Is support for democracy decreasing among the young? Attitudes among the young tell us about the future of democracy. Today, support is declining in the USA and researchers disagree about whether the same is true for Western Europe. Some researchers believe that there is cause for concern while others argue that the young generation is more tolerant and have higher aspirations for democracy, which means that we do not need to worry. According to the theory of generational replacement and its scarcity and socialization hypotheses, diffuse support for democracy as well as tolerance should be stable or even increasing in the young cohorts. Using a quantitative method and data from the European Values Study, these parameters along with specific support will be measured in the countries of Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden, which are most-likely cases to have strong support for democracy among citizens. The main findings are that diffuse support seems to be stable in the young cohort in all countries except Denmark, where there is a slight decline. Specific support fluctuates over time and tolerance is highest among the young cohort but declining over time in the older cohorts in Denmark and Norway. The results predict that support for democracy will remain although there are some signs of challenges ahead.

This thesis is a micro-historical study of the role of honour in interpersonal conflicts in the Danish-Norwegian crown colony of Greenland between 1728 and 1731. In the two settlements that constituted the colony, the highest-ranking officials, including the governor, were all oath-sworn royal servants; they were also almost constantly embroiled in personal quarrels. The thesis asks why and how this strife arose, how it developed over time, and what its consequence was for the short- lived crown colony. The argument is that the strife was due to a volatile combination of cramped living quarters in an inhospitable milieu, an ambiguously defined leadership structure, the remoteness of the colony, and, above all, the royal servants’ tendency to view their charge as being closely linked to their personal honour. Furthermore, there was not a sufficiently developed legal system in the colony to handle the strife and attempts by the colonial council to do so made the conflicts worse instead of settling them. The ongoing strife divided the colonists between those loyal to the governor and those loyal to his enemies, but over time the governor became increasingly politically isolated in the face of a united colony council. Ultimately, the thesis argues that, as a final consequence of the antagonism, a sort of silent coup was carried out against the governor. This, in turn, contributed to the termination of the Greenland crown colony. Honour was not the main cause of conflict, but it helped the conflict to grow from technical disagreements into bitter grudges and anxieties, and finally into an attack on the integrity of the colonial leadership structure itself. / Activating Arctic Heritage, National Museum of Denmark

Det fastighetsrättsliga rättsområdet är stort och innefattar bland annat upplåtelse avnyttjanderätter. Dessa rättigheter kan vara av olika karaktär och uppkommit på olikasätt men det gemensamma för alla nyttjanderätterna är att det grundas på avtal samtär begränsade i tid. Resurser som finns i begränsad om fattning, exempelvis mark,ger upphov till tvisterna och missnöje mellan avtalsparterna, vilket även gällernyttjanderätter. För att minska tvisterna kan en lösning vara attnyttjanderättslagstiftningen i Jordabalken ses över och moderniseras. Studiens syfte är att undersöka vilka tvister som uppstår på grund avnyttjanderättslagstiftningen samt hur tvisterna hanteras av rättsväsendet.Frågeställningarna har besvarats med relevant information som inhämtats genomanvändandet av flera metoder. Litteratur från ett flertal informationskällorbehandlades och de uppmärksammar definitionerna av nyttjanderätt i Sverigerespektive Norge samt den historiska bakgrunden till nyttjanderättslagstiftningarna.Det genomfördes en analys och jämförelse av lagstiftningarna för att identifiera vadde respektive nyttjanderättslösningarna innefattar och behandlar. Intervjuer medsakkunniga genomfördes även och genom den metoden inhämtades information vadrespondenterna anser vara det tvistiga, sämre och bra med nyttjanderättstyperna. Resultatet visar att de vanligaste tvisterna vid nyttjanderätter är vad avgiften ska varaoch hyresgästens rätt till förlängning. Vidare visar resultatet att den svenskanyttjanderättslagstiftningen är svår att förstå för gemeneman. Slutsatsen av detresulterar i ett förslag att göra lagstiftningen mer pedagogiskt skriven för att göraden mer lättförstådd och minska risken att de allmänna delarna glöms bort. / The field of real estate law is large and includes, among other things, the granting ofrights of use. These rights can be of a different character and arise in different ways,but the common denominator for all usufruct is that they are based on agreementsand are limited in time. Resources that are limited in scope, such as land, give riseto disputes and dissatisfaction between the parties to the agreement, which alsoapplies to rights of use. To reduce disputes, a solution may be to review andmodernize the usufruct in the code of land law. The purpose of the study is to investigate which disputes arise due to usufructlegislation and how the disputes are handled by the judiciary. The questions havebeen answered with relevant information obtained through the use of severalmethods. The literature from a number of sources was analysed and they drawattention to the definitions of rights of use in Sweden and Norway, as well as thehistorical background to the usufruct legislation. An analysis and comparison of thelaws was carried out to identify what the respective usufruct solutions include.Interviews with experts were also conducted and through that method informationwas obtained on what the respondents consider to be the contentious, inferior andgood aspects of the rights of use.  The result evinced that the most common disputes regarding usufruct are what thefee should be and the tenant's right to extension. Furthermore, the results show thatSwedish usufruct law is difficult for ordinary people to understand. The conclusionof that results in a proposal to make the law more pedagogically written in order tomake it easier to understand and reduce the risk of the general parts being forgotten.

This paper examines the development cooperation policies of the Scandinavian countries, namely Denmark, Norway and Sweden. It aims to provide a more detailed understanding of the similarities and differences between the three countries in conducting development cooperation. The term of development cooperation is almost synonymous with aid programs or more specifically with Official Development Assistance / ODA while also being a broader concept covering many support mechanisms. Thus, a central concern in this study is to investigate the aid volume, focus areas, geographic allocations, institutional structure and objectives of the Scandinavian countries as well as explore the policy reasons from theoretical perspectives and models. The research is conducted according to John Mill's method of difference as the researched countries are highly similar in development level and aid provision. Possible theories of the thesis are neorealism and sociological institutionalism which are proven effective in analyzing the foreign policies and understanding state behaviors in International Relations. The political culture and models of foreign policy analysis branch are also involved for providing a broader scope. The research results show that although these three countries are very similar in many aspects, they have also some differences in their policy objectives and strategies. The reasons are various, be it power aspirations, cultural differences or simply the values. / Bu tədqiqat işi, Skandinaviya ölkələri olan Danimarka, Norveç və İsveçin inkişaf naminə əməkdaşlıq siyasətləri haqqındadır. Tezis, inkişaf naminə əməkdaşlıq sahəsində bu ölkələr arasındakı oxşar və fərqli cəhətlərin ətraflı araşdırılaraq, daha yaxşı anlaşılmasını hədəfləyir. Bir çox dəstək mexanizmini özündə ehtiva edən “İnkişaf naminə əməkdaşlıq” konsepsiyası, termin olaraq, yardım proqramları, daha dəqiq ifadə etsək, İnkişaf üçün Rəsmi Yardım / ODA ilə oxşar mənaları ifadə edir. Tezisin əsas məğzi, Skandinaviya ölkələri tərəfindən ayrılan yardımların həcmini, maraq dairələrini, coğrafi təyinatlarını, institusional quruluş və hədəflərini araşdırmaq, həmçinin, bu yardımların siyasi səbəblərini nəzəri baxımdan və modellər nöqteyi-nəzərindən tədqiq etməkdir. Tədqiq olunan ölkələrin yardım ayırma və inkişaf səviyyələri arasındakı bənzərliklər nəzərə alınmaqla, Con Millin “Fərqlilik metodu”ndan istifadə edilmişdir. Tezisdə neorealizm və sosioloji institusionalizm nəzəriyyələrindən istifadə olunmuşdur. Bu nəzəriyyələrin, xarici siyasətin təhlilində, həmçinin, beynəlxalq münasibətlərdə dövlət addımlarının anlaşılmasında mühüm əhəmiyyətə malik olduğu təsdiqlənmişdir. Bundan başqa, geniş mövqeni təmin etmək məqsədilə, siyasi mədəniyyət və xarici siyasətin təhlili sahəsi modellərindən də istifadə olunmuşdur. Tədqiqatın nəticələri göstərir ki, bu üç ölkə bir çox cəhətdən oxşar olsalar da, siyasi məqsədlər və strategiyalar baxımından xeyli fərqli cəhətlərə malikdirlər. Bunun səbəbləri isə müxtəlifdir, bəzən güc istəkləri, mədəniyyətdən gələn fərqlər və yaxud sadəcə dəyər prinsiplərinin müxtəlifliyi əhəmiyyətli rol oynayır.

In recent years several factors changed the importance of the Arctic in international relations. Firstly, the rapid melting of Arctic ice cover opened potential access to vast natural resources within the Arctic Ocean seabed. It is estimated that the Arctic may contain one quarter of world's undiscovered reserves of oil and gas. Secondly, the water ways along the Russian and Canadian northern coasts became ice-free, although so far just for few days every year. Should the Arctic Ocean continue to melt, then in several decades the Northern Sea Route and the Northwest Passage could become navigable for greater part of the year. This would shorten the journey distance from Europe to Asia by as much as forty percent, thereby cutting travel times and shipping costs. Finally, as the Arctic does not belong to any single country, there has been an increasing interest among the Arctic rim states, which have been working on delineating their maritime boundaries in order to ensure their territorial claims. This process has proceeded in accordance with the international legal framework as established by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Coastal states are entitled to a 200-nautical mile exclusive economic zone (EEZ) around their coastline. However, should they be able to prove...

Banks are currently battling rising of fraudulent activities as it damages their relationship with their customers. Online banking fraud is decreasing trust and confidence among the customers and decreasing operating performance and increasing cost for the banks. This paper looks at online banking fraud in Norway and answers the research questions (1). How are bank customers attacked through the internet? and (2). How are banks trying to prevent fraudulent attacks against their customers? Interviews and document collection were used for data gathering, and in total, four interviews were conducted with academics and business professionals. The data were analysed using thematic analysis. The findings suggest that BankID fraud, Card fraud, CEO fraud, Investment fraud, Love scams and Phishing are among the most frequent attacks in Norway at present. Attacks contain elements of social manipulation, constantly change and are customized to target victims. The attacks have in common that they all are showing patterns of professionalizing. The study found that Norwegian banks are technologically advanced regarding fraud detection and authentication, and have put efforts into awareness against online banking fraud. However, the main issue of online banking fraud in Norway is seemingly grounded in the interactions made by the customers with the technology and not the prevention system the banks deploy.

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Since the early 2000s, the ecosystem services concept has become increasingly popular internationally. It has also been central in Scandinavian environmental policies and projects. This thesis reviews the history of and the philosophical problems associated with the ecosystem services concept. In this connection, the ‘value’ of nature is explored from a theoretical and a practical lens by scrutinising the ecosystem services discourse. The histories and uses of the ecosystem services concept in Sweden, Norway and Denmark are traced through analyses of governmental-issued texts. The comparison of the three countries shows how this complex concept has been implemented and how it is related to other market-based conservation approaches. The thesis further discusses how pricing nature is both a powerful yet problematic tool in conservation efforts. In the overall discussion of the concept and its application, three issues of tension within the ecosystem services discourse are identified. They are referred to as ‘the ethical problem’ (can we value nature?), ‘the methodological problem’ (how do we estimate the worth of ecosystem services?) and ‘the affective problem’ (what is the effect of valuing ecosystem services?). Ultimately, by analysing the three case studies this thesis argues that the ecosystems services concept can be used to broaden discussions around the value of nature, which might lead to more democratic and accountable conservation.

Indigenous peoples are living all over the world. In Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia, live the last indigenous peoples of Europe, the Sámi people. Just like many other indigenous peoples in the world they need to find a way to coexist with the majority population in their home state. The coexistence creates many conflicts of interests between the state and the Sámi people. One of the biggest issues that the Sámi people face is regarding land use and self-determination. Norway and Sweden have been selected as the analysis units and this study deals with how the Sámi parliaments and the county administrations view and work with these matters. This study is based on a qualitative method, using semi-structured interviews with representatives from two different county administrations in Sweden, and one in Norway, as well as one from each Sámi parliament. The result will be analyzed by using the theories of Will Kymlika: “Multicultural citizenship: a liberal theory of minority rights” and Amartya Sen: “Development of freedom”. We have reached the conclusion that the county administrations are advocating for the rights of the Sámi people and they receive assignments from the state to handle it. Although it is not done with enough resources and tools to ensure a sustainable future for them. This issue is related to the historical and judicial factors coupled with the green transition industry.

The detailing of many important and essential aspects of a building are initially neglected and thought of as a last step before the completion of a project, starting with the large scale working down to the small scale. They’re usually treated secondary and the general scheme is prioritized. Superficial and assembled rather than detailed and how it’s assembled. This creates a dilemma when necessary elements of a building begin to be considered how to be built and are treated as a problem, when it should be considered as an opportunity. More often than not, the product of a detail is a solution to a problem that was created. Not meaning the problem could’ve been avoided, the problem still needed to be solved regardless, but it was solved out of necessity and not as an asset to the project. This project was not about working backward, starting with a detail and working outwards to create a whole, to assemble fragments without any real sense of bearing. I didn’t use the detailing of the project just for the sake if it, to solve a problem that perhaps didn’t need to be solved. Instead embrace the challenge of a given situation as a seed from which a design process can grow. By briefly zoom in on a specific situation I hoped to develop a common language of the building as a whole. To create something that belongs to the building and not considered as an addition.