O trabalho dedica-se ao estudo das torres eólicas protendidas de concreto, com a finalidade de promover a discussão sobre os critérios de dimensionamento, tema de grande relevância na atualidade. Para tal, foi considerada uma torre eólica de 100 m de altura provida de turbina de 5 MW, cujas ações foram obtidas da literatura. O carregamento de vento ao longo da torre foi tratado como estático equivalente de acordo com disposições normativas, através de uma forma simplificada para a adoção de uma velocidade de projeto equivalente à incidente no rotor. Com base na literatura, apenas as condições mais críticas foram adotadas no dimensionamento. As combinações entre os carregamentos e os coeficientes parciais de segurança foram delineados a partir do método dos estados limites, o qual se encontra amplamente difundido em normas de projeto. Os esforços e deslocamentos na torre foram obtidos pelo método dos elementos finitos com discretização em elementos finitos unidimensionais, considerando as não linearidades física e geométrica por intermédio do acoplamento de um programa comercial de elementos finitos com algoritmo desenvolvido em linguagem MATLAB, que tanto define as diversas geometrias de cada elemento ao longo da torre (seção variável), como obtém para cada um: a armadura ativa longitudinal a partir de perdas de protensão recalculadas, o diagrama momento-curvatura-força normal, e a armadura passiva longitudinal escalonada, que é otimizada durante o processo do dimensionamento. Quanto à resistência ao esforço cortante das seções anulares, foi proposto um modelo que apresentou boa concordância com os resultados experimentais obtidos na literatura. Além dos concretos convencionais, é discutido o estado-da-arte do concreto de ultra-alto desempenho reforçado com fibras, CUADRF, tratando sobre seu desenvolvimento histórico, composição, diferentes tipos, propriedades mecânicas, aplicações, recomendações para projeto e as simplificações adotadas quanto ao seu uso nas torres eólicas. Ao final foram realizadas análises paramétricas relativas à geometria e à classe de concreto para dois tipos de torres: em tronco de cone e de variação parabólica. Uma das principais conclusões do trabalho é que a otimização da área de aço passivo ocorre de forma sistemática para as torres de frequência natural mais baixa, tornando indispensável o uso de um modelo não linear para o correto dimensionamento. Além disso, as torres obtidas foram comparadas através do custo material total, constatando-se que as torres mais econômicas possuíam variação parabólica. Isso permitiu aferir um valor inicial para o qual o uso do CUADRF em torres eólicas passaria a ser competitivo. / The work is dedicated to the study of prestressed wind towers of concrete, in order to promote discussion on the design criteria, highly relevant topic today. For this purpose, it was considered a wind tower 100 m high provided with 5 MW turbine, whose actions were obtained from the literature. The wind loading along the tower was treated as static equivalent in accordance with design codes, through a simplified way for the adoption of a design speed equivalent to that incident on the rotor. Based on the literature, only the most critical conditions were adopted in the design. The combinations between loads and partial safety factors were outlined by the limit states method, which is widespread in design standards. The forces and displacements in the tower were obtained by the finite element method with discretization in frame elements, through material and geometric nonlinearities. This was done through coupling of a commercial finite element program with algorithm developed in MATLAB language, which defines both the various geometries of each element along the tower (variable section), and obtains for each: prestressing reinforcement from recalculated prestressing losses, the moment-curvature-normal diagram, and the stepped longitudinal passive reinforcement that is optimized during the design process. For the shear strength of the annular sections, a model that showed good agreement with the experimental results obtained in the literature was proposed. In addition to conventional concrete, the state-of-the art of ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete, UHPFRC, is discussed, dealing on its historical development, composition, different types, mechanical properties, applications, recommendations for design and simplifications adopted on its use in wind towers. At the end were performed parametric analyzes of the geometry and the concrete class for two types of towers: frustoconical and with parabolic variation. One of the main conclusions is that the optimization of passive steel area occurs systematically to the lower natural frequency towers, making it essential to use a nonlinear model for proper design. Moreover, the towers obtained were compared with the total material cost, having noticed that most economical towers had parabolic variation for the constraints here imposed. This allowed the assessment of an initial value for which the use of UHPFRC in wind turbine towers would be competitive.

Atualmente, dentre os perfis de aço formados a frio (PFF) mais utilizados em sistemas estruturais correntes, merecem destaque aqueles compostos por duas cantoneiras ligadas entre si por meio de presilhas, apresentando seção na forma de \"T\". Embora tenha utilização bastante difundida, pouco se sabe sobre o comportamento estrutural deste tipo de perfil, principalmente em relação aos modos de instabilidade a ele associados. No presente trabalho, são desenvolvidos, com base em ferramentas disponibilizadas no código computacional ANSYS, modelos numéricos em elementos finitos com a finalidade de se investigar o comportamento estrutural dos referidos perfis submetidos à compressão e, com isso, contribuir para futuras revisões nas especificações da ABNT NBR 14762:2010 referentes aos PFF compostos. Por meio de análises não-lineares, foi investigada a influência de diversos fatores na resposta estrutural dos perfis, como: a forma de introdução do carregamento (compressão centrada ou excêntrica), as condições de vinculação, a esbeltez global, as imperfeições geométricas iniciais, a espessura das cantoneiras e o número de presilhas. Os resultados numéricos indicam que os valores de força normal de compressão resistente, obtidos conforme a ABNT NBR 14762:2010, podem resultar bastantes conservadores, principalmente nos casos de menor esbeltez global. Adicionalmente, a quantidade e a distribuição das presilhas se mostram bastante influentes, tanto na capacidade resistente como nos modos de instabilidade predominantes dos perfis. Por fim, o trabalho prevê uma investigação introdutória sobre os perfis dupla cantoneira sob temperaturas elevadas, a fim de se verificar, em caráter exploratório, o seu desempenho em situação de incêndio. As análises termoestruturais realizadas apresentaram como resultado tempos de resistência ao fogo bem abaixo do valor mínimo especificado pela ABNT NBR 14432:2001, apontando à necessidade do uso de revestimento térmico nesses perfis e de estudos mais aprofundados sobre o assunto. / Nowadays, among cold-formed steel members (PFF) commonly used in current structural systems, deserve to be highlighted those composed by two angles connected through intermediate fastener (stitch-fillers) forming a \"T\" section. Although its widespread use, little is known about its structural behavior, especially in what concerns instability modes. In this study, based on tools available on the ANSYS code, numerical finite element models were developed in order to investigate the structural behavior of these profiles under compression to contribute to future revisions of the ABNT NBR 14762:2010 specifications regarding PFF compounds. By using non-linear analysis, we investigated the influence of various factors in the structural response, namely, the loading introduction (compression-centric or eccentric), the boundary conditions, the global slenderness, the geometric imperfections, the angle thickness and the number stitch-fillers. The numerical results indicated that the compression resistance, obtained according to ABNT NBR 14762:2010, it is quite conservative, especially in cases of small global slenderness. Additionally, the stitch-fillers distribution proved its great influence both in the bearing capacity as in the determination of the instability modes. Finally, the study makes an introductory research on double angle profiles under high temperatures, in order to verify its performance under fire. The thermal analysis showed fire resistance results inferior to the minimum specified by ABNT NBR 14432:2001, indicating the need of using fire protection and further studies this subject.

Estruturas em concreto pré-moldado vêm sendo utilizadas com freqüência em sistemas reticulados do tipo multi-piso, destinados às mais variadas atividades como: estabelecimentos comerciais, estacionamentos, escolas, hospitais e etc. A utilização de ligações viga-pilar do tipo semi-rígida constitui uma alternativa interessante para o enrijecimento e para a garantia da estabilidade global deste tipo de estrutura. Atualmente, a rigidez e a resistência destas ligações têm sido determinadas por ensaios de modelos em escala real. Estes ensaios, além de apresentarem um custo elevado, têm aplicação restrita à ligação examinada o que torna esta metodologia limitada e não adequada à prática de elaboração de projeto. Apresenta-se, neste trabalho, um modelo mecânico para determinação numérica da relação força-deslocamento de uma ligação viga-pilar semi-rígida a partir da contribuição da rigidez individual de cada componente de transferência de força utilizado na vinculação. A formulação do equilíbrio do modelo é implementada em planilha eletrônica constituindo-se numa ferramenta de cálculo para o projetista, permitindo o estudo, de forma rápida e amigável, da influência do posicionamento e da rigidez individual de cada componente de transferência de força na rigidez e na resistência da ligação. Este modelo mecânico foi utilizado para o cálculo da rigidez à rotação para momento fletor positivo de uma ligação viga-pilar ensaiada em laboratório. Os valores para a rigidez da ligação obtidos em ensaio e pelo modelo mecânico ficaram muito próximos. Da formulação do equilíbrio do modelo mecânico pode-se extrair ainda uma matriz de rigidez que é utilizada na representação da ligação semi-rígida no modelo de barra da estrutura. Um programa computacional foi desenvolvido para a análise de pórticos planos com ligação viga-pilar semi-rígida considerando ainda as não linearidades físicas e geométricas do modelo de cálculo. O programa foi validado pela comparação de resultados de exemplos também processados no programa ANSYS. A não-linearidade geométrica é considerada pelo método modal, não incremental-iterativo, e que obtém a parcela não-linear da resposta estrutural pela combinação dos seus modos de flambagem. A não-linearidade física do concreto é considerada pelo método da rigidez secante no qual a rigidez de cada barra da estrutura é reduzida na análise conforme suas armaduras e o nível de sua solicitação. Para o cálculo da rigidez secante dos pilares desenvolveu-se um programa que permite a consideração de armaduras ativas e passivas na seção. A análise de alguns exemplos revelou que a protensão dos pilares é também uma alternativa interessante para o enrijecimento da estrutura. Além de exemplos práticos, outros temas pertinentes ao projeto deste tipo de estrutura como: estabilidade na fase construtiva, esforços finais após a montagem, efeitos dependentes do tempo, assimetria de rigidez e plastificação das ligações, são também abordados no trabalho. / Precast concrete multi-storey structures have been more frequently used to construct commercial buildings, parking, schools and hospitals. The use of semi-rigid beam-tocolumn connections is a good strategy to guarantee the global stability of this type of structure. Actually the rigidity and the strength of this type of connection are obtained in an experimental program using full scale prototypes. This procedure is not only expensive but limited and not adequate for design since the results are only valid for the examined connection. This research presents a mechanical model used to determine numerically the force-displacement relationship of a beam-to-column semirigid connection. The procedure uses the contribution of any individual force transfer component active in the connection. The equilibrium equation of the model is implemented in an electronic-worksheet where the designer can rapidly and friendly study the influence of the position and the individual rigidity of each force transfer component in the global rigidity and strength of the connection. For validation, this procedure was used to calculate the flexural rigidity for positive bending moment of a beam-to-column semi-rigid connection that was tested in laboratory. The numerical values of the connection rigidity obtained by test and by the mechanical model are very close. The matrix used in the formulation of the mechanical model equilibrium can also be used to represent the semi-rigid connection in the finite element model of the structure. A computational program was developed for plane frame analysis including semi-rigid beam-to-column connections and both physical and geometric nonlinearities. The program was tested by comparing the results of some examples that are also analysed in the ANSYS program. The geometric nonlinearity is considered by a modal method where the nonlinear response of the structure is obtained by a combination of its buckling modes. The physical nonlinearity of the concrete is considered by the secant rigidity method. In this method the rigidities of all concrete bars in the structure are reduced by coefficients that depend of the reinforcement in the cross section and the level of the efforts. A special computational program was developed to calculate the secant rigidity for a concrete cross section with reinforcing bar and prestressing steel. The analysis of some examples shows that the use of prestressing steel in collums is also an interesting alternative to sttifen the structure. Beyond of some practical examples, others themes related to the design of this type of structure like: stability in the erection process, efforts in the end of the erection process, time-dependent effects, non symmetrical and plastic behavior of the connections, are also treated in this work.

O objetivo central deste trabalho é implementar modelos constitutivos hiperelásticos não lineares em um código computacional que faz análise não linear geométrica de cascas. São necessários, para este propósito, conceitos sobre álgebras linear e tensorial, cinemática, deformação, tensão, balanços, princípios variacionais, métodos numéricos e hiperelasticidade. Tal programa usa a formulação Lagrangiana posicional, o método dos elementos finitos, o princípio dos trabalhos virtuais e o método iterativo de Newton-Raphson para solução das equações não lineares. O elemento finito de casca possui dez nós, sete parâmetros por nó e variação linear da deformação ao longo da espessura. Para dedução dos novos modelos usou-se a decomposição multiplicativa do gradiente da função mudança de configuração, o tensor deformação de Green-Lagrange e o tensor da tensão de Piola-Kirchhoff de segunda espécie. O código desenvolvido foi usado em simulações de diversos exemplos e apresentou boa precisão na análise mecânica de polímeros naturais altamente deformáveis. A ocorrência do fenômeno travamento não se manifestou nas análises realizadas. A presente pesquisa confirmou outros trabalhos, reforçou a necessidade de se usar modelos hiperelásticos não lineares para simular o comportamento mecânico de polímeros naturais e apresentou resultados condizentes com dados experimentais existentes na literatura científica e às respectivas soluções analíticas. / The main objective of this work is to implement nonlinear hyperelastic constitutive models in a computational code of geometrically nonlinear analysis of shells. For this purpose, concepts of linear and tensor algebras, kinematics, strain, stress, balances, variational principles, numerical methods and hyperelasticity are necessary. Such program uses the positional Lagrangian formulation, the finite element method, the principle of virtual work and the iterative method of Newton-Raphson for the solution of the nonlinear equations. The shell finite element has ten nodes, seven parameters per node and presents linear variation of the strain along the thickness. To achieve the new constitutive models the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient, the Green-Lagrange strain tensor and the second Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor are used. The developed code is tested for simulations of various examples and presents good accuracy in the mechanical analysis of highly deformable natural rubber. The locking phenomena didn\'t appear in the proposed analysis. The present research confirms other works, corroborates the need of using nonlinear hyperelastic models to simulate the mechanical behavior of natural rubber and presents suitable results when compared to existent experimental data of the scientific literature and to the respective analytical solutions.

Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um modelo para análise tridimensional não linear geométrica de edifícios considerando a influência de todas as partes componentes do sistema estrutural, incluindo a ligação núcleo-laje e o solo de fundação. Pilares e vigas são modelados com elementos finitos de barra com seção transversal de forma qualquer, enquanto as lajes são modeladas por elementos finitos de casca. Ambos consideram o comportamento não linear geométrico e adotam como graus de liberdade posições nodais e vetores generalizados ao invés de deslocamentos e rotações, sendo também considerado para o elemento de barra o grau de liberdade de empenamento da seção. Apresenta-se uma estratégia cinemática para o acoplamento de topo entre os elementos de casca e a seção dos elementos de barra, gerando assim um elemento de núcleo com diafragma. O acoplamento se dá através de uma matriz de incidência cinemática responsável por inserir na Hessiana e no vetor de forças internas do elemento de barra que discretiza o núcleo as contribuições de elementos de casca a ele conectadas. Admite-se para os materiais do edifício a lei constitutiva elástico-linear de Saint Venant-Kirchhoff e a não linearidade geométrica é considerada através de uma formulação Lagrangiana total com cinemática exata. A flexibilidade dos apoios é considerada através de uma matriz de rigidez do sistema solo-fundação. Esta matriz é calculada em outro programa de acoplamento entre o Método dos Elementos de Contorno e o Método dos Elementos Finitos por meio de uma estratégia numérica baseada, por sua vez, no Teorema de Betti-Maxwell. A estratégia consiste na determinação de coeficientes de flexibilidade de pontos sobre uma malha discreta do sistema solo-fundação, sendo o solo modelado via Método dos Elementos de Contorno com uso da solução fundamental de Mindlin e os elementos estruturais de fundação, que podem incluir placas, sapatas, blocos e estacas, são modeladas com elementos finitos convencionais de barra e de casca. O programa permite a análise de edifícios completos, considerando a influência do empenamento dos núcleos nos pavimentos e também os efeitos da interação solo-estrutura. Exemplos numéricos são apresentados para confirmar a eficiência e demonstrar o potencial de aplicação da formulação proposta. / In this thesis a numerical model for geometric nonlinear analysis of three-dimensional structures of tall buildings was developed, considering the influence of all structural components, including the core-slab connection and the foundation system. Columns and beams are modeled by a frame finite element which can have a cross section of any shape, while the slabs are modeled by shell finite elements. Both consider the nonlinear geometric behavior and adopt nodal positions and generalized vectors as degrees of freedom instead of displacements and rotations. For the frame finite element it is also considered the cross sectional warping as a degree of freedom. A numerical strategy is presented for the coupling between the shell elements and the frame\'s cross section, thus forming a structural-core element with diaphragm. The coupling is done through a kinematic array which is responsible for inserting the contributions of shell elements, connected to the core walls, into the Hessian matrix and also into the internal force vector of the frame element used to discretize the core. The linear-elastic constitutive relation of Saint Venant-Kirchhoff is adopted for the building materials and the geometric nonlinearity is considered via a Lagrangian formulation with exact kinematics. The foundation\'s flexibility is considered through a stiffness matrix for the soil-foundation system. This matrix is computed in another program based on the numerical coupling between the Boundary Element Method and the Finite Element Method, using a numerical strategy based on the Maxwell-Betti\'s Theorem. This strategy consists in determining the flexibility coefficient of points on a discrete mesh of the soil-foundation system. The soil is modeled by the Boundary Element Method using the fundamental solution of Mindlin. The structural foundation elements, including shallow foundation, footings, blocks and piles, are modeled using conventional frame and shell finite elements. The program is applied to the analysis of complete structural systems of tall buildings, considering the influence of the core warping on the mechanical behaviour of the slabs and also the soil-structure interaction effects. Numerical examples are presented to confirm the efficiency and to demonstrate the potential application of the proposed formulation.

[pt] As vigas de aço com abertura de alma propiciam a passagem de tubulações de serviços e instalações, fornecendo boa capacidade de resistência aos esforços cortantes. As vigas casteladas e as vigas celulares apresentam limitações de dimensões da abertura que estão ligadas à altura do perfil base, geralmente produzindo-se um perfil 50 por cento maior em altura. Neste trabalho, são estudadas as vigas casteladas expandidas em altura, através da soldagem de uma chapa complementar de alma, de modo a se obter vigas de maior inércia, mais leves e com maiores aberturas. O presente trabalho aborda os resultados obtidos através da modelagem por elementos finitos com análise não linear física e geométrica, com vistas a investigação do comportamento estrutural quanto a resistência da seção transversal e rigidez visando-se a redução de custos de fabricação pela eliminação da soldagem de chapas de reforço na região da abertura. / [en] Steel beams with web openings allow integration between structural and tubular services and facilities, providing good shear strength capacity. The castellated and cellular beams have limitations due to this web openings and results in a profile with 50 per cent higher depth. In this research, depth expanded castellated beams with the use of an additional welded plate will be studied, aiming the obtainment of higher inertia as well as wider openings on lighter beams. The present work addresses the results results obtained through the finite element method using physical and geometric nonlinear analysis, observing the structural behavior regarding stiffness and strength in order to reduce manufacturing costs since the reinforcement plates in the areas will no more be required.

Η παρούσα διατριβή πραγματεύεται την αποτίμηση της σεισμικής συμπεριφοράς και την ενίσχυση μη-κανονικών σε κάτοψη κτιρίων οπλισμένου σκυροδέματος. Σε μια έντονα σεισμογενή περιοχή όπως η Ελλάδα, η ύπαρξη πολύ μεγάλου ποσοστού (περί το 70%) κατασκευών που δεν διαθέτουν την ασφάλεια έναντι του σεισμού που απαιτούν οι σημερινοί κανονισμοί, αποτελεί μεγάλο πρόβλημα. Επιπλέον, πέραν της έλλειψης αντισεισμικού σχεδιασμού τους, η δομική μορφολογία της πλειοψηφίας των κατασκευών αυτών ευνοεί την ανάπτυξη στρεπτικής απόκρισης κατά το σεισμό, καθιστώντας ακόμα πιο δυσμενή την κατάσταση. Πέραν των τεχνικών και οικονομικών δυσχερειών που παρουσιάζει η ενίσχυση των κατασκευών αυτών, έως τώρα, και πριν τη θεσμοθέτηση στην Ελλάδα του αντίστοιχου μέρους του Ευρωκώδικα 8 (Μέρος 3) ή του Κανονισμού Επεμβάσεων (ΚΑΝΕΠΕ), η ενίσχυση είχε κυρίως εμπειρικό χαρακτήρα. Στη διατριβή αυτή προτείνονται υπολογιστικά εργαλεία και μέθοδοι για τη λεπτομερή αποτίμηση της σεισμικής συμπεριφοράς της προβληματικής αυτής κατηγορίας κατασκευών με στόχο την κατανόηση της απόκρισής τους κατά το σεισμό αλλά και τον προσδιορισμό των «αδύνατων σημείων» τους, έτσι ώστε η ενίσχυση να είναι προσανατολισμένη ακριβώς εκεί, κάτι που είναι ορθολογικότερο όχι μόνο επιστημονικά αλλά και από άποψη κόστους. Ως αντικείμενο μελέτης και εφαρμογής των μεθόδων και διαδικασιών που προτείνονται σε αυτή τη διατριβή χρησιμοποιούνται τέσσερα πραγματικά κτίρια, δύο από τα οποία προϋπήρχαν ενώ τα υπόλοιπα κατασκευάστηκαν με σκοπό τη διεξαγωγή πειραματικών δοκιμών με την ψευδοδυναμική μέθοδο. Τα υφιστάμενα κτίρια είναι η τετραώροφη πολυκατοικία επί των οδών Πίνδου και Γ. Παπανδρέου στη Νέα Φιλαδέλφεια Αττικής η οποία κατέρρευσε κατά τον σεισμό της Αθήνας το 1999, και το Δημοτικό Θέατρο Αργοστολίου «Ο Κέφαλος». Από τα δύο κτίρια που κατασκευάστηκαν εξ’ αρχής, το πρώτο είναι τριώροφο σε φυσική κλίμακα και κατασκευάστηκε για να δοκιμαστεί ψευδο-δυναμικά στο Κοινό Κέντρο Έρευνας της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης στην Ispra της Ιταλίας, και το δεύτερο είναι διώροφο σε κλίμακα 1:0.75 και κατασκευάστηκε για να δοκιμαστεί ψευδο-δυναμικά στο Εργαστήριο Κατασκευών του Τμήματος Πολιτικών Μηχανικών του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών. Και τα τέσσερα κτίρια είναι χαρακτηριστικά της μελετητικής και κατασκευαστικής πρακτικής που ίσχυε στην Ελλάδα αλλά και στην ευρύτερη περιοχή της νότιας Ευρώπης τη δεκαετία του 1970. Στο πρώτο Κεφάλαιο της διατριβής γίνεται αναφορά στο πρόβλημα της ύπαρξης στη χώρα μας μεγάλου ποσοστού υφισταμένων κατασκευών χωρίς επαρκή ή και στοιχειώδη αντισεισμικό σχεδιασμό. Ακολουθεί μια σύντομη ιστορική αναδρομή στην εξέλιξη και βελτίωση των Ελληνικών αντισεισμικών κανονισμών, καθώς και μια αναφορά στις πρακτικές δυσχέρειες της σεισμικής αποτίμησης και ενίσχυσης. Στο δεύτερο Κεφάλαιο γίνεται αναφορά στους στόχους αποτίμησης της φέρουσας ικανότητας και της ενίσχυσης κατά τους σύγχρονους κανονισμούς (Ευρωκώδικα 8 – Μέρος 3 και ΚΑΝΕΠΕ), τις στάθμες επιτελεστικότητας κατά το σεισμό που αυτοί εισάγουν, καθώς και στην ανίσωση ασφαλείας που ισχύει κατά περίπτωση για τη σεισμική «ζήτηση» και τη σεισμική «ικανότητα», με αναλυτική παρουσίαση των κατά περίπτωση συντελεστών ασφαλείας που ισχύουν για τα υλικά, τις μεθόδους ανάλυσης, την αξιοπιστία των διαθέσιμων δεδομένων κλπ. Στο τρίτο Κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζεται συνοπτικά το υπολογιστικό εργαλείο ANSRuop που αναπτύχθηκε στα πλαίσια της παρούσας διατριβής και χρησιμοποιήθηκε για τη διεξαγωγή όλων των αναλύσεων, γραμμικών ελαστικών, ιδιομορφικών, δυναμικών φασματικών, μη-γραμμικών στατικών (pushover) και μη-γραμμικών αναλύσεων χρονοϊστορίας. Στη συνέχεια παρατίθενται και αναλύονται οι μαθηματικές σχέσεις που χρησιμοποιούνται για την προσομοίωση των μελών οπλισμένου σκυροδέματος και την ποσοτικοποίηση των μεγεθών έντασης και παραμόρφωσης που υπεισέρχονται στην διαδικασία της σεισμικής αποτίμησης και ενίσχυσης. Στο τέταρτο Κεφάλαιο γίνεται εφαρμογή των μεθόδων αποτίμησης για τις τέσσερις κατασκευές με τις οποίες ασχολείται η διατριβή. Αυτές περιλαμβάνουν τη διερεύνηση των στατικών εκκεντροτήτων των κατασκευών (οι οποίες δίνουν ένδειξη για την ενδεχόμενη ανάπτυξη δυσμενούς στρεπτικής απόκρισης κατά το σεισμό η οποία οδηγεί σε περαιτέρω αύξηση των παραμορφώσεων), τη διερεύνηση των ιδιομορφικών χαρακτηριστικών τους, (ιδιοπεριόδων και ιδιομορφών), τη διεξαγωγή μη-γραμμικών στατικών αναλύσεων στο χώρο (pushover) για μια πρώτη εκτίμηση της συμπεριφοράς και των αδύνατων σημείων των κατασκευών, και τη διεξαγωγή δεσμών μη-γραμμικών αναλύσεων χρονοϊστορίας για την ακριβή κατανόηση της σεισμικής απόκρισης και το λεπτομερή προσδιορισμό των αδύνατων αυτών σημείων. Στο πέμπτο Κεφάλαιο προτείνονται τρόποι ενίσχυσης για τις τρεις από τις κατασκευές του Κεφαλαίου 4, και διερευνάται η αποδοτικότητα και η επάρκεια της ενίσχυσης με χρήση των υπολογιστικών μεθόδων του Κεφαλαίου 4, ενώ εξετάζεται και το κατά πόσο ο τρόπος της ενίσχυσης πέτυχε το στόχο της μείωσης της στατικής εκκεντρότητας και συνεπώς οδήγησε σε μερική αποτροπή της στρεπτικής απόκρισης. Στο έκτο Κεφάλαιο γίνεται διερεύνηση της σχέσης ανάμεσα στις ανελαστικές και τις ελαστικές παραμορφώσεις που προκύπτουν υπολογιστικά από τη διεξαγωγή μη-γραμμικών αναλύσεων χρονοϊστορίας και ελαστικών αναλύσεων (ισοδύναμης στατικής ή δυναμικής φασματικής) αντίστοιχα, ειδικά για την περίπτωση των μη-κανονικών κτιρίων με τα οποία ασχολείται η παρούσα διατριβή. Η σύγκριση αυτή είναι σημαντική, δεδομένου ότι σε πολύ μεγάλο βαθμό στην πράξη για τον προσδιορισμό των (ανελαστικών) παραμορφώσεων οι κανονισμοί επιτρέπουν χρήση ελαστικών αναλύσεων. Στο έβδομο Κεφάλαιο εισάγεται ένα απλό υπολογιστικό προσομοίωμα, με ένα κατακόρυφο στοιχείο ανά όροφο, με σκοπό την αναπαραγωγή της δυναμικής απόκρισης στο χώρο πλήρων, μη-κανονικών σε κάτοψη κατασκευών, αλλά και την περαιτέρω διερεύνηση της επιρροής της στατικής εκκεντρότητας στην απόκριση. Στο όγδοο Κεφάλαιο αξιοποιούνται τα αποτελέσματα των δεσμών μη-γραμμικών αναλύσεων χρονοϊστορίας για μία από τις κατασκευές της διατριβής, καθώς και τα αποτελέσματα από αναλύσεις σεισμικής επικινδυνότητας για τον Ελλαδικό χώρο που έγιναν στα πλαίσια της διατριβής, για την σεισμική αποτίμηση σε πιθανοτικούς όρους, και συγκεκριμένα με εφαρμογή της μεθοδολογίας Cornell που δίνει το μέσο ετήσιο ρυθμό υπέρβασης μιας συγκεκριμένης Οριακής Κατάστασης σε ένα μέλος ή περιοχή μέλους ενός δομήματος. Τέλος, στο ένατο Κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζονται τα γενικά συμπεράσματα που προκύπτουν από την εφαρμογή των μεθόδων και διαδικασιών σεισμικής αποτίμησης και ενίσχυσης μη-κανονικών σε κάτοψη κατασκευών οπλισμένου σκυροδέματος. / This thesis deals with the problem of seismic performance assessment and strengthening of existing, asymmetric in-plan reinforced concrete buildings. In a highly seismic region such as Greece, the fact that the majority (over 70%) of existing buildings are not designed against earthquake loads constitutes a serious problem. Furthermore, the structural configuration of these buildings often is such that promotes torsional response during the earthquake, thus worsening their already poor performance. In addition to the technical and financial difficulties inherent in the seismic strengthening procedures, until now (i.e. before Eurocode 8 – Part 3 and the Greek Code for Structural Interventions - KANEPE) there was a lack of a framework of codes addressing the issues of the assessment of seismic performance and strengthening of existing buildings. This dissertation suggests computational tools and procedures for a detailed assessment of the seismic performance of this problematic category of structures, aiming to the understanding of their response and the identification of their “weak points” so that the strengthening procedure can focus exactly there. Four real buildings are used as specimens for this study, two of which were designed and constructed to be tested pseudo-dynamically. The four buildings are: the four-story apartment building that collapsed during the 1999 Athens earthquake; the municipal theater of Argostoli “O KEFALOS”; the three-story building that was constructed and pseudo-dynamically tested at the reaction wall facilities of the ELSA laboratory of the European Joint Research Centre in Ispra, Italy, and the two-story building that was constructed and pseudo-dynamically tested at the reaction wall facilities of the Laboratory of Structures of the Department of Civil Engineering of the University of Patras in Greece. The first Chapter of the thesis deals with the definition of the problem that is posed by the existence of a big majority of structures without adequate (or any) resistance to lateral, earthquake loads. Also present are brief references to the historical evolution of the Greek Seismic Codes, and to the practical difficulties of the assessment of seismic performance and strengthening. The second Chapter defines the targets of seismic performance assessment and strengthening according to modern Codes, looks into the Limit States that they induce, and the comparison of deformational capacity and demand, with a reference to the relevant safety factors. The third Chapter presents briefly the computational tool that was developed during the course of this PhD work, namely the computer program ANSRuop that was used to carry out all the analyses, including linear static, modal, multimodal response spectrum, nonlinear static (pushover) and nonlinear time-history analyses. Next are presented the analytical equations that are used for the modeling of reinforced concrete buildings, and the quantification of the terms of forces and deformations that are involved in the assessment and strengthening procedures. The fourth Chapter contains the application of the seismic performance assessment procedures to the four buildings of the thesis, including the identification of their static eccentricities in-plan (which give an indication or whether or not torsional response is to be expected during the earthquake, which leads to a magnification of the deformations), their dynamic characteristics (natural periods and modes of vibration), as well as the carrying out of sets of nonlinear time-history analyses aiming to the understanding of their seismic response and the detailed identification of their “weak points”. In the fifth Chapter, strengthening schemes are proposed for three of the buildings of the thesis, the efficiency and adequacy of which are investigated using the computational methods also used in the fourth Chapter. Special attention is made to whether the strengthening scheme succeeded in reducing the static eccentricities in-plan, which in turn leads to a reduction of the torsional response. The sixth Chapter investigates the relation between inelastic and elastic deformations, which are the results of nonlinear time-history analyses and elastic analyses (equivalent static or multimodal response spectrum), respectively. The seventh Chapter introduces a simple computational model with one vertical element per floor, which aims to the replication of the three-dimensional dynamic response of complex, asymmetric in-plan structures, but also to the further investigation of the effect of static eccentricity to the response. The eighth Chapter utilizes the results of the sets of the nonlinear time-history analyses for one of the buildings of the thesis, as well as the results of seismic risk analyses, which were also conducted within the framework of this PhD work, with an aim to the expression of the assessment of seismic performance in probabilistic terms (specifically with the application of a methodology proposed by Cornell, which leads to the mean annual rate of exceedance of a specific limit state at a structural member). Finally, the ninth Chapter presents the general conclusions that can be extracted from the application of the methods and procedures of seismic performance assessment and strengthening of existing, asymmetric in-plan reinforced concrete buildings.

Nous présentons dans cette thèse des théorèmes d’existence pour des systèmes d’équations différentielles non-linéaires d’ordre trois, pour des systèmes d’équa- tions et d’inclusions aux échelles de temps non-linéaires d’ordre un et pour des systèmes d’équations aux échelles de temps non-linéaires d’ordre deux sous cer- taines conditions aux limites. Dans le chapitre trois, nous introduirons une notion de tube-solution pour obtenir des théorèmes d’existence pour des systèmes d’équations différentielles du troisième ordre. Cette nouvelle notion généralise aux systèmes les notions de sous- et sur-solutions pour le problème aux limites de l’équation différentielle du troisième ordre étudiée dans [34]. Dans la dernière section de ce chapitre, nous traitons les systèmes d’ordre trois lorsque f est soumise à une condition de crois- sance de type Wintner-Nagumo. Pour admettre l’existence de solutions d’un tel système, nous aurons recours à la théorie des inclusions différentielles. Ce résultat d’existence généralise de diverses façons un théorème de Grossinho et Minhós [34]. Le chapitre suivant porte sur l’existence de solutions pour deux types de sys- tèmes d’équations aux échelles de temps du premier ordre. Les résultats d’exis- tence pour ces deux problèmes ont été obtenus grâce à des notions de tube-solution adaptées à ces systèmes. Le premier théorème généralise entre autre aux systèmes et à une échelle de temps quelconque, un résultat obtenu pour des équations aux différences finies par Mawhin et Bereanu [9]. Ce résultat permet également d’obte- nir l’existence de solutions pour de nouveaux systèmes dont on ne pouvait obtenir l’existence en utilisant le résultat de Dai et Tisdell [17]. Le deuxième théorème de ce chapitre généralise quant à lui, sous certaines conditions, des résultats de [60]. Le chapitre cinq aborde un nouveau théorème d’existence pour un système d’in- clusions aux échelles de temps du premier ordre. Selon nos recherches, aucun résultat avant celui-ci ne traitait de l’existence de solutions pour des systèmes d’inclusions de ce type. Ainsi, ce chapitre ouvre de nouvelles possibilités dans le domaine des inclusions aux échelles de temps. Notre résultat a été obtenu encore une fois à l’aide d’une hypothèse de tube-solution adaptée au problème. Au chapitre six, nous traitons l’existence de solutions pour des systèmes d’équations aux échelles de temps d’ordre deux. Le premier théorème d’existence que nous obtenons généralise les résultats de [36] étant donné que l’hypothèse que ces auteurs utilisent pour faire la majoration a priori est un cas particulier de notre hypothèse de tube-solution pour ce type de systèmes. Notons également que notre définition de tube-solution généralise aux systèmes les notions de sous- et sur-solutions introduites pour les équations d’ordre deux par [4] et [55]. Ainsi, nous généralisons également des résultats obtenus pour des équations aux échelles de temps d’ordre deux. Finalement, nous proposons un nouveau résultat d’exis- tence pour un système dont le membre droit des équations dépend de la ∆-dérivée de la fonction. / In this thesis, we present existence theorems for systems of third order nonli- near differential equations, for systems of first order nonlinear time scales equa- tions and inclusions and for systems of second order nonlinear time scales equa- tions under some boundary conditions. In chapter three, we introduce a concept of solution-tube to get existence theorems for systems of third order differential equations. This new definition generalizes to systems the notions of lower- and upper-solution to third order differential equations introduced in [34]. In the last part of this chapter, we study third order systems when the right member f sa- tisfies a Wintner-Nagumo growth condition. To obtain an existence result in this case, we use the theory of differential inclusions. This result generalizes in many ways a theorem due to Grossinho and Minhós [34]. The next chapter concerns the existence of solutions for two kind of systems of first order time scales equations. Existence results for these problems are obtained with new notions of solution-tube adapted to these systems. Our first theorem ge- neralizes to systems and to an arbitrary time scale a result for difference equations due to Mawhin and Bereanu [9]. Our result permits to deduce the existence of so- lutions for systems which could not be treated in a result of Dai and Tisdell [17]. The second theorem of this chapter generalizes under few conditions some results of [60]. The fifth chapter presents a new existence theorem for a system of first order time scales inclusions. As far as we know, there is no result in the littera- ture for this kind of system of inclusions. Therefore, this chapter opens new doors in the branch of time scales inclusions. Again, our new result is obtained with the introduction of an hypothesis of solution-tube adapted to the problem studied. In the last chapter, existence of solutions for systems of second order time scales equations are obtained. The first result of this chapter generalizes theo- rems of [36] since the hypothesis used by these authors to get a priori bounds for solutions is a particular case of our definition of solution-tube for this type of problems. Let us mention also that our notion of solution-tube generalizes to systems the definitions of lower- and upper-solution used for second order time scales equations by [4] and [55]. We also generalize to systems, results obtained for second order time scales equations. Finally, we conclude this chapter with a new existence result for systems of second order time scales equations with a right member depending on the ∆-derivative.

A demanda pelo uso de perfis tubulares em estruturas na construção civil tem tido grande avanço no Brasil, apesar de ser, há muito tempo, amplamente empregado na Europa e países desenvolvidos. O lançamento de uma norma técnica brasileira específica para dimensionamento de perfis tubulares confirma esta tendência, havendo então a necessidade de uma maior divulgação e execução de estudos e trabalhos de pesquisa para uma melhor compreensão e desenvolvimento desta tecnologia. O presente trabalho apresenta uma análise da influência da aplicação de esforço normal no banzo no comportamento de ligações tubulares do tipo T. No desenvolvimento deste trabalho, foram realizados seis ensaios em laboratório com ligações do tipo T com perfis do tipo RHS para o banzo e SHS para o montante, sendo utilizados perfis conformados a frio para composição das ligações ensaiadas. Do total dos ensaios foram executados dois ensaios sem aplicação de esforço normal no banzo; dois com aplicação de esforço normal de compressão e dois com aplicação de esforço normal de tração. A resistência última das ligações nos ensaios foi obtida por meio do Critério de Deformação Limite proposto por diversos pesquisadores. Estes resultados foram comparados com os resultados obtidos em modelos numéricos em elementos finitos desenvolvidos no programa ANSYS 12.0, sendo considerado nestes modelos as não-linearidades geométricas e de material. Estes resultados também foram comparados com os resultados teóricos obtidos com base nas prescrições constantes nas normas Eurocode 3; norma brasileira NBR 16239 e do CIDECT. Conclui-se com este estudo que os resultados obtidos tanto nos ensaios experimentais quanto nos modelos numéricos ficaram a favor da segurança quando comparados com os valores teóricos obtidos pelas normas Eurocode 3 e NBR 16239:2013 e CIDECT com o banzo sem aplicação de esforço normal e com aplicação de esforço normal de compressão de até 60% e 80 % da carga de plastificação do banzo, respectivamente, para o Eurocode 3/NBR16239:2013 e para o CIDECT. As resistências obtidas para as ligações com a aplicação de esforço normal de tração no banzo foram superiores aos resultados teóricos no caso estudado. / The demand for the use of hollow sections structures in construction has had great progress in Brazil, despite being a long time widely used in Europe and developed countries. The release of a Brazilian Technical Standard specific for design of hollow sections, confirms this trend, and the need for increased dissemination and implementation of studies and research for a better understanding and development of this technology. This paper presents an analysis of the influence of chord normal stresses on the behavior of hollow sections connections, specifically for a T tubular joint. The experimental program consisted of six tests where two experiments were executed without chord axial forces, two were performed with compressive axial forces and two tension axial forces. The tested joints ultimate strengths were determined using deformation limit criteria proposed by several researchers. These results were then compared to the results obtained from a finite element numerical model developed 12.0 ANSYS program that included geometrical and material nonlinearities. These results were also compared to the design provisions present at the Eurocode 3; Brazilian standard NBR 16239:2013 and CIDECT. This assessment indicated that the results obtained in both experimental tests and in the numerical models were in favor of security when compared to the theoretical values obtained by all the investigated standards for chords without axial forces and with compressive axial forces corresponding to 60% and 80% of the chord plastic resistance, respectively, according to Eurocode 3/NBR16239:2013 and CIDECT. The obtained resistances for the joints applying tensile axial force on the chord were superior to the predicted theoretical results in the studied cases.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Considerando uma nova realidade com o incremento do uso de perfis tubulares, este trabalho apresenta uma análise de ligações soldadas tipo T com perfis tubulares circulares (CHS) para a coluna e perfil I ou H para a viga com flexão no plano, efetuado com base nas normas EC3, CIDECT e a NBR 16239 comparando com o critério de deformação limite, proposto por Lu et al., através de um modelo em elementos finitos desenvolvido no programa Ansys versão 12.0. A não-linearidade geométrica foi introduzida no modelo através da Formulação de Lagrange Atualizado. Com base nos resultados numéricos avaliados foram traçadas curvas momento-rotação para cada modelo com o objetivo de obter o momento resistente de cada ligação bem como a classificação da ligação quanto a capacidade de rotação, a influência dos parâmetros geométricos em cada modelo e o modo de falha que controlará o dimensionamento da ligação. / Considering a new reality with the increased use of tubular profiles, this work presents an analysis of T welded connections with circular hollow sections (CHS) for the column profile and I or H for the beam subjected to in plane bending, this study was based on the EC3, CIDECT and the NBR 16239 standards and was also compared to the deformation limit criteria proposed by Lu et al.. The main aim was to develop through a finite element model in the Ansys program version 12.0. The geometric nonlinearity has been introduced into the model through a Updated Lagrangian Formulation. Based on the evaluated numerical results, moment-rotation curves were produced for each model in order to determine the moment resistance of each joint and their associated joint classification, rotation capacity, influence of the geometrical parameters for each model and the failure modes that will control the joint design.