No description available.

abstract: This study explores the potential risks associated with the 65 U.S.-based commercial nuclear power plants (NPPs) and the distribution of those risks among the populations of both their respective host communities and of the communities located in outlying areas. First, I examine the relevant environmental justice issues. I start by examining the racial/ethnic composition of the host community populations, as well as the disparities in socio-economic status that exist, if any, between the host communities and communities located in outlying areas. Second, I estimate the statistical associations that exist, if any, between a population's distance from a NPP and several independent variables. I conduct multivariate ordinary least square (OLS) regression analyses and spatial autocorrelation regression (SAR) analyses at the national, regional and individual-NPP levels. Third, I construct a NPP potential risk index (NPP PRI) that defines four discrete risk categories--namely, very high risk, high risk, moderate risk, and low risk. The NPP PRI allows me then to estimate the demographic characteristics of the populations exposed to each so-defined level of risk. Fourth, using the Palo Verde NPP as the subject, I simulate a scenario in which a NPP experiences a core-damage accident. I use the RASCAL 4.3 software to simulate the path of dispersion of the resultant radioactive plume, and to investigate the statistical associations that exist, if any, between the dispersed radioactive plume and the demographic characteristics of the populations located within the plume's footprint. This study utilizes distributive justice theories to understand the distribution of the potential risks associated with NPPs, many of which are unpredictable, irreversible and inescapable. I employ an approach that takes into account multiple stakeholders in order to provide avenues for all parties to express concerns, and to ensure the relevance and actionability of any resulting policy recommendations. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Environmental Social Science 2014

This diploma thesis deals with nuclear energetics and its impact to the environment. Present state of the energetics, mainly nuclear energetics, in the Czech Republic is discussed here. Also perspective of nuclear energetics is given. The thesis describes nuclear power plant waste handling and also spent nuclear fuel handling. Nuclear power plant is compared with other sources of electric energy, which are counted to the energetic mix. The author focuses on fossil fuels and also on the renewable energy sources. The amount of produced waste to the unit of produced energy, built up area, safety and economic indicators and other parameters are followed for each source of energy.

在人類社會中，政治代表著一種價值的權威性分配；而公共政策在於顯示政府選擇作 為或不作為，及如何作為的一連串過程；因此，任何有關涉及公共價值分配的決定做 成時，其後必然隱含決策採行的音論根據。所以在決策制定的考慮上，為能期免於來 自執行階段的阻力，與完成目標充分性的（ADEQUANCE） 要求下，其評估（EVALUATE ）的標準（CRITERIAN） 應該是多方面的；因此，林布隆教授（C.E.LINDBLOM）曾言 ：「政策制定的主要特徵在於其複雜性與紊亂性。」由此可見，政策之良善，繫於其 考慮的深度與廣度。但是過去的政策研究基於邏輯實證論的觀點，強調事實面與行為 面的分析，並利用行為科學的數理研究方法以及成本效益分析等技術，以建立政策運 作的效率與效能原則，作為評估公共政策的主要準。然而這樣的立場與觀點，及至１ ９６０年代卅期，遭遇到前所未有的批評與挑戰。於是學者建議在政策評估的標準上 ，應當另闢蹊徑，從價值的層面予以深入的分析與廓清，才不致在狹隘的經濟利益與 目標效能上打轉。因此，在政策論證評估的標準上，不應只單單強調目的的標準（TE LEOLOGICAL-CRITERIA） ，更應該在基本的原則中重視非目的的標準（NONTELEOLOGI CAL-CRITERIA）。也就是政策評估的標準採用，除了要去衡量政策的好壞之外，其在 倫理道德標準上的對與錯更應列為優先考慮。以核能發電為例，在台灣目前政府所面 臨的不單是一個純綷事實資料的政策辯證，它背後所真正隱含著的應該是一種人類對 於科技文明與對後代子孫責任的倫理價值取捨。因此，本文的動機先從檢視４０多年 來有關核能發電的論證依據，並就其政策採行的原因做一整理，而後再就政策的適當 性（APPREPRIATENESS） 論證我們應不應當繼續發展核能發電。

The aim of the thesis was to define the meaning of radiochemical processes which take place in coolant of the primary circuit of the Nuclear Power Plant; and to describe the way of measurement of chemical parameters. The second aim was to define the significance of dissolved hydrogen to compensate for corrosion-threatening corrosion-safe operation of plant and to describe the method of generating hydrogen by ammonia. The third aim was to investigate the time courses of ammonia and hydrogen concentrations within the two production units. The last aim was to investigate unilateral dependence between ammonia and hydrogen concentrations. The first two aims were met by using system analysis of coolant chemical parameters, methods of measuring them, and ongoing radiochemical processes in the coolant. Ammonia and hydrogen were selected for deeper investigation, because of the results of the analysis. H1, H2 and H3 hypotheses have been formulated to meet the other two aims. The H1 hypothesis was used to verify the empirical distribution of ammonia and hydrogen concentration measurements by non-parametric normality testing. Hypothesis H2 investigated the time dependence of ammonia and hydrogen concentrations by regression analysis. In case of verification of H3 hypothesis the method of regression and correlation dependency was used. The verifying of hypothesis has shown that the empirical distribution of the measurement of hydrogen and ammonia concentrations is more closely related to the theoretical normal distribution. Furthermore, it was verified that the linear regression function of the time dependence of ammonia and hydrogen concentration measurements is close to the parallel to the timeline during the fuel campaign. Linear regression and correlation analysis confirmed that the correlation between hydrogen and ammonia concentrations is similar on both blocks and close to strong positive correlation. Verification of required regressive and correlative bending between ammonia and generated hydrogen can be understood as a practical contribution.

The flow distribution in the primary circuit of the pressurized water reactor was studied with experiments and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. The main focus was on the flow field and mixing in the downcomer of the pressure vessel: how the different factors like the orientation of operating loops, the total loop flow rate and the asymmetry of the loop flow rates affect the outcome. In addition to the flow field studies the overall applicability of CFD methods for primary circuit thermal-hydraulic analysis was evaluated based on the CFD simulations of the mixing experiments of the ROCOM (Rossendorf Coolant Mixing Model) test facility and the mixing experiments of the Paks NPP. The experimental part of the work in work package 3 included series of steady state mixing experiments with the ROCOM test facility and the publication of results of Paks VVER-440 NPP thermal mixing experiments. The ROCOM test facility models a 4-loop KONVOI type reactor. In the steady-state mixing experiments the velocity field in the downcomer was measured using laser Doppler anemometry and the concentration of the tracer solution fed from one loop was measured at the downcomer and at the core inlet plane. The varied parameters were the number and orientation of the operating loops, the total flow rate and the (asymmetric) flow rate of individual loops. The Paks NPP thermal mixing experiments took place during commissioning tests of replaced steam generator safety valves in 1987-1989. It was assumed that in the reactor vessels of Paks VVER-440 NPP equipped with six loops the mixing of the coolant is not ideal. For the realistic determination of the active core inlet temperature field for the transients and accidents associated with different level temperature asymmetry a set of mixing factors were determined. Based on data from the online core monitoring system and a separate mathematical model the mixing factors for loop flows at the core inlet were determined. In the numerical simulation part of the work package 3 the detailed measurements of ROCOM tests were used for the validation of CFD methods for primary circuit studies. The selected steady state mixing experiments were simulated with CFD codes CFX-4, CFX-5 and FLUENT. The velocity field in the downcomer and the mixing of the scalar were compared between CFD simulations and experiments. The CFD simulations of full scale PWR included the simulation of Paks VVER-440 mixing experiment and the simulation of Loviisa VVER-440 downcomer flow field. In the simulations of Paks experiments the experimental and simulated concentration field at the core inlet were compared and conclusions made concerning the results overall and the VVER-440 specific geometry modelling aspects like how to model the perforated elliptic bottom plate and what is the effect of the cold leg bends to the flow field entering to the downcomer. With Loviisa simulations the qualitative comparison was made against the original commissioning experiments but the emphasis was on the CFD method validation and testing. The overall conclusion concerning the CFD modelling of the flow field and mixing in the PWR primary circuit could be that the current computation capacity and physical models also in commercial codes is beginning to be sufficient for simulations giving reliable and useful results for many real primary circuit applications. However the misuse of CFD methods is easy, and the general as well as the nuclear power specific modelling guidelines should be followed when the CFD simulations are made.

Thesis (M. Soc. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1987.

Magistriniame darbe įvertinamas Ignalinos atominės elektrinės ir gamtinių sąlygų poveikis terminiam Drūkšių ežero režimui. Tyrimo tikslas – įvertinti Ignalinos atominės elektrinės ir gamtinių sąlygų poveikį terminiam Drūkšių ežero režimui. Tyrimo objektas – atominė elektrinė ir Drūkšių ežeras. Nuo l984 m. Lietuvos didžiausias Drūkšių ežeras pradėjo tarnauti kaip Ignalinos atominės elektrinės (IAE) aušintuvas. Todėl natūralus hidrologinis režimas ir šilumos balansas ežere buvo sutrikdyti. Ypač pakito Drūkšių ežero terminis režimas. Vidutiniškai Drūkšių ežero vandens temperatūra pakilo apie 3,5 ºC. Tačiau pastaraisiais metais Lietuvoje stebimos klimato atšilimo tendencijos. Per pastaruosius dešimtmečius vidutinė oro temperatūra padidėjo apie 1 ºC. Oro temperatūros augimas taip pat turėjo įtakos visų vandens telkinių, tuo pačiu ir Drūkšių ežero vandens temperatūrai. Todėl tiek antropogeniniai veiksniai (atominė elektrinė), tiek gamtiniai veiksniai (klimato kaita) turi įtakos Drūkšių ežero terminiam režimui. Lietuvos energetikos instituto ir kitų mokslinių institucijų darbuotojai atliko daug tyrimų, susijusių su Drūkšių ežero hidrologine, hidrotermine bei ekologine būkle. Tačiau šiuose tyrimuose mažai dėmesio buvo skirta gamtinės kaitos įtakos Drūkšių ežero terminiam režimui nustatymui. Šio tyrimo tikslas buvo įvertinti atominės elektrinės ir gamtinių sąlygų poveikį terminiam Drūkšių ežero režimui. Norint įvertinti Drūkšių ežero terminio režimo pokyčius veikiant IAE... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The paper evaluated the Ignalina nuclear power and natural conditions, the thermal effect of the lake Drūkšiai regime. Purpose of the survey - to assess the Ignalina nuclear power and natural conditions on the thermal regime of Lake Drūkšiai. The object of research - nuclear power and natural environment impacts. Since l984, the Lithuanian Drūkšiai largest lake began to serve as the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant (INPP) cooler. Therefore, the natural hydrological regime and heat balance in the lake has been disturbed. In particular, changes in lake thermal regime Drūkšiai. On average, Drūkšiai lake temperature has risen approximately 3.5 ° C. However, in recent years, Lithuania observed warming trends. Over the past decades, the average air temperature increased about 1 ° C. Air temperature rise is also affected by the water at the same time and lake water temperatures. Therefore, both anthropogenic factors (NPP) and natural factors (climate change) affect the thermal regime of Lake Drūkšiai. Lithuanian Energy Institute and other scientific staff, the large number of tests and touching Drūkšiai lake hydrology, hydrothermal and ecological condition. However, these studies little attention was given to natural changes affect Drūkšiai lake thermal regime. Purpose of this study was to evaluate nuclear power and natural conditions on the thermal regime of Lake Drūkšiai. To assess Drūkšiai Lake thermal regime change operation IAE... [to full text]

Teorinėje dalyje nagrinėjama žmogų supanti aplinka, kaip vienas iš ugdymo veiksnių. Labiau akcentuojama gamtinė ir kultūrinė aplinka, bei detaliau analizuojama Ignalinos AE regiono pažintinį turizmą sudaranti gamtinė ir kultūrinė aplinka ir jų vieta moksleivių ugdyme. Praktinę dalį sudaro anketinė apklausa, vykdyta 2006m. rugsėjo mėn. Ignalinos, Zarasų rajonuose bei Visagino mieste. Tyrime dalyvavo gimnazijų bei vidurinių mokyklų moksleiviai, tuo metu besilankantys Ignalinos ir Zarasų rajonuose. Tyrimu siekiama atskleisti kelionių su klase dažnumą, tikslus, moksleivų tarpusavio santykius, Ignalinos AE regiono išskirtinumą, šio regiono pažintinio turizmo (gamtinės ir kultūrinės aplinkos) veiksnių svarbą moksleivių ugdyme. / The study consists of theoretical and practical parts. At the theoretical part there are the researches about the environment surrounding a human-being like one of the education factors. The nature and culture environments are more emphasized. The nature and culture environments forming the cognitive tourism in Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant (further – Ignalina NPP) region and their influence in pupils’ education are analyzed more elaborately. The practical part consists of a questionnaire, data of which were gathered in September 2006 in Ignalina district, Zarasai district and Visaginas town. The students of the Ignalina and Zarasai districts’ secondary and grammar schools took a part at the research. Research target is to discover how often the class trips are organized, what are their targets and tasks, what are the rapports within the pupils, what are the advantages of Ignalina NPP region and what is the importance of this region’s cognitive tourism to pupils’ education.

Naujausi tyrimai rodo, o ir kiekvienas informacijos gavėjas pastebi, kad informacijos teikėjas labai dažnai nesugeba atsiriboti nuo subjektyvumo. Taip atsitinka todėl, kad kiekvienas informacijos koduotojas turi skirtingus patyrimus, interesus, įvairias nuomones apie įvykius, jį supantį pasaulį, požiūrį į vieną ar kitą situaciją, dalyką ir pan. Tyrimo tikslas – atpažinti žiniasklaidos tekste vartojamus vertinamuosius elementus, suklasifikuoti juos ir aprašyti, kaip, pasitelkus vertinamuosius elementus, atspindima autoriaus pozicija, požiūris, nuomonė apie žinomą įvykį, realų faktą ar įvykusią situaciją. Šio mokslinio darbo objektas – vertinamieji elementai, vartojami Lietuvos interneto žiniasklaidos tekstuose. Siekiant užsibrėžto tikslo buvo numatyti 6 uždaviniai, apibendrintai jie yra tokie: apžvelgti atliktus mokslinius tyrimus ir jų rezultatus bei metodus pritaikyti lietuvių kalbos interneto žiniasklaidos tekstuose vartojamiems vertinamiesiems elementams tyrinėti; pagal sudarytą pagrindinių ir šalutinių vertinamųjų parametrų schemą atpažinti, suklasifikuoti vertinamuosius elementus, juos išanalizuoti ir aprašyti; pristatyti darbo metu kilusias problemas ir sunkumus, ypač susijusius su vertinamųjų elementų atpažinimu; atlikti apklausą-eksperimentą ir aptarti rezultatus. Atlikus vertinamųjų elementų, vartojamų interneto žiniasklaidos tekstuose, tyrimą, patvirtinta kelta hipotezė, kad pasitelkęs vertinamuosius elementus teksto autorius gali perteikti asmeninę poziciją... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Both the latest studies and the opinion of information receivers show that information providers are often unable to distance themselves from subjectivity. This happens because every information addresser has particular experiences and interests, various opinions about the events and environment, different view to one or another situation, and etc. The aim of the thesis is to identify the evaluative elements used in media discourse, to classify them and, with the help of evaluative elements, to describe how author’s position on the event, actual fact or situation is reflected. The object of this work is the evaluative elements, used in the texts of Lithuanian media websites. In order to achieve the object, six tasks were set: to overview the carried out scientific researches and their results and to adapt the methods to the exploration of evaluative elements used in the texts of Lithuanian media websites; to identify, classify, then analyze and describe evaluative parameters, according to the main and secondary evaluative parameters scheme; to present problems and challenges arisen, particularly those related to evaluative elements recognition; to carry out an experiment-survey and to discuss the results. After a study of evaluative elements used the discourses of media websites, the following the hypothesis was confirmed: with the help of evaluative elements, the author of the text can convey a personal attitude and shape reader’s opinion. There are various categories to... [to full text]