Bakgrund: Psykisk ohälsa är ett stort folkhälsoproblem världen över. Bland minoritetsbefolkningar är problematiken omfattande då upplevelser av diskriminering från samhällets sida bidrar till psykisk ohälsa. Den samiska befolkningen har under lång tid blivit hårt drabbad och på grund av de begränsningar i levnadsomständigheter som de inneburit har många haft svårt att kunna bibehålla och leva med en stark samisk identitet.  Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva psykisk ohälsa hos vuxna samer i Sverige och Norge.    Metod: Litteraturöversikt användes som metod där elva vetenskapliga artiklar inkluderades i resultatet. Databaser som användes var PubMed, DiVA och PsycINFO. Artikelsökningen utfördes även i DIVA som är ett öppet arkiv för bland annat forskningspublikationer. Artiklarna var av både kvalitativt och kvantitativt som analyserades enligt Fribergs fyra analyssteg.  Resultat: Författarna fann tre huvudteman: identitet och livskvalitet, ångest och depression samt svårigheter i att söka vård. Resultatet gav en överblick av den komplexitet som den samiska identitet kan innebära och som många gånger gett och ger upphov till ångestrelaterad problematik. Vidare ger resultatet ett perspektiv över orsaker till hinder i att söka vård.  Diskussion: Diskussionen delas upp i metod- och resultatdiskussion. Diskriminering samt olika typer av identitetskriser som många samer upplevt ökar risken för ångestproblematik diskuterades i resultatdiskussionen. Genom utbildning kring bemötandet av minoritetsgrupper inom sjukvården kan trygga vårdrelationer skapas vilket skapar större förutsättningar för samer att söka vård. Resultatet har även diskuterats utifrån Nordenfelts teori om hälsa, livskvalitet och värdighet. / Background: Mental ill-health is a major public health problem worldwide. Among minority populations, the problem is widespread as experiences of discrimination from society contribute to mental ill-health. The Sami population has for a long time been severely affected and because of the limitations of living conditions that this repression has meant, many have found it difficult to maintain and live with a strong Sami identity.  Aim: The purpose was to describe mental illness in adult Sami in Sweden and Norway.  Method: Literature review was used as a method where eleven scientific articles were included in the results. Databases used were PubMed, DiVA and PsycINFO. The article search was also carried out in DIVA, which is an open archive for example research publications. The articles were of both qualitative and quantitative analysis analyzed according to Friberg's four analysis steps  Results: The authors found three main themes: identity and quality of life, anxiety and depression and difficulties in seeking care. The result gave an overview of the complexity that the Sami identity can entail and which many times have given and gives rise to anxiety-related problems. Furthermore, the result provides a perspective on the causes of obstacles in seeking care.  Discussion: The discussion is divided into method and result discussions. Discrimination and various types of identity crises that many Sami people experience increase the risk of anxiety problems were discussed in the results discussion. By training about the treatment of minority groups within the healthcare sector, secure care relationships can be created, which creates greater conditions for the Sami to seek care. The results have also been discussed on the basis of Nordenfelt's theory of health, quality of life and dignity.

Somatic embryogenesis (SE) represents potentially very suitable way of plant production - micropropagation - of plants in vitro. The process had been studied for more than thirty years and a lot of knowledge has been gained in the field though new ways based on new knowledge leading to improvement and increase of the effectiveness of cultivation protocols are still under focus in the field. Relatively recent discovery of aromatic cytokinins lead to new knowledge on very positive effects on different morphogenetic and physiological processes during both cultivation in vitro or in vivo treatments. This gave origin to the topic of the present thesis, which focused on study of the effect of meta-topolin (mT), aromatic cytokinin, on proliferation phase of SE on structural level of embryogenic lines of Norway spruce Picea abies (L.) Karst. The aim of the thesis is analysis of structural development of embryogenic lines with the use of anatomical preparations and quantitative stereological methods. The material represented three embryogenic lines: 107 and 34C were obtained from the Forestry and Game Management Research Institute from the lab of Dr. Jana Malá and the line AFO 541, which was used as a standard line. To compare the effect of mT with benzylaminopurine (BAP) on proportion of different...

This thesis is focuses on the international perception of the system of social and legal protection of children, more precisely, I focused on the system of social and legal protection of children in the Czech Republic and findings enrich about the comparison of the child protection system in Norway. I choose this topic because I had the opportunity to live and study for several months on my study stay in Norway, so I was bold to use this opportunity to describe and to compare for us and especially for the lay public the controversial child protection system in Norway towards the CZ. As has already been shown, my main objective will be to describe and compare the two social protection systems mentioned above, her overall approach and the perception of the child and the family. The partial goals will then assess the performance and differences of the individual systems, the definition of approaches, methods and possibilities of working with families and especially with the child, while also focusing on the country's legislative arrangements, the competencies of staff at child protection bodies, cooperation with other authorities, or other factors influencing the current form of child protection. In my research, I will use qualitative research methods. The information will be acquired mainly by...

Master thesis analyzes two NATO Member States, the Netherlands and Norway, and their approach to the Treaty on Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) which was signed on 7 July 2017. Both countries decided not to support the TPNW by either voting against it or abstaining from the negotiations. Research aims to explain why some countries refuse to ban nuclear weapons and what factors influenced the positions of the States on the TPNW. For this purpose, a model-based approach with three models (security, domestic and norm model) developed by Scott Sagan is being applied in each case. These models reflect three international relations theories: neo-realism, liberal institutionalism and constructivism. The security model takes into consideration the security environment that a state is in, whether regionally or globally. It considers security threats to be the fundamental cause of nuclear proliferation. The second model focuses on the domestic actors who encourage or discourage governments from pursuing the bomb, public society and domestic institutions. The last model examines the norms which prevail in the society and form state identity of the State. Based on these three different levels of analysis, the thesis explains what factors were critical in formulating the Dutch and Norwegian positions on...

The relationship between Russia and Norway is one dictated by the asymmetric nature and ideological differences among the two states. Ever since the Cold War, the relationship has been one of cooperation and communication, characterized by Norway's dual policy and constant balancing between assertiveness and reassurance. After the Russian annexation of Crimea, the Norwegian security policy seemingly shifted in an assertive direction. Russia was once again lifted from the politics of normal to the politics of extra through a securitization. This thesis aims to demonstrate how Russia became resecuritized after the Russian annexation of Crimea. The empirical evidence presented in this thesis demonstrates that this assertive shift that came after the resecuritization of Russia is a result of the Russian demonstration of its modernized military, rather than a natural consequence of the hostile act the annexation was. It seeks to demonstrate that the changing security climate with Russia's new ways of war, or so-called hybrid warfare, coupled with a diminishing US interest in the Alliance, is the reason for this change in Norwegian security policy.

This diploma thesis deals with the current phenomenon of video on-demand and the strategy of the streaming company Netflix when entering the European market. In the opening chapters it is necessary to explain the boom of the video on-demand services (VoD) in the context of television history and its position in relation to traditional linear broadcasting. Subsequently, the dramaturgical line and the programming offer of the company are presented , which is undoubtedly a competitive advantage of Netflix. In this context, Netflix's biggest competitors and their approach to production of original content are mentioned. The challenges Netflix is facing in its international expansion are also mentioned, including the need to tailor its offer and produce local content when entering new markets. Afterwards the European market as a whole is analyzed with regard to the specificities of the region and the key steps that were necessary to successfully start doing business on the continent. Last but not least, the thesis examines the position and development tendencies of Netflix in the field of original production in selected three European markets - Norway, France and the Czech Republic. In this part, Netflix is compared to other VoD competitors in these markets as well as by established players such as...

Sammanfattning: Wood decay fungi are the main decomposer of lignocellulose material stored in wood. Thus, all factors that affect them could affect their ecological function. This in return, may affect ecosystem functioning in terms of altered carbon emissions from dead wood. Increased temperature is one of the main factors influencing fungal decay. The aim of the current study is to explore the effects of temperature and assembly history (order of species arrival), two important regulators of fungal communities, on wood decomposition. I conducted a microcosm experiment with two temperature treatments and eight assembly histories where each species was allowed to colonize the wood two weeks ahead of the rest of the species. The temperature treatments were set to mimic the effect of climate induced warming. Therefore, I had one treatment with relatively high temperature, representing the expected temperatures year 2100 given the current emission trends of the northern inland of Sweden, and another treatment representing the current normal temperature (1961-1990). The temperature treatments had an average difference of 5°C. In order to see how climate induced warming and fungal assembly history influenced decomposition, I measured and analyzed initial fungal growth, fungal respiration and wood weight loss. Both temperature and assembly history had a significant influence on fungal growth, fungal respiration and wood decomposition. There was also strong interaction between the two factors. The average increase in mass loss under elevated temperature was 19% compared to 14% under normal temperature. The highest mass loss (25%) was when Phlebia centrifuga was the initial species under elevated temperature and the lowest (12%) was when Climacocystis borealis was initial species under normal temperature. All assembly histories had higher mass loss under elevated temperature, but the magnitude varied. For example, when C. borealis was the initial species, mass loss increased by 60% compared to only 7% when Antrodia sinuosa was the initial species. Six out of eight assembly histories had higher CO2 under elevated temperature, with the highest increase (88%) in P. centrifuga histories and the lowest (7%) in C. borealis histories. Even if the results need to be confirmed by field studies, my data illustrates that climate induced warming probably results in higher fungal respiration and deadwood decomposition and that the magnitude of this effect depends on fungal assembly history.

This study examines the social shaping of digital radio in Europe and provides new insights about the main competing technologies and the discourses built around their capabilities. The radio frequency spectrum is a limited resource and in order to be used in the most efficient way different organizations have been researching optimizing standards since the mid-1980s. The Eureka-147 project produced the first European digital broadcasting standard DAB whose development have been initially fostered by public service broadcasters and electronics manufacturers, consequently by commercial broadcasters and governmental institutions. The design and policy of DAB did not manage to grasp the attention and support of all the actors present in the nascent digital radio industry. A decade after its launch DAB was followed by other digital radio standards, as DAB+ and DRM, in the role of complements/competitors. At the same time the Internet started to be used as infrastructure for delivering radio or sound entertainment content. Thirty years after the beginning of the European digital radio experience, the picture is still complex and no technology achieved a complete and harmonized implementation. Across Europe, countries have been involved in the digitalization of radio to different extent: Norway announced FM transmissions shutdown in 2017, UK and Switzerland have developed an almost nationally wide digital network coverage and are about to run their switchover plans, some other countries as Sweden and Italy are still in a transmission-trial and evaluation phase. The history of digital radio in Europe offers ground for a Social Shaping of Technology analysis as exposed in “The Social construction of technological systems” (1987) by Wiebe Bijker, Thomas Hughes and Trevor Pinch. The Social Shaping of Technology claims that technologies and their outcomes are always socially negotiated. According to this theoretical framework and in particular to the Social Construction of Technology (SCOT) methodology, it is possible to highlight a number of social groups negotiating the final technology in the development of every artefact. In particular SCOT allows to find points of interpretative flexibility, namely diverging interpretations that different groups have of a same technology or a particular feature of it. These arguments or discourses are built around a technology or its features in order to foster a particular concerns of the corresponding group. This master thesis analyses the development of digital radio in Europe according to the framework provided by the Social Shaping of Technology, enriching the number of case studies that have been conducted following this framework. In this way the dissertation “The Social Shaping of European Digital Radio” provides an overview on the social, political and economic forces which negotiated the technology throughout its development and provides a deeper understanding of the overall digital media technology industry.

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Since the United Nations adopted the 2030 Agenda and introduced its 17 Sustainable Development Goals in 2015, governments all over the world are working on implementing the framework into national, regional and local levels of administration to reach its targets. Climate-related challenges, including the reduction of CO2 emissions, are often met by using climate mitigation tools such as electric vehicles in sustainable transport matters. Due to this international endeavor, comparisons between partaking member states demonstrate achievements and failures of regulations and contribute to a better understanding and learning from other’s experience. In this thesis, the situation in Norway and Germany is analyzed by addressing the differences and similarities in both countries in establishing battery-driven cars on the markets. The political and socio-economic factors, including the associated variables political structure and policies, the energy and car market, the efforts in developing a sufficient infrastructure with charging stations, the consumers’ behavior and the share of renewable energy sources in the overall electricity production, are described. The framework of policy transfer as well as the comparative analysis assist to conceive the link between political structures and policies in both countries and the outcomes of their political decision-making processes. The analysis shows immense disparities in the implementation of electric vehicles due to the countries’ histories and developments of climate-related policies. Furthermore, the transition of transport not only depends on political stakeholders and advocacy groups but also on the willingness of the citizenry to adopt the new technology.