More companies have responded to the call for action, increasing their attention to the 17 Sustainable Development Goals. Corporate governance structures have proven to have an effect on how well companies are able to facilitate a sustainable trajectory, all influenced by values and norms. Sweden is part of what many views as the ‘next supermodel’ regarding social welfare and sustainability awareness based on a collectivist mindset. In contrast, the US fundamentally believes in the American dream of free enterprise, which has resulted in a more shareholder oriented view.   This study aims to research whether board composition mechanisms such as board gender diversity, board independence, inclusion and CEO duality impact the CSR initiatives, measured through ESG score, of Swedish and US Large Cap companies listed on OMXS and S&P 100. Moreover, it strives to investigate plausible reasons for differences between Sweden with the Nordic corporate governance model and the tier-1 model corporate governance model the US have. Even if ESG is a well-studied area, previous research does not find any consensus since earlier studies find negative, positive and non-significant results. Furthermore, many studies tend not to go beyond firm-level factors and overlook country-level factors such as national culture.   The study consists of 165 Large Cap companies, where 83 are Swedish and 82 are from the US. The chosen research method is quantitative, based on unbalanced panel data from 2020-2022. ESG score is used as the dependent variable, and the independent variables are the proportion of women board of directors, the critical mass of women directors, the proportion of independent directors, inclusion and CEO duality. The control variables consist of board size, asset size, return on assets, leverage, board-specific skills, and the number of employees. To control for country-level factors, GDP is applied. The regression also applies fixed effects for year and sector.   The data analyses are done with two robust and one standard GLS model with random effects, where the regression analyses are divided into two parts. Part I combines Swedish and US Large Cap companies, and Part II separates the two countries. The results for Part I show no significant relationship between ESG score and either board gender diversity, the critical mass, inclusion or CEO duality. The degree of board independence shows a significant positive effect on ESG scores. Part II conveys that there are fundamental differences between Sweden and the US. For example, while board independence shows a significant positive relationship in Sweden, it presents a non-significant negative relationship in the US. In addition, GDP shows significance in both models indicating that country-level factors matter, and it is evident that the explanatory power of the regressions differ. Thus, it is evermore likely that other factors, such as national culture, potentially impact companies’ corporate social responsibility.

Die Doppelkopie-Relation besagt, dass Observable in einer Gravitationstheorie durch "Quadrieren" entsprechender Größen in einer Eichtheorie abgeleitet werden können. Es ermöglicht die Verwendung moderner Techniken der Eichtheorien, um Probleme wie die Streuung von Schwarzen Löchern in der Gravitation anzugehen. Wir betrachten zunächst die massive skalare Quantenchromodynamik und führen die Doppelkopie für deren Streuamplituden durch. Aus den resultierenden Amplituden rekonstruieren wir die effektive Lagrange-Funktion. Diese besteht aus einer Graviationstheorie gekoppelt an massive Skalare, ein Axion und ein Dilaton. Der entstehende Lagrangian wird explizit bis zur sechsten Ordnung von Skalarfeldern konstruiert, und es wird eine Form aller Ordnungen postuliert. Es folgt die Erforschung der Doppelkopie massiver Punktteilchen. Die Quellen werden durch Weltlinien-Quantenfeldtheorien formuliert, die mit Yang-Mills, biadjungiertem Skalar und Zwei-Form-Dilaton-Gravitation gekoppelt sind. Wir schlagen eine Doppelkopievorschrift für die eikonalen Phase vor, und explizit bis zur nächstführenden Ordnung zu überprüfen. Wir untersuchen ferner die nicht-perturbative Doppelkopie klassischer Lösungen. Insbesondere erweitern wir die Kerr-Schild-Abbildung auf den Fall eines Probeteilchens, das sich im Kerr-Schild-Hintergrund bewegt. Wir finden darüberhinaus eine neue Doppelkopie zwischen den erhaltenen Ladungen auf der Eichtheorie und den Gravitationsseiten. Schließich untersuchen wir die Post-Minkowski'sche (PM) und Post-Newton'sche Entwicklungen des gravitativen effektiven Drei-Körper-Potentials. Wir liefern auf 2PM Ebene ein formelles nicht-lokales Ergebnis und entwickeln es in der Geschwindigkeit. / This thesis focuses on the double copy relation between gauge theories and gravity and its application in the classical scattering of massive compact objects. The double copy relation states that observables in a gravitational theory can be derived from “squaring” corresponding quantities in a gauge theory. It allows using modern techniques of gauge theories to tackle problems such as black hole scattering in gravity. We first consider massive scalar quantum chromodynamics and perform the double copy procedure for the scattering amplitudes. We reconstruct the effective Lagrangian from the resulting amplitudes. It yields a gravitational theory of massive scalars coupled to gravity, axion, and dilaton. The emerging Lagrangian is constructed explicitly up to the sixth order of scalar fields, and an all-order form is conjectured. It is followed by exploring the double copy of classical massive point particles. The source objects are formulated by worldline quantum field theories coupled to Yang-Mills, bi-adjoint scalar, and two-form-dilaton-gravity. We propose a double copy prescription for the eikonal phases, and check it explicitly up to next-to-leading order. We also investigate the non-perturbative double copy of classical solutions. Specifically, we extend the Kerr-Schild mapping, which allows obtaining solutions of the Einstein equation from that of gauge theory, to the case of a probe particle moving in the Kerr-Schild background. We find a new double copy between the conserved charges on the gauge theory and the gravity sides, which works naturally for both bound and unbound states. Additionally, we study the Post-Minkowskian (PM) and Post-Newtonian expansions of the gravitational three-body effective potential. We provide a formal non-local result at 2PM and expand it in the slow-motion limit.

Wir behandeln einige Spezialfälle von Beziehungen zwischen Eich- und Gravitationstheorien. Wir setzen den Schwerpunkt auf Baumlevelstreuamplituden in Einstein-(Skalar-)-Chromo-Dynamik, welche Streuungen zwischen Gluonen, massiven fundamentalen Quarks (Skalaren) und Gravitonen beschreibt. Wir untersuchen den endlichen Anteil von reiner Gluonenstreuung mit zwei kollinearen Gluonen. Basierend auf einem Vorschlag von S. Stieberger und T. Taylor, stehen diese in Beziehung zu Steuamplituden in Einstein-Yang-Mills Theorie, in welchen die kollinearen Gluonen durch ein Graviton ersetzt werden. Wir führen einen Beweis dieser Beziehungen unter der Ausnutzung des Cachazo-He-Yuan Formalismus durch. Parallel dazu werden wir einen Einblick in mysteriöse Wechselwirkunen dieser Beziehungen mit Eichinvarianzverletzungen des kollinearen Gluon Grenzwertes von Yang-Mills Streuampliuden geben. Danach behandeln wir eine andere Art von linearen Beziehungen zwischen Streuamplituden in Yang-Mills Theorie und Einstein-Yang-Mills Theorie, welche ebenfalls von S. Stieberger und T. Taylor vorgeschlagen wurden und direkt einzelne Gluonen mit einzelnen Gravitonen verbinden. Wir beweisen die Universalität dieser Beziehungen, in Anwesenheit von fundamental geladenen und massiven Fermionen und Skalaren. Schliesslich formulieren wir eine neue Zweifachkopiebeziehung zwischen klassisch effektiven Wirkungen. Die effektive Wirkung eines Systems von farblich geladenen, massiven und klassischen Weltlinien, welche über Yang-Mills wechselwirken, wird mit einem System von dilatonisch geladenen, massiven und klassischen Weltlinien, welche über Dilatongravitation wechselwirken, in Verbindung gesetzt. Somit verbessern wir eine, aus dem Kontext von Lösungen zu störungstheoretischen Bewegungsgleichungen, sowohl für das Gluon als auch für das Graviton, derselben Systeme, bekannte Zweifachkopievorschrift, formuliert von W. Goldberger und A. Ridgway. / We analyze several cases of mysterious connections between gauge and gravity theories, known as double copy relations. We focus on tree level scattering amplitudes in Einstein-(scalar-)-chromo-dynamics, i.e. scattering scenarios between gluons, massive fundamental quarks (scalars) and gravitons. In these scenarios we study the sub leading contribution to the adjacent collinear gluon limits in pure Yang-Mills amplitudes. Recently, S. Stieberger and T. Taylor have proposed a linear combination of amplitudes with a pair of collinear gluons to an Einstein-Yang-Mills amplitude. We present a proof of such relations using a novel representation of bosonic tree level amplitudes based on a localized integral on the Riemann sphere, called the Cachazo-He-Yuan formalism. Moreover, we give insight into an intriguing interplay between those relations and surprising gauge invariance violations of the sub-leading collinear gluon limit of Yang-Mills amplitudes. Next, we will focus on yet another set of relations between Yang-Mills amplitudes and Einstein-Yang-Mills amplitudes that were also proposed by S. Stieberger and T. Taylor. They directly relate single gluons to single gravitons. We show universality of such relations, i.e. their validity in the presence of massive fundamental quarks and scalars. For that purpose, we will use a Feynman diagrammatic approach which results in a novel color-to-kinematics rule, mapping gluons to gravitons in these scattering scenarios. Finally, we establish a novel double copy connection between classical effective actions of two massive classical worldlines which are colored and interacting in Yang-Mills theory and dilaton charged and interacting through dilaton-gravity. Doing so, we extend and improve existing work relating the same system of worldlines through a double copy at the level of perturbative solutions to the involved equations of motion for the gluon and graviton fields, as has been proposed by W. Goldberger and A. Ridgway.

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The relationship between disclosure about sustainability, financial performance, andcorporate governance deserves more attention in the modern business environment. Thisthesis investigates the complex variations in this relationship in the case of Swedish listedcompanies. This study intends to provide insight on the mechanisms by which governancestructures influence the financial consequences of sustainability initiatives byinvestigating how corporate governance functions as a mediator between sustainabilitydisclosure and financial performance. Utilizing data from the NASDAQ Stockholm via the REFINITIV EIKON Database, thestudy investigates the implicit impact of corporate governance components such as boardgender diversity and CEO-Chairman duality on determining the relationship betweensustainability practices and financial performance. The study's systematic search strategyand methodical analysis aim to provide significant insights for companies, investors, andregulators on how to use governance frameworks to generate sustainable andadvantageous business models. This study contributes to the broader conversation on corporate sustainability andgovernance practices by addressing a knowledge gap about how governance structuresregulate the relationship between sustainability disclosure and financial performance. Thefindings are meant to inspire stakeholders about the crucial role that governance plays inpromoting sustainable business practices in the Swedish corporate landscape, as well as tohave practical implications for companies looking to enhance their financial performanceand sustainability strategies.

Muitas relações min-max em otimização combinatória podem ser demonstradas através de total dual integralidade de sistemas lineares. O conceito algébrico de bases de Hilbert foi originalmente introduzido com o objetivo de melhor compreender a estrutura geral dos sistemas totalmente dual integrais. Resultados apresentados posteriormente mostraram que bases de Hilbert também são relevantes para a otimização combinatória em geral e para a caracterização de certas classes de objetos discretos. Entre tais resultados, foram provadas, a partir dessas bases, versões do teorema de Carathéodory para programação inteira. Nesta dissertação, estudamos aspectos estruturais e computacionais de bases de Hilbert e relações destas com programação inteira e otimização combinatória. Em particular, consideramos versões inteiras do teorema de Carathéodory e conjecturas relacionadas. / There are several min-max relations in combinatorial optimization that can be proved through total dual integrality of linear systems. The algebraic concept of Hilbert basis was originally introduced with the objective of better understanding the general structure of totally dual integral systems. Some results that were proved later have shown that Hilbert basis are also relevant to combinatorial optimization in a general manner and to characterize certain classes of discrete objects. Among such results, there are versions of Carathéodory\'s theorem for integer programming that were proved through those basis. In this dissertation, we study structural and computational aspects of Hilbert basis and their relations to integer programming and combinatorial optimization. In particular, we consider integer versions of Carathéodory\'s theorem and related conjectures.

No description available.

The main contribution of this thesis is the concept of Fenchel duality with a focus on its application in the field of machine learning problems and image restoration tasks. We formulate a general optimization problem for modeling support vector machine tasks and assign a Fenchel dual problem to it, prove weak and strong duality statements as well as necessary and sufficient optimality conditions for that primal-dual pair. In addition, several special instances of the general optimization problem are derived for different choices of loss functions for both the regression and the classifification task. The convenience of these approaches is demonstrated by numerically solving several problems. We formulate a general nonsmooth optimization problem and assign a Fenchel dual problem to it. It is shown that the optimal objective values of the primal and the dual one coincide and that the primal problem has an optimal solution under certain assumptions. The dual problem turns out to be nonsmooth in general and therefore a regularization is performed twice to obtain an approximate dual problem that can be solved efficiently via a fast gradient algorithm. We show how an approximate optimal and feasible primal solution can be constructed by means of some sequences of proximal points closely related to the dual iterates. Furthermore, we show that the solution will indeed converge to the optimal solution of the primal for arbitrarily small accuracy. Finally, the support vector regression task is obtained to arise as a particular case of the general optimization problem and the theory is specialized to this problem. We calculate several proximal points occurring when using difffferent loss functions as well as for some regularization problems applied in image restoration tasks. Numerical experiments illustrate the applicability of our approach for these types of problems.

<p>У романима Књига о Бламу и Употреба човека Александра Тишме доминантне теме јесу рат и судбина човека у рату, а посебно јеврејског човека. Говорити о романима Александра Тишме значи најпре говорити о трагању за идентитетом, о неприпадању и усамљености у свету који се доживљава као непрекидно страдање, као опасност, страховање, као трагање за безбедним местом за живот, да би се напослетку схватило да такво место не постоји, да су свуда само јед и патња. Ликови ових романа живе у тешким ратним околностима, али они носе још теже бреме јеврејске судбине, или у својим коренима једнако проблематичну подељеност, подвојеност између хришћанства и јудаизма. У оба случаја, свесни су своје издвојености, обележености пореклом које свакога часа може бити означено као непожељно за живот у заједници. Стога, стрепња и тескоба стални су пратиоци њихових судбина. У складу са овом поставком, Тишма анализира различите облике преживљавања у ратном и послератном добу (од мирења са злом, пасивности, трпљења, понижења, преко отпора, освете, насиља, све до поражавајућег сазнања да &bdquo;зло рађа зло&rdquo;) указујући на феномене времена у којем живимо. Аутор с горчином преиспитује постојање хуманистичких принципа у оваквом свету, као и улогу литературе у читавом процесу. Трагајући у својим романима, пре свега, за истином у свим аспектима живота, Тишма долази до сазнања да су насиље и зло неодвојиви део човекове природе, и то сазнање нуди као датост, као непомериву&nbsp;чињеницу. Улога књижевности јесте да разбија илузије, да подсећа на преживљено, да сведочи о ратним догађајима у светлу уверења да оно што није записано &ndash; не постоји.</p> / <p>U romanima Knjiga o Blamu i Upotreba čoveka Aleksandra Tišme dominantne teme jesu rat i sudbina čoveka u ratu, a posebno jevrejskog čoveka. Govoriti o romanima Aleksandra Tišme znači najpre govoriti o traganju za identitetom, o nepripadanju i usamljenosti u svetu koji se doživljava kao neprekidno stradanje, kao opasnost, strahovanje, kao traganje za bezbednim mestom za život, da bi se naposletku shvatilo da takvo mesto ne postoji, da su svuda samo jed i patnja. Likovi ovih romana žive u teškim ratnim okolnostima, ali oni nose još teže breme jevrejske sudbine, ili u svojim korenima jednako problematičnu podeljenost, podvojenost između hrišćanstva i judaizma. U oba slučaja, svesni su svoje izdvojenosti, obeleženosti poreklom koje svakoga časa može biti označeno kao nepoželjno za život u zajednici. Stoga, strepnja i teskoba stalni su pratioci njihovih sudbina. U skladu sa ovom postavkom, Tišma analizira različite oblike preživljavanja u ratnom i posleratnom dobu (od mirenja sa zlom, pasivnosti, trpljenja, poniženja, preko otpora, osvete, nasilja, sve do poražavajućeg saznanja da &bdquo;zlo rađa zlo&rdquo;) ukazujući na fenomene vremena u kojem živimo. Autor s gorčinom preispituje postojanje humanističkih principa u ovakvom svetu, kao i ulogu literature u čitavom procesu. Tragajući u svojim romanima, pre svega, za istinom u svim aspektima života, Tišma dolazi do saznanja da su nasilje i zlo neodvojivi deo čovekove prirode, i to saznanje nudi kao datost, kao nepomerivu&nbsp;činjenicu. Uloga književnosti jeste da razbija iluzije, da podseća na preživljeno, da svedoči o ratnim događajima u svetlu uverenja da ono što nije zapisano &ndash; ne postoji.</p> / <p>In the novels The Book of Blam and The Use of Man by Aleksandar Ti&scaron;ma dominant themes are war and the destiny of man in war, especially Jewish man. To talk about the novels of Aleksandar Ti&scaron;ma primarily means to talk about the quest for identity, about rootlessness and loneliness in a world that is perceived as constant suffering, as danger, fear and search for a safe place, only to realize that such a place does not exist, that there is only misery and suffering everywhere. The characters of these novels live in difficult war conditions, but they carry an even heavier burden of the Jewish fate, or they have in their roots an equally problematic split &ndash; a split between Christianity and Judaism. In both cases, they are aware of their isolation, of being stigmatized by their origin, which at any moment can be declared unsuitable for life in a community. Therefore, anxiety and uneasiness are constant companions of their fate. In accordance with this setting, Ti&scaron;ma analyzes different forms of survival in wartime and in post-war era (from conciliation with evil, inaction, suffering, humiliation, through resistance, revenge, violence, until the devastating knowledge that &ldquo;evil begets evil&rdquo;) thus indicating the phenomena of our time. The author bitterly re-examines the existence of humanistic principles in such a world, and the role of literature in the whole process. Searching in his novels primarily for truth in all aspects of life, Ti&scaron;ma comes to the conclusion that violence and crime are inseparable part of human nature, and he presents this insights as a given, as a fixed fact. The role of literature is to shatter illusions, to remind us of things we have been through, to testify about wars in the light of his belief that if things have not been written down it is as if they do not exist at all.</p>

In this thesis we review the gauge/gravity duality and how it can be used to compute the thermodynamic properties and low-energy excitations of holographic quantum liquids - strongly-interacting field theories with a non-zero density of matter. We then study in detail the charge density excitations of two such liquids, the D3/D7 theory and the RN-AdS₄ theory, by computing the poles of their charge density Green's functions, and their charge density spectral functions. Although it is not a Landau Fermi liquid, the charge density excitations of the D3/D7 theory display many of the same properties as one, including a collisionless/hydrodynamic crossover as the temperature is increased. In contrast to this, the charge density (and energy density) excitations of the RN-AdS₄ theory do not share these properties but behave in a way that cannot be explained by Landau's theory of interacting fermionic quasiparticles. This is consistent with other results which indicate that this is not a Landau Fermi liquid.