O carcinoma hepatocelular (CHC) é a quarta causa mais frequente de morte por câncer em todo o mundo. Este estudo teve dois grandes objetivos, o primeiro foi estabelecer o carcinoma hpatocelular experimental por indução química e o segundo estudar os efeitos da melatonina sobre o estresse oxidativo, estresse de retículo endoplasmático e apoptose durante a hepatocarcinogênese. Foram realizados dois experimentos, ambos utilizaram dietilnitrosamina (DEN) mais acetilaminofluoreno (2-AAF) em ratos Wistar machos pesando 145-150 g. O primeiro estudo testou 3 protocolos de indução do câncer hepático. Os animais foram divididos em três grupos testes: DEN50: que recebeu DEN 50 mg duas vezes por semana até a 6ª semana e uma vez por semana nas semanas 11 a 13. DEN75: recebeu DEN 75mg uma vez por semana nas semanas até a 6ª semana e um reforço nas semanas de 11 a 13. DEN100: recebeu 5 doses de DEN 100mg uma a cada seis semanas por 28 semanas. Todos receberam 2- AAF dose única de 100 mg na 4ª semana. Após a indução foi comprovado por testes bioquímicos, macroscópico e histológico que o protocolo DEN50 desenvolve CHC avançado em 19 semanas, apresentou a fase inflamatória na 5ª semana e cirrose na 12ª semana. O protocolo DEN100 exibe padrão de lesões pré-cancerosas com cirrose em 28 semanas. O protocolo DEN75 foi o mais heterogêneo dos três, pois desenvolveu lesões pré-cancerosas, cancer inicial e CHC avançado. O segundo estudo, repetiu o protocolo DEN50 e administrou melatonina 20mg/L. Os tratamentos começaram nas semanas 5 e 12. Ao final de 19 semanas foi observado que animais do grupo que só recebeu DEN+2-AAF (DEN-CHC) desenvolveram carcinoma avançado, exibiram mais expressão de proteinas pró-inflamatórias (iNOS, COX-2 e NFkB). E animais tratados com Melatonina (DEN+MEL5 e DEN+MEL 12) apresentaram padrão histológico de cirrose e reduzida expressão destas proteinas. Quanto ao comportamento oxidativo foi observado que grupo DEN-CHC apresentou menor lipoperoxidação (LPO) por redução de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados, maior oxidação proteica, menor atividade da SOD e maior índice de danos ao DNA. O tratamento com melatonina ao longo da hepatocarcinogênese se mostrou efetivo para proteger a membrana lipidica, reduziu a oxidação proteica, aumentou a atividade da SOD e atenuou o dano ao DNA. Por fim, referente ao estresse de retículo endoplasmático e apoptose, animais com DEN-CHC não apresentaram ativação das proteinas de estresse de retículo (BiP, ATF6 e CHOP) nem acionaram as rotas apoptóticas. Entretanto, animais tratados com Melatonina tiveram aumento significativo na expressão de proteinas como BiP, ATF6 e CHOP, assim como proteinas pró-apoptóticas. Nossos resultados apontam que a melatonin, durante o processo de hepatocarcinogênese experimental, atuou como anti-inflamatório, antioxidante e pró-apoptótico. E estas ações contribuiram para evitar a progressão do carcinoma hepatocelular. / Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fourth most frequent cause of cancer death worldwide. This study had two main objectives, the first was to establish the experimental hpatocelular carcinoma by chemical induction and the second study the effects of melatonin on oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis during hepatocarcinogenesis. Two experiments were conducted, both used Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) + acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) in male Wistar rats weighing 145-150 g. The first study tested three induction protocols of liver cancer. The animals were divided into three test groups: DEN50: DEN that received 50 mg twice a week until 6 weeks and once a week during the weeks 11 and 13. DEN75: DEN received 75mg once a week during the weeks to 6 weeks and another reinforcement in weeks 11 to 13 DEN100: DEN received 5 doses of 100mg one every six weeks for 28 weeks. All received 2 AAF single dose of 100 mg at week 4. After induction was confirmed by biochemical, macroscopic and histological tests that DEN50 protocol develops advanced HCC in 19 weeks, presents inflammatory phase in the 5th week and cirrhosis at 12 weeks. The default display protocol DEN100 of precancerous lesions and cirrhosis in 28 weeks. DEN75 The protocol was the most heterogeneous of the three, as developed precancerous lesions, early cancer and advanced HCC. The second study, repeated the DEN50 protocol and administered melatonin 20mg / L. The treatments began on week 5 and 12. At the end of 19 weeks was observed that animals in the group that received only DEN (DEN-CHC) developed advanced carcinoma exhibited over expression of proinflammatory proteins (iNOS, COX-2 and NFkB). And animals treated with melatonin (DEN+ MEL5W and DEN+MEL 12W) showed histological pattern of cirrhosis and reduced expression of these proteins. As for the oxidative behavior was observed that DEN-HCC group had lower lipid peroxidation (LPO) by reducing polyunsaturated fatty acids, higher protein oxidation, lower activity of SOD and higher rate of DNA damage. Treatment with melatonin throughout hepatocarcinogenesis was effective to protect the lipid membrane, protein oxidation decreased, increased SOD activity and attenuated DNA damage. Finally, referring to the endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis, animal DEN-CHC did not show activation of reticulum stress protein (BiP, ATF6 and CHOP) or triggered apoptotic routes. However, melatonin treated animals had a significant increase in the expression of proteins and BiP, CHOP and ATF6, as well as pro-apoptotic proteins. Our results indicate that melatonin, during the process of experimental hepatocarcinogenesis, acted as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and pro-apoptotic. And these actions contributed to prevent progression of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / IntroduÃÃo: O cloridrato de irinotecano (CPT-11) à um inibidor da topoisomerase I, clinicamente efetivo no tratamento de vÃrios tipos de cÃncer. Apesar da mucosite intestinal (MI) acompanhada de severa diarrÃia ser o efeito colateral mais limitante do uso terapÃutico do CPT-11, os exatos mecanismos que levam a estes efeitos nÃo sÃo estabelecidos. Objetivo: avaliar o envolvimento de mediadores inflamatÃrios (citocinas, Ãxido nÃtrico â NO e prostaglandinas â PGs) na patogÃnese dos eventos que acompanham a MI induzida pelo CPT-11; e estudar o efeito de inibidores da sÃntese e liberaÃÃo de citocinas, como pentoxifilina (PTX) e talidomida (TLD), e de um inibidor seletivo da ciclooxigenase-2 (COX-2), o celecoxibe (CLX), na lesÃo intestinal induzida pelo CPT-11. Material e MÃtodos: camundongos Swiss, machos, foram tratados durante quatro dias consecutivos com CPT-11 (50, 75 e 100 mg/kg, i.p.) ou veÃculo (0,5 mL, i.p.), a fim de se obter a melhor dose capaz de induzir injÃrias consistentes com o mÃnimo de letalidade. Os animais foram tratados com PTX (1,7, 5 e 15 mg/kg, s.c.), TLD (15, 30, 60 mg/kg, s.c), CLX (3, 10, 30 mg/kg, gavagem) ou veÃculo (0,5 mL, s.c. ou gavagem), um dia antes da primeira administraÃÃo do CPT-11 (75 mg/kg), e diariamente, atà o sacrifÃcio, no quinto ou sÃtimo dia. Os seguintes parÃmetros foram avaliados: diarrÃia, variaÃÃo de massa corpÃrea, leucograma, sobrevida, anÃlise histopatolÃgica, atividade de mieloperoxidase (MPO), dosagem de citocinas (TNF-α, IL-1β e KC) por ELISA e imunohistoquÃmica para TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS e COX-2 nas mucosas duodenais. Resultados: CPT-11 induziu diarrÃia significante, acompanhada de perda acentuada de massa corpÃrea, leucopenia e reduÃÃo da sobrevida. As alteraÃÃes histopatolÃgicas intestinais induzidas pelo CPT-11 caracterizaram-se pela presenÃa de infiltrado inflamatÃrio nas cÃlulas da lÃmina prÃpria, perda da arquitetura das criptas e achatamento dos vilos. Observou-se ainda, aumento intestinal na atividade de MPO e dos nÃveis de TNF-α, IL-1β e KC, alÃm do aumento significativo na marcaÃÃo imunohistoquÃmica para TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS e COX-2. O tratamento com PTX inibiu a diarrÃia tardia, reduziu as alteraÃÃes histopatolÃgicas, a atividade de MPO, e os nÃveis de TNF-α, IL-1β e KC, assim como a marcaÃÃo imunohistoquÃmica para TNF-α, IL-1β e iNOS na mucosa duodenal, entretanto, nÃo preveniu significativamente a perda de massa corpÃrea, a leucopenia e tampouco a mortalidade dos animais. O tratamento com TLD reduziu as lesÃes histopatolÃgicas induzidas pelo CPT-11 na mucosa intestinal, os nÃveis intestinais de MPO e TNF-α, bem como a marcaÃÃo imunohistoquÃmica de TNF-α, mas nÃo foi capaz de prevenir a diarrÃia, a perda de massa corpÃrea, a leucopenia e a sobrevida. O tratamento com CLX nÃo foi capaz de reduzir os parÃmetros inflamatÃrios e sistÃmicos observados nos animais tratados com CPT-11. ConclusÃo: Estes resultados sugerem o envolvimento de TNF-α, IL-1β, KC, NO e PGs na patogÃnese da MI induzida pelo CPT-11. PTX e TLD preveniram significativamente as alteraÃÃes histolÃgicas e inflamatÃrias induzidas pelo CPT-11, entretanto, somente PTX foi capaz de inibir o curso da diarrÃia / Introduction: Irinotecan (CPT-11) is an inhibitor of DNA topoisomerase I and clinically effective against several cancers. A major toxic effect of CPT-11 is delayed diarrhea; however, the exact mechanism by which the drug induces diarrhea has not been established. Purpose: The aim of the present study was to elucidate the involvement of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and KC), nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandins (PGs) in the pathogenesis of CPT-11-induced mucositis and the effects of the cytokine production inhibitors, pentoxifylline (PTX) and thalidomide (TLD), as well as the effects of the selective cyclooxygenase (COX-2) inhibitor, celecoxib (CLX), in the CPT-11 induced intestinal mucositis, in mice. Materials and methods: the animals were treated with CPT-11 (50, 75 or 100 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle (0,5 ml, i.p.) daily for four days, in order to investigate the best dose able to induce intestinal mucositis without important mortality. In another set of experiments, the animals received PTX (1.7, 5, 15 mg/kg, s.c.), TLD (15, 30, 60 mg/kg, s.c.), CLX (3, 10, 30 mg/kg, oral gavage) or vehicle (0,5 ml, s.c. or oral gavage) one day before the 1st administration of CPT-11 (75 mg/kg; i.p.) and daily until the sacrifice, on the 5th or 7th day. The systemic parameters evaluated were: diarrhea, body mass variation, survival curve and leucogram. In addition, it was also performed histological analysis, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity assay, duodenum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and KC by ELISA and immunohistochemistry for TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS and COX-2 in the duodenal segments. Results: CPT-11 induced an important diarrhea, weight loss, leucopenia and mortality increase. It was also observed histopathological changes, such as shortened villi, loss of the crypt architecture and inflammatory cells infiltration, observed in the lamina propria, as well as, an increase in MPO activity, TNF-α, IL-1β and KC tissue levels and a marked immuno-staining for TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS and COX-2. The treatment with PTX inhibited the delayed diarrhea and reduced the following parameters: histopathological alterations, MPO activity, tissue levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and KC, and the immuno-staining for TNF-α, IL-1β and iNOS, however, did not prevent leucopenia, weight loss and mortality. TLD significantly reduced all the inflammatory parameters evaluated, but was not able to prevent diarrhea, leucopenia, weight loss and mortality. On the other hand, CLX did not inhibit the inflammatory nor the systemic alterations induced by CPT-11. Conclusion: These results suggest an important role of TNF-α, IL-1β, KC, NO and PGs in the pathogenesis of intestinal mucositis induced by CPT-11. PTX and TLD showed a protector effect in intestinal structures, however, only PTX reduced the severity of CPT-11-induced diarrhea

Em todas as formas clínicas da leishmaniose tegumentar americana os macrófagos são as células efetoras mais importantes na destruição do parasita intracelular. As células dendríticas são células apresentadoras de antígeno localizadas nos sítios de inoculação, como pele e mucosa. Os dendrócitos dérmicos Fator XIIIa positivos são células derivadas de linhagem mielomonocítica e consideradas complementares às células de Langerhans no processo de apresentação de antígenos e indução da resposta imune. As células dendríticas plasmocitoides representam um subgrupo de células dendríticas precursoras presentes no sangue periférico e órgãos linfoides. Estas células são identificadas pela alta expressão de receptor da cadeia alfa da interleucina-3 (CD123) e são fortes produtoras de interferon tipo I. Elas são raramente observadas na pele humana normal, e foram demonstradas em dermatoses inflamatórias e virais. O óxido nítrico e seus derivados atuam como moléculas efetoras da citotoxicidade macrofágica contra parasitas. A expressão da enzima óxido nítrico sintase induzida (iNOS) e a geração de óxido nítrico é importante no controle da infecção por diferentes espécies de Leishmania. Cinqüenta e dois espécimes de biópsias cutâneas de pacientes diagnosticados com leishmaniose tegumentar americana foram classificados histologicamente de acordo com o padrão de resposta tecidual, se granulomatoso ou inflamatório difuso não específico. O objetivo deste estudo foi demonstrar e quantificar a presença de células dendríticas plasmocitoides em 36 das biópsias, através de estudo imuno-histoquímico com anticorpo anti-CD123, comparando os achados entre os diferentes tipos de resposta tecidual; verificar a expressão de iNOS por dendrócitos dérmicos Fator XIIIa positivos e comparar com a expressão de iNOS por macrófagos nas lesões cutâneas, através de estudo imuno-histoquímico com dupla marcação pelos anticorpos antiCD68 e antiiNOS em 43 biópsias cutâneas, e pelos anticorpos anti-Fator XIIIa e antiiNOS em 34 amostras, comparando os achados entre os diferentes padrões de resposta tecidual. Foram evidenciadas células dendríticas CD123+ em todos espécimes de lesões cutâneas de leishmaniose tegumentar americana estudados. Em 22/36 amostras, as células dendríticas plasmocitoides estavam dispostas isoladamente entre outras células inflamatórias; em 14/36 amostras estavam agrupadas, pelo menos focalmente, principalmente no grupo granulomatoso (13 amostras) e em um caso do grupo não específico; dez amostras exibiram células na junção dermoepidérmica, sendo oito no grupo granulomatoso e duas no grupo não específico. Entretanto, não houve diferença no número de células CD123+/mm2 entre os dois grupos estudados. Esses resultados sugerem que as células dendríticas plasmocitoides participam da resposta imune nas lesões cutâneas de leishmaniose tegumentar americana. A expressão de iNOS por dendrócitos dérmicos Fator XIIIa positivos foi evidenciada em todos os espécimes estudados, sendo que a maioria dos macrófagos expressou iNOS. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre o número de células CD68+/mm2 e CD68+iNOS+/mm2 nos diferentes padrões de resposta tecidual, tampouco no número de células Fator XIIIa+/mm2, mas o número de células FatorXIIIa+iNOS+/mm2 foi maior no grupo granulomatoso. Quando comparadas 34 amostras, todas elas submetidas a estudos com anticorpos anti-Fator XIIIa, anti-CD68, anti- FatorXIIIa/iNOS e anti-CD68/iNOS, foi maior o número total de macrófagos que dendrócitos dérmicos Fator XIIIa positivos, expressando ou não iNOS, e a porcentagem de macrófagos coexpressando iNOS foi maior que a coexpressão de iNOS por dendrócitos dérmicos Fator XIIIa positivos, mas esta diferença não foi estatisticamente significativa quando comparados os grupos histológicos separadamente. Os resultados demonstram que os dendrócitos dérmicos Fator XIIIa positivos expressam iNOS, menos que os macrófagos, mas proeminentemente no grupo granulomatoso, sugerindo a sua participação na patogênese de lesões cutâneas de leishmaniose tegumentar americana, como células com capacidade leishmanicida e/ou apresentadoras de antígeno / In all forms of American tegumentary leishmaniasis lesions, macrophages are the most important effector cells involved in intracellular parasite destruction. Dendritic cells are antigen-presenting cells that are localized at the entry sites, such as skin and mucosa. Factor XIIIa+ dermal dendrocytes are bone marrow-monocytic lineagederived cells and considered complementary cells to Langerhans cells in the process of antigen presentation and inducing immune response. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells constitute a subset of dendritic cells precursors in peripheral blood and organized lymphoid tissue. These cells are identified by their high levels of interleukin-3 receptor alpha chain (CD123) and are vigorous type I interferon producing cells. They are rarely present in normal human skin, and have been demonstrated in inflammatory and viral dermatoses. Nitric oxide radical and derivatives act as effector molecules of macrophage cytotoxicity against invading parasites. Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and generation of nitric oxide is important in control of infection in different Leishmania species. Fifty-two samples of skin biopsies obtained from American tegumentary leishmaniasis patients were histologically classified as granulomatous reaction or non specific diffuse inflammatory reaction. The aim of the study was to demonstrate and quantify the presence of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in thirty-six skin biopsies, by immunohistochemistry with anti-CD123, comparing findings in both patterns of tissue response; to verify the expression of iNOS by Factor XIIIa+ dermal dendrocytes and compare to the expression of iNOS by macrophages in cutaneous lesions, by doublestaining technique with antiCD68 and antiiNOS antibodies in forty-three skin biopsies and anti-factor XIIIa and antiiNOS antibodies in thirty-four biopsies, comparing findings between different tissue response patterns. Dendritic CD123+ cells were demonstrated in all specimens of American tegumentary leishmaniasis lesions. The number of CD123+ cells/mm2 in the two groups did not differ. In 22/36 samples, plasmacytoid dendritic cells were intermingled with other inflammatory cells, and were grouped, at least focally, in 14/36 samples. Thirteen cases from the granulomatous group and one non specific case showed clusters of cells in the dermal inflammatory infiltrate. Ten biopsies displayed plasmacytoid dendritic cells at the dermoepidermal junction, two in the non specific group and eight in the granulomatous group. The findings suggest that plasmacytoid dendritic cells participate in the immune response of American tegumentary leishmaniasis skin lesions. Expression of iNOS by Factor XIIIa+ dermal dendrocytes was shown in all specimens, and most of the macrophages expressed iNOS. The total number of CD68+ cells/mm2 and CD68+iNOS+ cells/mm2 in the two groups did not differ, nor the total number of FactorXIIIa+ cells/mm2, but the number of FactorXIIIa+iNOS+ cells/mm2 was higher in the granulomatous group. When comparing thirty-four samples that were all tested to anti-Factor XIIIa, anti-CD68, anti-FactorXIIIa/anti-iNOS and anti-CD68/anti-iNOS, it was higher the total number of macrophages, either non-expressing or expressing iNOS than iNOS-expressing Factor XIIIa+ dermal dendrocytes, and the total percentage of iNOS-expressing macrophages was higher than iNOSexpressing Factor XIIIa+ dermal dendrocytes, but this percentage was not significant when granulomatous and non specific groups were separately analyzed. The results demonstrate that FactorXIIIa+ dermal dendrocytes express iNOS, less than macrophages, but prominently in the granulomatous group, suggesting they play a role in the pathogenesis of American tegumentary leishmaniasis skin lesions as immune effectors and/or antigenpresenting cells

Submitted by Maria Aparecida (cidazen@gmail.com) on 2017-11-13T14:56:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruno de Paulo Ribeiro.pdf: 5961190 bytes, checksum: b316a82f1788938af665bf050e74095d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-13T14:56:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruno de Paulo Ribeiro.pdf: 5961190 bytes, checksum: b316a82f1788938af665bf050e74095d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-09 / CAPES, CNPq, FAPEMA / Mechanisms involved in severe P. vivax malaria remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the influence of different Circumsporozoite Protein (CSP) variants on circulating plasma cytokines, parasite load and enzymes as arginase, nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), variables that determine the malária outcome, in individuals infected with Plasmodium vivax from a pre-Amazon area from Brazil. Samples of 25 patients infected exclusively with P. vivax and 9 healthy controls were collected and processed to obtain plasma, erythrocytes and mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Acute infection increases IL-6 and IL-10 and reduction TGF- compared to healthy controls. Only 8 patients had detectable concentrations of IFN-γ and IL-2, IL-4, TNF-, and IL-17 cytokines showed very low or undetectable concentrations in both groups. The activities of arginase and SOD were similarly increased in patients, whereas NOS2 activity, assessed indirectly by nitrite production, was unchanged relative to healthy subjects. CSP polymorphisms showed influence on the results. In addition to inducing the highest parasite loads in relation to VK210, VK247 variant also had higher concentrations of IL-6. Although IL-6 and IL-10 has been correlated in plasma, this correlation was only maintained in individuals infected with VK210. VK210 has also been shown to be related to the arginase activity increase, which may be related to the IL-10 increase induced by this variant. Polymorphisms of CSP and parasite load did not influence SOD activity. The systemic influence of the parasite was determinant for the observed profiles since all parameters of the host immune response that were altered in plasma returned to normal levels in the 48 h PBMCs culture supernatant. Finally, although increased in the patients, the production of IL- 10 followed against TGF- levels. This, associated to the increased levels of arginase, indicate that IL-10 may be produced by an alternative source in malaria. Thus, we propose that regulatory macrophages have an important role in the acute phase of vivax malaria and that CSP polymorphisms directly affect the control of the inflamed response and, consequently, the infection outcome. / Os mecanismos envolvidos na gravidade da malária causada por P. vivax ainda não foram completamente esclarecidos. Neste estudo foi avaliada a influência das diferentes variantes da Proteína Circunsporozoíta (CSP) sobre os níveis de citocinas plasmáticas, da carga parasitária e das enzimas arginase, óxido nítrico sintase (NOS2) e superóxido dismutase (SOD), variáveis que influenciam diretamente o desfecho da infecção, utilizando indivíduos infectados com Plasmodium vivax provenientes de uma área da pré-Amazônia brasileira. Amostras de 25 pacientes infectados exclusivamente por P. vivax e 9 controles saudáveis foram coletadas e processadas para obtenção do plasma, dos eritrócitos e das células mononucleares (PBMCs). A infecção aguda induziu aumentos nos níveis de IL-6 e IL-10 e redução nos níveis de TGF- em relação aos controles saudáveis. Apenas 8 pacientes tiveram concentrações detectáveis de IFN-  e as citocinas IL-2, IL-4, TNF- e IL-17 apresentaram concentrações muito baixas ou indetectáveis em ambos os grupos. As atividades de arginase e SOD estavam igualmente aumentadas, ao passo que a atividade de NOS2, avaliada indiretamente pela produção de nitritos, estava inalterada em relação aos indivíduos saudáveis. Os polimorfismos da CSP influenciaram diretamente os resultados obtidos. Além de induzir as maiores cargas parasitárias em relação à VK210, a variante VK247 também apresentou as maiores concentrações de IL-6. Apesar de IL-6 e IL-10 terem apresentado níveis correlacionados no plasma, esta correlação só se manteve nos indivíduos infectados com VK210, variante que também induziu aumento na atividade de arginase. Os polimorfismos da CSP e a carga parasitária não apresentaram correlação com as atividades da SOD e da NOS2. Ratificando que a influência sistêmica do parasito foi determinante para os perfis observados, todos os parâmetros da resposta imune do hospedeiro que estavam alterados no plasma voltaram a patamares normais no sobrenadante de cultura de 48 h das PBMCs. Por fim, apesar de aumentada nos pacientes, a produção de IL-10 não foi acompanhada pela produção de TGF-. Isto, associado aos níveis aumentados de arginase observados, indicam que a IL-10 pode estar sendo produzida por uma fonte alternativa na malária. Desta forma, propomos que macrófagos reguladores têm importante participação na fase aguda da malária vivax e que os polimorfismos da CSP afetam diretamente o controle da resposta inflamatória e, consequentemente, o desfecho da infecção.

A fisiopatologia da pré-eclâmpsia não está completamente elucidada. No entanto, o aumento do estresse oxidativo e o comprometimento da atividade da sintase induzida do óxido nítrico (iNOS) têm sido envolvido nesse estado crítico. O aumento do estresse oxidativo com o aumento das espécies altamente reativas, incluindo o superóxido, pode formar o peroxinitrito. Verificamos o papel da sintase induzida do óxido nítrico e do estresse oxidativo no modelo experimental de pré-eclâmpsia caracterizado pela redução de pressão de perfusão uterina (RUPP). Este foi induzido em ratas wistar. Ratas grávidas do grupo RUPP tiveram a aorta clipada no 14° dia de gestação. Após uma incisão na linha média, um clipe de prata (0.203 mm) foi colocado em torno da aorta acima da bifurcação ilíaca; clipes de prata (0.100 mm) também foram colocados em ambos os ramos das artérias ovarianas direita e esquerda, que abastecem o útero. Ratas Sham operados (ratas grávidas controles) e RUPP foram tratadas com veículo ou subcutaneamente com 1 mg / kg de N-[3 - (aminometil)-benzil] acetamidina (1400W, inibidor da iNOS), durante 5 dias. Após o tratamento, a pressão arterial média foi verificada. Para determinarmos o estresse oxidativo foram avaliadas as concentrações plasmáticas de espécies reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), níveis do 8-isoprostano plasmático, atividade vascular da NADPH oxidase e produção de superóxido com dihidroetídeo. Além disso, utilizamos a técnica de imunohistoquímica para avaliar os níveis de nitrotirosina. A expressão vascular da iNOS foi verificada por western imunoblotting e concentrações de nitrito plasmático por quimiluminescência. Observamos um aumento da pressão arterial média em RUPP comparado com ratas grávidas controles e o tratamento com 1400W exerceu efeitos anti-hipertensivos. O tratamento com 1400W reduziu os níveis de 8-isoprostano, atividade vascular da NADPH oxidase e concentrações de EROs, expressão da iNOS e formação de peroxinitrito em RUPP 1400W em comparação com ratos não tratados RUPP. Nossos resultados sugerem que o 1400W atenua a hipertensão no modelo RUPP principalmente pela inibição da iNOS e formação de peroxinitrito. / The pathophysiology of preeclampsia (PE) is not entirely known. However, increased oxidative stress possibly leading to impaired nitric oxide (NO) activity has been implicated in this critical condition. The increased NO production associated with highly reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide may generate peroxynitrite. We examined the role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and oxidative stress in the reduction uterine perfusion pressure (RUPP) in preeclampsia experimental model. RUPP was induced in wistar rats. Pregnant rats in the RUPP group had their aortic artery clipped at day 14 of gestation. After a midline incision, a silver clip (0.203 mm) was placed around the aorta above the iliac bifurcation; silver clips (0.100 mm) were also placed on branches of both the right and left ovarian arteries that supply the uterus. Sham-operated (pregnant control rats) and RUPP rats were treated with subcutaneous vehicle or 1 mg/kg of iNOS inhibitor (1400W) for 5 days. After the treatment the mean arterial pressure (MAP) was monitored. To evaluated oxidative stress we measured thiobarbituric acid-reactive species (TBARS) and 8-isoprostane levels in plasma, aortic NADPH oxidase activity, and production of superoxide with dihydroethidine. Futhermore, the immunohistochemical analysis assessed nitrotyrosine levels. The vascular iNOS expression was determinated by western imunoblotting and nitrite concentrations in plasma were measured by chemiluminescence. We found increased MAP in RUPP compared with pregnant control rats and 1400W treatment exerted antihypertensive effects. Treatment with 1400W decreased RUPP-induced higher systemic 8-isoprostane levels and vascular NADPH oxidase activity and attenuated ROS concentrations, iNOS expression and peroxynitrite formation in RUPP 1400W rats compared with untreated RUPP rats. Our results suggest that treatment with 1400W attenuates the development of hypertension in RUPP mainly due to inhibition of iNOS and decreased peroxynitrite formation.

O presente trabalho descreve a síntese do ácido corcórico B, isolado de folhas de Corchorus olitorius, L. (Tiliaceae). Este ácido graxo exerce atividade inibitória na produção de NO (óxido nítrico) induzida por lipopolissacarídeo bacteriano em cultura de macrófagos de peritôneo de rato. Uma vez que a produção excessiva de NO (óxido nítrico) é responsável por processos inflamatórios, reações imunológicas (vg., choque séptico causado por endotoxinas), a utilização do ácido corcórico B em terapêutica pode ser efetivo contra inflamação e choque séptico. A síntese total do ácido corcórico B, foi realizada através das reações de Wittig e de Stille, utilizadas na construção do sistema trienona (responsável por seu efeito biológico). / This present work describes the synthesis of the corchorifatty acid B, isolated from leaves of Corchorus olitorius, L. (Tiliaceae). This fatty acid exerts inhibitory activity on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO (nitric oxide) production in cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages. Since over-production of NO (nitric oxide) is the cause of inflammation, immunological responses (vg., endotoxin shocks), the therapeutic use of this fatty acid may be effective against inflammations cases and endotoxin shocks. The total synthesis of corchorifatty acid B, was achieved using the Stille and Wittig reactions to construct the trienone system (responsible for its biological effect.).

Orientador: Cristina Antoniali Silva / Banca: Fernando Silva Carneiro / Banca: Carlos Alan Candido Dias Junior / Banca: Graziela Scalianti Ceravolo / Banca: Angela de Castro Resende / Resumo: A redução da reatividade vascular à fenilefrina (PE) em aorta de ratas espontaneamente hipertensas (SHR) ao final da prenhez é dependente de maior produção e/ou maior biodisponibilidade de óxido nítrico (NO), consequente do aumento da fosforilação da enzima óxido nítrico sintase endotelial (eNOS) via PI3K/Akt. A glicosilação do tipo N-acetil-glucosamina (O-GlcNAc) é uma modificação pós-traducional que compete com a fosforilação pelos mesmos sítios de ligação nas proteínas. A O-GlcNAcilação da eNOS em serina1177 leva a redução da sua atividade enquanto a fosforilação leva a sua ativação. Além destes mecanismos, a interação da eNOS com outras proteínas é capaz de regular positiva ou negativamente a sua atividade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar possíveis alterações nos mecanismos de modificação pós-traducional que controlam a ativação da eNOS os quais poderiam contribuir para maior ativação e maior biodisponibilidade de NO observada em artérias de ratas prenhes. Foram avaliados o conteúdo proteico O-GlcNAc e também expressão das enzimas que participam desta modificação, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) e O-GlcNAcase (OGA) por Western Blotting e a atividade da OGA por ensaio bioquímico em aorta e em artéria mesentérica (2º ou 3º ramo) de ratas não prenhes (NP) e prenhes (P), normotensas (Wistar) e SHR. Ensaios de Western Blotting foram realizados também para análise da expressão das seguintes proteínas: Cav-1, p-Cav-1, CaM e Hsp90. Realizamos a contagem do número de cavéolas en... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Reduction of vascular reactivity to phenylephrine (PE) in aortaof spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) at the end of pregnancy is dependent on higherproduction and/or higerbioavailability of nitric oxide (NO), as a consequence of increased endothelial nitric oxide synthase enzyme (eNOS) phosphorylation,by PI3K/Akt.Glycosylation with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)is a post-translational modification that competes with phosphorylation by the same binding sites in proteins. O-GlcNAcylation of eNOSon serine siteleads to a reduction in its activity while eNOS phosphorylation leads to its activation. In addition to these mechanisms, the interaction of eNOS with other proteins is able to regulate positively or negatively its activity. The objective of this studywas to analyze possible changes in the mechanisms of post-translational modification that control the eNOS activation, which could contribute to its the greater activation and greater bioavailability of NO observed in arteriesof pregnant rats. The O-GlcNAc-protein content and also the enzymesexpressionthat participate in this modification, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) was assessed by Western Blotting, and OGA activity were evaluated by biochemical assay in the aorta and in the artery mesenteric (2ndor 3rdbranch) of non-pregnant (NP) and pregnant (P), normotensiverats(Wistar) and SHR.Western Blotting assays were also performed for expression analysis of the following proteins: Cav-1, p-Cav-1, CaM and Hsp90. We performed the counting of the number of endothelial caveolaein the aorta and the mesenteric artery in the presence or absence of methyl-β-cyclodextrin (dextrin, 10 mmol/L) by electronicmicroscopy.In functional studies, we evaluated the participation of the OGA enzyme, by inhibition with PugNAc (100 μmol/L) and of the caveolae, using a caveolae disassembler, (Complete abstract electronic access below) / Doutor

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease targeted against the pancreatic β-cells. Proinflammatory cytokines are considered to play a major role in the destruction of the insulin-producing β-cells. This thesis studied strategies to counteract proinflammatory cytokines in experimental T1D. Both animal models for T1D as well as β-cell preparations exposed in vitro to putative noxious conditions were examined. In the first study we observed that cytokine treatment of mouse pancreatic islets lacking inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) induced a prolongation of the early stimulatory phase of glucose stimulated insulin secretion. Various experiments led to the conclusion that this prolonged stimulatory effect may involve the DAG/PLD/PKC pathway. Next, we transplanted mouse islets deficient in iNOS to spontaneously diabetic NOD mice. We observed a normalization of hyperglycemia but not a delayed allograft rejection compared to transplanted wild type islets. Thus, absence of iNOS in the graft was not sufficient to prolong allograft survival. In paper III we found that sustained glucose stimulation of rat pancreatic islets was coupled to a decreased conversion of proinsulin to insulin. Islet treatment with IL-1β was also coupled to a decreased proinsulin conversion. Islet proconvertase activity may be a target in islet damage. In paper IV prolactin (PRL) was administered to mice in the multiple low dose streptozotocin model and we observed that PRL enhanced a Th2 response. This may contribute to the protective action by PRL in this model of autoimmune T1D. Finally, by examining β-cells overexpressing Suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 (SOCS-3) it was found that this could inhibit IL-1β induced signalling through the NF-κB and MAPK pathways. SOCS-3 overexpression also inhibited apoptosis induced by cytokines in primary β-cells. Lastly, we demonstrated that SOCS-3 transgenic islets were protected in an allogeneic transplantation model.

Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease with a high prevalence in Western countries, including Canada, and increased exacerbations have been associated with ambient air pollution. The maintenance of airways tone is critically dependent on the endogenous bronchodilator, nitric oxide (NO). The nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoenzymes produce NO from the amino acid, L-arginine, and competition for substrate with the arginase isoenzymes can limit NO production. Imbalances between these pathways have been implicated in the airways hyperresponsiveness (AHR) of asthma. The overall objective of this work was to determine whether arginase and downstream polyamine metabolites are functionally involved in airways responsiveness in animal models of asthma and the adverse responses of allergic animals to air pollution. To this purpose, the expression profiles of proteins involved in L-arginine metabolism were determined in lung tissues from human asthmatics and murine models of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced airways inflammation. Expression of arginase 1 was increased in human asthma and animal models. Competitive inhibition of arginase attenuated AHR in vivo. The roles of the downstream metabolites of arginase, the polyamines (putrescine, spermidine and spermine) were examined by administering them via inhalation to anaesthetized mice. It was demonstrated that spermine increases methacholine responsiveness in normal and allergic mice. Additionally, inhibition of polyamine synthesis improved AHR in a murine model. Thus, arginase and downstream polyamine metabolites contribute to AHR in asthma. Finally, the potential role of arginase in the exacerbation of asthma by air pollution was investigated. For this purpose, murine sub-acute and chronic murine models of allergic airways inflammation were employed, which exhibit inflammatory cell influx and remodeling/AHR, respectively, to determine the role of arginase in the response to concentrated ambient fine particles plus ozone. Allergic mice that were exposed to air pollution exhibited increased arginase activity and expression, compared to filtered air-exposed controls. Furthermore, inhibition of arginase attenuated the air pollution-induced AHR. Thus, the studies of the arginase pathway and downstream metabolites described in this thesis indicate that arginase inhibition may be a therapeutic target in asthma and may also protect susceptible populations against the adverse health effects of air pollution.

Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease with a high prevalence in Western countries, including Canada, and increased exacerbations have been associated with ambient air pollution. The maintenance of airways tone is critically dependent on the endogenous bronchodilator, nitric oxide (NO). The nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoenzymes produce NO from the amino acid, L-arginine, and competition for substrate with the arginase isoenzymes can limit NO production. Imbalances between these pathways have been implicated in the airways hyperresponsiveness (AHR) of asthma. The overall objective of this work was to determine whether arginase and downstream polyamine metabolites are functionally involved in airways responsiveness in animal models of asthma and the adverse responses of allergic animals to air pollution. To this purpose, the expression profiles of proteins involved in L-arginine metabolism were determined in lung tissues from human asthmatics and murine models of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced airways inflammation. Expression of arginase 1 was increased in human asthma and animal models. Competitive inhibition of arginase attenuated AHR in vivo. The roles of the downstream metabolites of arginase, the polyamines (putrescine, spermidine and spermine) were examined by administering them via inhalation to anaesthetized mice. It was demonstrated that spermine increases methacholine responsiveness in normal and allergic mice. Additionally, inhibition of polyamine synthesis improved AHR in a murine model. Thus, arginase and downstream polyamine metabolites contribute to AHR in asthma. Finally, the potential role of arginase in the exacerbation of asthma by air pollution was investigated. For this purpose, murine sub-acute and chronic murine models of allergic airways inflammation were employed, which exhibit inflammatory cell influx and remodeling/AHR, respectively, to determine the role of arginase in the response to concentrated ambient fine particles plus ozone. Allergic mice that were exposed to air pollution exhibited increased arginase activity and expression, compared to filtered air-exposed controls. Furthermore, inhibition of arginase attenuated the air pollution-induced AHR. Thus, the studies of the arginase pathway and downstream metabolites described in this thesis indicate that arginase inhibition may be a therapeutic target in asthma and may also protect susceptible populations against the adverse health effects of air pollution.