Acidification of precipitation is an important environmental problem that emerged during the past century, especially after the Second World War. Acidification was primarily caused by human-made emissions of SOx (mostly SO2) and NOx, which are oxidized sulfur and nitrogen gases. The main sources of anthropogenic SOx emissions are non-ferrous ore refining, and the burning of fossil fuels and biofuels. SO2 emitted to the atmosphere combines with water vapor to produce sulfuric acid, which is one of the main compounds responsible for acid precipitation. In the 1970s and 1980s, more strict regulations regarding emissions of air pollutants such as SOx were established in Western Europe and North America, which led to declining levels of SO2 emissions and by this, declining levels of acidification in surface waters. This project was preformed by assembling and analyzing existing, publicly- available datasets of anthropogenic SO2 emissions for the period 1970 to 2010 from ten different regions in the Northern Hemisphere, and compare them with SO42- concentrations in precipitation and river chemistry in Sweden and Norway for the same period. It was discovered that it is the SO2 emissions from Northwestern Europe, the UK & Ireland and from the USA that have the greatest influence over the SO42- concentration in Scandinavian rivers. The SO42- concentration in stream water is also declining faster than the concentration in precipitation, with a faster decline in the southern parts of Scandinavia. / Försurning av nederbörd är ett miljöproblem som uppstod under det senaste århundradet, särskilt efter andra världskriget. Försurningen orsakades främst av mänskliga utsläpp av SOx (mestadels SO2) och NOx, vilka är oxiderade svavel- och kvävgaser. Huvudkällorna för dessa antropogena SOx-utsläpp är malmförädling samt förbränning av fossila bränslen och biobränslen. SO2 som släpps ut i atmosfären reagerar med vattenånga och bildar svavelsyra, vilket är en av huvudföreningarna ansvarig för sur nederbörd. På 1970- och 1980-talet fastställdes strängare bestämmelser beträffande utsläpp av luftföroreningar (som SOx) i Västra Europa och i Nordamerika. Detta ledde till minskande nivåer av SO2-utsläpp och genom denna sänkning även en minskning av försurning av ytvatten. Det här arbetet utfördes genom att befintlig, offentligt tillgänglig data samlades in och analyserades. Antropogena SO2-utsläpp för perioden 1970-2010 från tio olika regioner på norra halvklotet jämfördes med koncentrationer av SO42- i nederbörd och i vattendrag i Sverige och Norge för samma period. Genom detta fastslogs att de regioner som har störst inflytande över koncentrationen i skandinaviska vattendrag är SO2-utsläpp från nordvästra Europa, Storbritannien och Irland samt från USA. SO42- koncentrationen i vattendragen sjunker också snabbare än koncentrationen i nederbörden, med en snabbare nedgång i de södra delarna av Skandinavien.

Magister Legum - LLM / South Africa

Comparative analysis of Czech and Norwegian educational system is focused on comparing topics of inclusive education and teacher training between both countries. The aim of thesis is comparation of chosen educational topics, which is based on study and analysis of curricular and legislative documents, white papers etc. of the Czech Republic and Norway with reference to their links and differences. The main focus of thesis is synchronous data comparison and suggestion of solutions for pedagogical reality. Comparison of selected pedagogical problems is supplemented by chapters that briefly present demographic, historical, economic, etc. data on the countries concerned, including a brief overview of education systems. The results of the thesis can serve as a basis for further research of selected topics or may be an inspiration for practice. Key words: education system of Czech Republic, education system of Norway, teacher training, inclusive education, educational policy

This thesis is focused on the influence of money, that comes from oil export, on economy, politics and society of selected oil exporting countries: Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Norway, Ira nand Equatorial Guinea. The first part characterizes oil, its extraction, reserves, flows, and consumption . The influence of oil on economy, politics and society is explained on the example of Venezuela in the second chapter. In the third part the effects in the other countries are compared. The key question is: Is the oil wealth advantage or disadvantage for the country?

La mutation contemporaine des milieux protestants engagés de Norvège et de Suède, secteur encore largement méconnu de la recherche française, se traduit par l’adaptation structurelle et idéologique des organisations missionnaires Normisjon, Norsk Luthersk Misjonssamband, Norsk Misjonsselskap, Indremisjonsforbundet et Norme, et des deux antennes de jeunesse equmenia et Acta à la remise en question de leur statut culturel dominant. Elles sont amenées à adopter des comportements proches d’une communauté religieuse, à se restructurer, à mettre en évidence des réseaux transconfessionnels nouveaux et à orienter leurs objectifs autour de leur projet militant. Retraçant l’évolution des mouvements populaires, sous la forme des réveils et sous leur recomposition actuelle, il s’agit de comprendre les problématiques sous-jacentes réactualisées par une telle mutation. Que ce soit sous les formes de l’œcuménisme moderne, la globalisation des enjeux missionnaires, le défi de la transmission intergénérationnelle ou le souci d’une rationalisation économique et matérielle, ces raisons ont souvent en commun d’appréhender le phénomène à la lumière des enjeux rencontrés sur le plan interne. Pourtant, les mutations observées (statut, structure, objectifs) doivent être lues comme des problématiques transversales qui montrent les limites d’une approche ciblée et exigent une analyse de ce secteur dans une perspective de recherche distincte dans l’histoire contemporaine et la sociologie des religions en Scandinavie. / The contemporary mutation of Norwegian and Swedish Protestant circles, a sector largely unknown to French research, may be analyzed through the recent structural and ideological adaptation of the following missionary organizations Normisjon, Norsk Luthersk Misjonssamband, Norsk Misjonsselskap, Indremisjonsforbundet and Norme, as well as of two youth antennae equmenia and Acta. They are led to espouse behavioral patterns bearing resemblance with the ones of a religious community: they restructure, highlight trans-confessional networks and reframe and recast their objectives in the light of their militancy and militant objectives. Retracing the trajectory of popular movements through the “awakenings” and present-day metamorphoses, the aim is here to analyze the underlying re-actualizations at stake in this contemporary transformation. Be it in the form of modern ecumenism, the globalization of missionary issues, the challenge of trans-generational transmission or the imperative of economic and material rationalization, these reasons often have in common to highlight the phenomenon from the point of view of its internal factors and impetuses. However, the socio-historical conditions and the transformations (status, structure, objectives) that we highlight have simultaneously to be understood in the context of broader transversal dynamics, thus highlighting the limits of a “targeted” approach and calling for an analysis of the aforementioned sector as a distinct field of research within the sociology of religions in Scandinavia.

This thesis aims to analyze the development, its deteminants, instruments and objectives of family policy in the Czech Republic and Norway, focusing on maternity and parental leave. With respect to the different attitude of the two policies, support for families with children is compared on several theoretical levels and also demonstrates the use of supporting families in practice. It was found out, that Norway provides greater support to the ratio of expenditure to GDP, as well has a more appropriate measures for families in the context of harmonization of work and family life. In addition to the comparison between these two systems of family policy the thesis also provides suggestions for improvement using the Norwegian model.

The aim of this thesis is to describe and compare the principles and rules of the tax base of income tax from dependent activity in Portugal, Norway and Switzerland. A partial goal is to describe and compare bases for the calculation of social insurance in the above mentioned countries and also to examine the level of tax burden between the states. First, in the thesis is a description of the general income tax, structural elements of taxes and the possibility of an integration of income tax and social insurance. There is also description of types of incomes is subject to income tax from employment and social insurance in the mentioned countries. The last part of the thesis includes a comparison of the income tax base from dependent activity and calculation of the tax burden, respectively possible tax savings in the application of basic tax deductions, expenses incurred in connection with obtaining this type of income, or even tax credits. In connection with these calculations it was found that the lowest tax burden is in Portugal, due to possibilities of various tax deductions and tax credits to which international statistics do not count. Conversely, the highest tax burden is faced by Norwegian taxpayers.

With the collapse of the bipolar system and increasing number and importance of small states, the emphasis is not placed only on the great powers anymore. In the globalizing world states have to face new threats and adapt its security and foreign policy tools. The aim of the thesis is to find out which steps two small countries - Czech Republic and Norway, undertake to ensure their safety and minimize their threats. The first chapter analyzes foreign policies of the selected countries, and decides whether they are really small states. After defining the major threats as terrorism and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, an analysis of counter-terrorism actions based on the official counter-terrorism strategies of the UN, the OSCE, the NATO, and the EU follows. From this analysis the thesis then concludes that Czech Republic and Norway are small, but not weak states and they may contribute to minimizing global threats.

This study aims at exploring the quality of the Swedish and Norwegian national tests using their respective model texts for assessing. The study does so by relating them to the CEFR and the grading tool Write & Improve within the context of the two countries and the field of language testing. The study finds there to be a set of inconsistences between what the national tests want to do and what they actually do. In particular, the study finds the Swedish national test not to be up to its own standards.

No description available.