markägarstrukturen och den upplevda personal - och tidsbrist som tydligt framgår i alla de fyra undersökta länen. Resultatet visar även att naturreservatsformen är det vanligaste områdesskyddet för Natura 2000-områden med skogshabitat i de fyra studerade länen

Very often the natural landscape is being ruined, changed, cultured or even a new cultured landscape is being created because of human activity. Therefore, less and less areas are left where natural processes take place. With such a situation, it is necessary to preserve areas rich in objects valuable for science and culture. Protected areas are areas where land and (or) water areas have defined clear boundaries and which have accepted scientific, ecological, cultural and other values and when special protection and use regime (order) is established by legal acts. One of the main tasks of the environment protection management is to strengthen the administrative abilities of the Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Lithuania, the State Service of Protected Areas and the Head Offices of Protected Areas to implement the nature protection policy and directions with reference to EU directions and international conventions. The object of the research. Protected areas within the Republic of Lithuania. The subject of the research. Management peculiarities, management system, positive and negative management characteristics, problems and the ways of their solution of the protected areas within the Republic of Lithuania. The hypothesis of the research. It is important to create such management system, which should preserve the territorial complexes and objects of nature and culture heritage, biological variety of the landscape. The balance of the landscape and the... [to full text]

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T19:15:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 maria elizabete carvalho filha.pdf: 1850414 bytes, checksum: 097870849ee381627dd1ab22a8725d4b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-07-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In the objective to compare the potentiality of yellow and red cultivars in relation to Green Dwarf cultivar explored in Jiqui commercially, the present work was divided in two experiments, where the first experiment had as objective to evaluate the quality of the water of six Dwarf coconut cultivars (Green of Jiqui - AveJ, Yellow of Gramame - AAG, Yellowda- Malaysia - AAM, Red of Gramame - AVG, Red-da-Malaysia - AVM, Vermelho-dos- Camarões - AVC), and in the second experiment was evaluated the potential of conservation of these fruits under refrigeration and modified atmosphere. Also, the fruits were submitted to the storage (12±1°C and 90±2% UR), in which had been evaluated in intervals of 0, 7, 14, 26, 40 and 50 days of storage after the harvest, observing its physical and sensorial behavior of the coconut water. The fruits were harvested to the seven months after the fertilization, in the Embrapa Half-North, Parnaíba-PI, and carried out to the Laboratory of Postharvest of the Embrapa, Fortaleza-CE. In the first experiment, in the field two plants of each cultivar had been chosen at chance and two fruits had been taken per plant, where these fruits had been evaluated soon after the harvest, and in the laboratory the experiment was carried out in an entirely randomized design with six treatments (cultivars) and four replications. The physical characterizations (length, diameter, weight, volume of the water, relation water/fruit and color of the rind) of these fruits had been carried through individually and after that the physicalchemical of the coconut water (Solid Soluble Totals SST, Total and Reducing Soluble Sugars, Total Acidity Titulável - ATT, SST/ATT, pH and turbidness, beyond the analysis of minerals and sensorial attributes of the coconut water. ESTAT was the statistical package used for analysis of variance of the data. In the second experiment, an entirelyrandomized design was used, in a 6 x 6 factorial scheme, with six cultivars evaluated in six times (0, 7, 14, 26, 40 and 50 days after the harvest), with four replications. The fruits of the six cultivars of dwarfed coconut palm, were individually involved with film PVC of 15&#956; and stored in cooled chamber. Physical-chemical evaluations were made as those it was carried through in the previous experiment, beyond the external appearance and color of the rind. The analysis of variance of the data was made through Sisvar Package. The water quality of the and red coconut cultivars was similar to that one of Green cultivar, indicating that these had the same presented potential for consumption in natura and/or the industrialization, whose these red cultivars, mainly AVC and AVG, had presented good acceptance for the provers of its water of coconut, presenting good performance until the 50 days of storage. Thus, It is admitted that the yellow and red cultivars consist of in a new viable alternative to export these fruits to the markets most distant / No objetivo de comparar a potencialidade das cultivares vermelhas e amarelas em relação a cultivar Anão Verde de Jiqui comercialmente mais explorada, o presente trabalho foi dividido em dois experimento, onde o primeiro experimento teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade da água de coco de seis cultivares de coqueiro Anão (Verde de Jiqui AveJ, Amarelo de Gramame AAG, Amarelo-da-Malásia AAM, Vermelho de Gramame AVG, Vermelho-da-Malásia AVM, Vermelho-dos-Camarões AVC), e no segundo experimento foi avaliado o potencial de conservação desses frutos sob refrigeração e atmosfera modificada, os frutos foram submetidos a armazenamento (12±1°C e 90±2% UR), nos quais foram avaliados nos intervalos de 0, 7, 14, 26, 40 e 50 dias de armazenamento após a colheita, observando seu comportamento físico e sensorial da água de coco. Os frutos foram colhidos aos sete meses após a fecundação, na Embrapa Meio-Norte, em Parnaíba-PI, e conduzidos ao Laboratório de Pós-colheita da Embrapa, Fortaleza-CE. No primeiro experimento, no campo foram sorteadas duas plantas de cada cultivar e colhidas dois frutos por planta, estes foram avaliados logo após a colheita, e no laboratório o experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC), com esquema fatorial de 6x4 (seis cultivares e quatro repetições cada). Foram realizadas as caracterizações físicas (comprimento, diâmetro, peso, volume da água, relação água/fruto e cor da casca) desses frutos individualmente e em seguida a avaliação físico-químicas da água de coco (Sólidos Solúveis Totais - SST, AçúcaresSolúveis Totais e redutores, Acidez Total Titulável - ATT, SST/ATT, pH e turbidez), além da análise dos minerais e atributos sensoriais da água de coco. ESTAT foi o programa operacional utilizado para análise de variância dos dados. No segundo experimento, o delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado (DIC), em esquema fatorial 6x6, ou seja, foram seis tratamentos (cultivares) e seis tempos avaliados (0, 7, 14, 26, 40 e 50 dias após a colheita), com quatro repetições. Os frutos das seis cultivares de coqueiro anão, foram individualmente envolvidos com filme PVC de 15&#956; e armazenados em câmara refrigerada. Foram feitas avaliações físico-químicas como foi realizada no experimento anterior, além da aparência externa e cor da casca. A análise de variância dos dados foi feita com o auxílio do programa operacional Sisvar. A qualidade da água de coco das cultivares amarela e vermelha foram semelhantes aos da cultivar Verde, indicando que estes apresentaram o mesmo potencial para consumo in natura e/ou a industrialização, cujas estas cultivares vermelhas, principalmente AVC e AVG, apresentaram boa aceitação pelos provadores da sua água de coco, apresentando bom desempenho até os 50 dias de armazenamento. Sendo assim admitise que as cultivares vermelhas e amarelas constituem-se uma nova alternativa viável paraexportar esses frutos para os mercados mais distantes

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T19:18:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 maria elizabete carvalho filha.pdf: 1850414 bytes, checksum: 097870849ee381627dd1ab22a8725d4b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-07-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In the objective to compare the potentiality of yellow and red cultivars in relation to Green Dwarf cultivar explored in Jiqui commercially, the present work was divided in two experiments, where the first experiment had as objective to evaluate the quality of the water of six Dwarf coconut cultivars (Green of Jiqui - AveJ, Yellow of Gramame - AAG, Yellowda- Malaysia - AAM, Red of Gramame - AVG, Red-da-Malaysia - AVM, Vermelho-dos- Camarões - AVC), and in the second experiment was evaluated the potential of conservation of these fruits under refrigeration and modified atmosphere. Also, the fruits were submitted to the storage (12±1°C and 90±2% UR), in which had been evaluated in intervals of 0, 7, 14, 26, 40 and 50 days of storage after the harvest, observing its physical and sensorial behavior of the coconut water. The fruits were harvested to the seven months after the fertilization, in the Embrapa Half-North, Parnaíba-PI, and carried out to the Laboratory of Postharvest of the Embrapa, Fortaleza-CE. In the first experiment, in the field two plants of each cultivar had been chosen at chance and two fruits had been taken per plant, where these fruits had been evaluated soon after the harvest, and in the laboratory the experiment was carried out in an entirely randomized design with six treatments (cultivars) and four replications. The physical characterizations (length, diameter, weight, volume of the water, relation water/fruit and color of the rind) of these fruits had been carried through individually and after that the physicalchemical of the coconut water (Solid Soluble Totals SST, Total and Reducing Soluble Sugars, Total Acidity Titulável - ATT, SST/ATT, pH and turbidness, beyond the analysis of minerals and sensorial attributes of the coconut water. ESTAT was the statistical package used for analysis of variance of the data. In the second experiment, an entirelyrandomized design was used, in a 6 x 6 factorial scheme, with six cultivars evaluated in six times (0, 7, 14, 26, 40 and 50 days after the harvest), with four replications. The fruits of the six cultivars of dwarfed coconut palm, were individually involved with film PVC of 15&#956; and stored in cooled chamber. Physical-chemical evaluations were made as those it was carried through in the previous experiment, beyond the external appearance and color of the rind. The analysis of variance of the data was made through Sisvar Package. The water quality of the and red coconut cultivars was similar to that one of Green cultivar, indicating that these had the same presented potential for consumption in natura and/or the industrialization, whose these red cultivars, mainly AVC and AVG, had presented good acceptance for the provers of its water of coconut, presenting good performance until the 50 days of storage. Thus, It is admitted that the yellow and red cultivars consist of in a new viable alternative to export these fruits to the markets most distant / No objetivo de comparar a potencialidade das cultivares vermelhas e amarelas em relação a cultivar Anão Verde de Jiqui comercialmente mais explorada, o presente trabalho foi dividido em dois experimento, onde o primeiro experimento teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade da água de coco de seis cultivares de coqueiro Anão (Verde de Jiqui AveJ, Amarelo de Gramame AAG, Amarelo-da-Malásia AAM, Vermelho de Gramame AVG, Vermelho-da-Malásia AVM, Vermelho-dos-Camarões AVC), e no segundo experimento foi avaliado o potencial de conservação desses frutos sob refrigeração e atmosfera modificada, os frutos foram submetidos a armazenamento (12±1°C e 90±2% UR), nos quais foram avaliados nos intervalos de 0, 7, 14, 26, 40 e 50 dias de armazenamento após a colheita, observando seu comportamento físico e sensorial da água de coco. Os frutos foram colhidos aos sete meses após a fecundação, na Embrapa Meio-Norte, em Parnaíba-PI, e conduzidos ao Laboratório de Pós-colheita da Embrapa, Fortaleza-CE. No primeiro experimento, no campo foram sorteadas duas plantas de cada cultivar e colhidas dois frutos por planta, estes foram avaliados logo após a colheita, e no laboratório o experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC), com esquema fatorial de 6x4 (seis cultivares e quatro repetições cada). Foram realizadas as caracterizações físicas (comprimento, diâmetro, peso, volume da água, relação água/fruto e cor da casca) desses frutos individualmente e em seguida a avaliação físico-químicas da água de coco (Sólidos Solúveis Totais - SST, AçúcaresSolúveis Totais e redutores, Acidez Total Titulável - ATT, SST/ATT, pH e turbidez), além da análise dos minerais e atributos sensoriais da água de coco. ESTAT foi o programa operacional utilizado para análise de variância dos dados. No segundo experimento, o delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado (DIC), em esquema fatorial 6x6, ou seja, foram seis tratamentos (cultivares) e seis tempos avaliados (0, 7, 14, 26, 40 e 50 dias após a colheita), com quatro repetições. Os frutos das seis cultivares de coqueiro anão, foram individualmente envolvidos com filme PVC de 15&#956; e armazenados em câmara refrigerada. Foram feitas avaliações físico-químicas como foi realizada no experimento anterior, além da aparência externa e cor da casca. A análise de variância dos dados foi feita com o auxílio do programa operacional Sisvar. A qualidade da água de coco das cultivares amarela e vermelha foram semelhantes aos da cultivar Verde, indicando que estes apresentaram o mesmo potencial para consumo in natura e/ou a industrialização, cujas estas cultivares vermelhas, principalmente AVC e AVG, apresentaram boa aceitação pelos provadores da sua água de coco, apresentando bom desempenho até os 50 dias de armazenamento. Sendo assim admitise que as cultivares vermelhas e amarelas constituem-se uma nova alternativa viável paraexportar esses frutos para os mercados mais distantes

Submitted by Patrick Kohlmann (patrick.kohlmann@hotmail.com) on 2014-09-29T21:53:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MasterThesis_Final Version.pdf: 1030663 bytes, checksum: 880e820903abc1d633aae617411e5ce2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luana Rodrigues (luana.rodrigues@fgv.br) on 2014-09-30T13:37:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MasterThesis_Final Version.pdf: 1030663 bytes, checksum: 880e820903abc1d633aae617411e5ce2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-30T17:44:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MasterThesis_Final Version.pdf: 1030663 bytes, checksum: 880e820903abc1d633aae617411e5ce2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-22 / The recent promotion of best corporate governance standards by several different government institutions and non-for profit organizations resulted in the implementation of more sophisticated governance mechanisms. As consequence to the separation of ownership and control the concept of agency theory arose. Agency theory argues that without out proper control mechanism managers would behave exploit owners due to information asymmetry. Regulators have promoted corporate governance mechanisms in order to address this issue. This paper aims to contrast the implementation of best corporate governance practices in Germany and Brazil on the example of two practical examples. With this purpose in mind, this paper analyzed two companies listed in the main stock exchange in Germany and Brazil throughout a period of 5 years. In order to measure the degree of corporate governance practices implemented 3 different parameters have been chosen. In line with great part of the literature the parameters considered to be relevant are; composition, procedures and deviation from the local corporate governance code. The comparison of the data revealed that board composition in the two analyzed companies is similar regarding the proportion of independent representatives but does distinguish in size. While committees are related to the same topics it can be implied that Natura’s board is more involved in the actual management of the company. Lastly, Beiersdorf has been able to comply to a larger extend with the recommendations of the local German code than Natura to the recommendations published by Brazilian code of the IBGC. / A recente promoção de melhores práticas de governança corporativa por diversas instituições governamentais diferentes e organizações sem fins lucrativos resultou na implementação de mecanismos de governança mais sofisticados. Como consequência da separação entre propriedade e controle surgiu o conceito de “Agency Theory”. A teoria argumenta que, sem um mecanismo de controle adequado, gestores explorarão proprietários, devido à assimetria de informação. Vários reguladores têm promovido mecanismos de governança corporativa, com o objetivo de resolver esta questão. Este trabalho tem como propósito comparar a implementação das melhores práticas de governança corporativa na Alemanha e no Brasil incluindo dois exemplos práticos. Com esta meta em mente, este trabalho analisou duas empresas cotadas na principal bolsa de valores da Alemanha e do Brasil ao longo de um período de 5 anos. Para medir o grau de práticas de governança corporativa implementado, três parâmetros diferentes foram escolhidos. Em sintonia com grande parte da literatura sobre este tema, os parâmetros considerados relevantes são: composição do conselho de administração, procedimentos do conselho e desvio do código de governança corporativa local. A comparação dos dados analisados revelou que a composição do conselho nas duas empresas analisadas da Alemanha e do Brasil são semelhante em relação à proporção de representantes independentes, mas fazem uma distinção no tamanho do conselho. Embora os conselhos das duas empresas estejam envolvidos nos mesmos temas, fica implícito, e que o conselho da Natura está mais envolvido com a efetiva gestão da empresa. Por último, a Beiersdorf foi capaz de cumprir a maior parte das recomendações do código local Alemão em comparação com a Natura que cumpre uma parte menor das recomendações publicadas pelo código Brasileiro do IBGC.

Objetivo. A busca por produtos de alho prontos para consumo cresceu na última década. O alho contém compostos fenólicos e organosulfurados, que são responsáveis pelo odor característico, sabor, aroma e ação antioxidante. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a atividade antioxidante e determinar os compostos fenólicos totais em alho in natura e em seus produtos comercializados, além de avaliar o impacto dos aditivos (ácido cítrico, metabisulfito de sódio e benzoato de sódio) sobre a atividade antioxidante. Métodos. Extratos metanólicos de alho in natura (AIN) e seus produtos picado com sal (APS), picado sem sal (AP), frito (AF) e misto – mistura de alho in natura com alho desidratado (AM) foram analisados pela vida de prateleira (em três momentos), nos parâmetros: teor de fenólicos totais e atividade antioxidante por três métodos: ensaio DPPH (1,1-difenil-2-picrilhidrazil), sistema &#946;-caroteno/ácido linoléico e capacidade protetora da oxidação lipídica utilizando o aparelho Rancimat®. Resultados. O teor de fenólicos totais do extrato em relação ao resíduo seco foi maior para o produto frito, nos três momentos. Em relação à atividade antioxidante, o alho frito foi o produto que apresentou melhor atividade para todos os testes. Ao longo da vida de prateleira, a atividade antioxidante diminuiu com o ensaio DPPH, sendo que para os demais testes, aumentou. Os produtos com aditivos apresentaram melhor atividade antioxidante, apesar de apresentarem menor teor de fenólicos totais. Conclusões. Este estudo reforçou o potencial antioxidante do alho, portanto o seu consumo pode ser recomendado como parte de uma dieta saudável. Além disso, observou-se que a presença de aditivos melhorou o efeito antioxidante das amostras. / Objective. The interest for ready-to-eat garlic byproducts increased in the last decade. Garlic has phenolic and sulfur compounds, which are responsible for the singular flavor and antioxidant activity. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity (AA) of in natura garlic and its commercialized byproducts, and to correlate the data with phenolics contents. The impact of additives (citric acid, sodium metabisulfite and sodium benzoate) on the AA was also evaluated. Methodology. Methanolic extracts of in natura garlic (ING) and its products, i.e., chopped with salt (CWP), chopped without salt (CS), fried (FG) and mixed garlic - in natura garlic with dehydrated garlic (MG) were evaluated in three different moments of the shelf life. This evaluation based on the measurement of the following parameters: total phenolic compounds and AA. The AA were evaluated using three different methods: DPPH (1,1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assay, &#946;-carotene/linoleic acid system and Rancimat® method. Results. The total phenolics content of the extract in relation to the dried residue was higher in the fried product, in the three moments. Regarding the AA, fried garlic showed the best activity in all tests. Throughout the shelf life, the AA decreased with the DPPH assays. In contrast, when the other tests were applied, the AA increased. The products with additives showed better antioxidant activity when compared to those without the additives, although the samples with additives showed lower content of total phenolics. Conclusion. This study strengthened the antioxidant potential of garlic, therefore its consumption should be recommended as part of a healthy diet. Moreover, it was observed that the presence of additives improved the antioxidant effect of the samples.

L’influence du genre épique se manifeste à travers plusieurs biais dans l’œuvre, apparemment hétérogène, de Claudien. Le poète se présente clairement comme uates, héritier d’Homère, d’Ennius et de Virgile – mais revendique une matière historique et non plus mythologique. La langue témoigne également d’une forte influence du genre épique, que ce soit dans le lexique ou l’emploi de la comparaison homérique. La reprise de motifs, parfois déformés ou renouvelés, confirme cette influence : thème guerrier, songes, présages, prodiges, prophéties, jeux… Si la morale héroïque est plus malmenée, concurrencée par les valeurs chrétiennes, l’univers épique se trouve encore actualisé à travers les figures divines et mythologiques qu’on peut appréhender au moyen d’une lecture typologique. La somme de ces éléments formels est au service d’un propos épique, poétique et politique, célébrant Roma aeterna et Natura. Il apparaît ainsi que l’écriture épique est le dénominateur commun à l’ensemble du corpus, et que les carmina maiora méritent d’être considérés comme une épopée politique. / There is a clear epic vein in Claudian's apparently heterogeneous work, and it appears in a variety of ways. The poet clearly considers himself to be a uates, an heir to Homer, Ennius and Virgil, even though his subject matter is historical, not mythological. The language he uses is also strongly influenced by that of the epic genre, as exemplified by the use of a specifically epic lexicon and the resort to homeric similes. The way he builds on and renews traditional epic motifs (battle scenes, dreams, omens, miracles, prophecies, games ...) reveals the influence of the epic genre on his writings as well. Even though the ethics of heroism are undercut by the rise of Christian values, the divine and mythological figures that can be broached trough a typological reading are proof enough that the world of the epic is still very much present. All these elements contribute to a work that celebrates Roma Aeterna and Natura and is all at once epic – poetic and political. It thus appears that the epic vein is what unifies the corpus, and that the carmina maiora should be read as a political epic.

Natura 2000, ett nätverk för artbevarande i alla medlemsländer i den Europeiska Unionen, implementeras på olika sätt i olika länder men med beaktning till både bevarande av arter och möjligheter för mänskliga aktiviteter. Tidigare forskning i ett antal EU-länder visar på kunskapsbrist om Natura 2000 bland flera olika aktörer, och i Sverige har resurserna för bevarande av skyddad natur minskat under de senaste åren. Utifrån detta belyser vår studie hur Natura 2000 fungerar i Sverige. Syftet med arbetet är att undersöka perspektiv på Natura 2000 bland personer på myndigheter och kommuner som arbetar med Natura 2000 i Sverige, angående effekter, kunskap och samspel mellan olika samhällsintressen. Genom sex kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med sju respondenter utforskas personernas åsikter om hur arbetet med Natura 2000 fungerar i Sverige, deras personliga kunskapsnivå och allmänhetens kunskapsnivå om nätverket samt deras tankar om samspelet mellan olika samhällsintressen i och i anslutning till Natura 2000-områden. Resultatet relateras till de tre dimensionerna av hållbar utveckling, vilka används som studiens teoretiska ramverk. I resultatet utläses att Natura 2000 kan innebära både ett starkt och svagt skydd för arter i området som det implementeras i, och att variationen kan bero på vilka bevarandeåtgärder som kan genomföras med de tillgängliga resurserna samt vad aktörer tillåts genomföra i områden utifrån den kunskap och avsaknad av kunskap som finns om Natura 2000. Kunskapsnivån bland allmänheten om Natura 2000 beskrivs som relativt låg, medan den personliga kunskapsnivån generellt indikeras vara tillräcklig för respondenternas arbete. I intervjusvaren utläses omfattande samarbeten mellan aktörer angående Natura 2000-arbetet, med varierande framgång. Mänskliga aktiviteter kontrasteras mot arbete för artbevarande, med flera exempel på konflikter. Genom olika prioriteringar i olika områden kontrasteras långsiktigt bevarande mot kortsiktiga ekonomiska fördelar. Samtliga respondenter uttrycker både förtjänster och utvecklingspotential med Natura 2000-nätverket. Genom intervjuerna utläses att bevarandeplanerna är i behov av revidering, och att skyltning för Natura 2000-områden med fördel skulle kunna implementeras. / Natura 2000, a network for species conservation in all member states of the European Union, is implemented in different ways in different countries but with consideration of both conservation of species and possibilities for human activities. Earlier research from a number of EU member states show a lack of knowledge about Natura 2000 among several actors, and in Sweden the resources allocated for conservation of protected nature have decreased in recent years. Based on this our study illustrates how Natura 2000 works in Sweden. The purpose of the thesis is to examine perspectives on Natura 2000 among people who work in authorities and municipalities which work with Natura 2000 in Sweden, regarding effects, knowledge, and interactions between different societal interests. Through six qualitative semi-structured interviews with seven respondents we investigate the respondents’ opinions on the work with Natura 2000 in Sweden, their personal level of knowledge and the level of knowledge among the public about the network, as well as their thoughts on the interactions between different societal interests in and adjacent to Natura 2000 areas. The results are linked to the three dimensions of sustainable development, which are used as the theoretical framework of this study. In the results Natura 2000 is interpreted to be able to entail both a strong and weak protection for species in the area it is implemented in, and the protection may vary depending on the conservation measures that can be implemented with the available resources as well as what the actors are allowed to do in the areas based on knowledge and lack of knowledge about Natura 2000. The level of knowledge about Natura 2000 among the public is described as relatively low, while the personal level of knowledge is generally indicated to be enough for the respondents’ work tasks. The interview responses indicate comprehensive collaborations between actors regarding the work with Natura 2000, but with varying amounts of success. Human activities are contrasted with species conservation, with several examples of conflicts. Through different priorities in different areas the long-term conservation is contrasted against short-term economic benefits. All respondents express both advantages with and potentials of progress for the Natura 2000 network. Through the interviews it is gathered that the management plans need to be revised, and that signs for Natura 2000 areas could be beneficial to implement.