Background: Participation is a fundamental concept within healthcare. Specifically vulnerable are patients who are about to undergo surgical procedures. The environment and care within a surgical ward, which is of a highly technogical nature, puts large demands on efforts to create participation for the patient. Aim: The purpose of this research was to investigate how the staff created participation in the care of the patients from when they arrived at the surgery unit until general anesthesia was conducted. Methods: A qualitative observational study was chosen to investigate the aim of the study. A total of twelve observations were performed. Data was collected with field notes and analyzed with qualitative content analysis. Results: The results consisted of four main themes; Participation through information, participation through fellowship, participation through encouragement and unestablished or lacking participation. Information were given to make the care and circumstances meaningful and comprehensible. The staff confirmed the patients’ needs and feelings in order to establish a fellowship. Encouraging the patient to use their own knowledge, experiences and physical resources also helped them to participate in their care. Conclusions: Information and fellowship were the dominating factors behind creating participation for the patient in their stay at the surgery unit. More time for planning and preparation before the patient arrives at the surgery unit will help optimize the patients participation until general anesthesia has been conducted / Bakgrund: Delaktighet är ett grundläggande begrepp inom sjukvården. Särskilt utsatta är patienter som ska genomgå kirurgiska ingrepp. Vården och miljön på en operationsavdelning är av en i hög grad teknologisk natur, vilken sätter stora krav i arbetet med att skapa delaktighet för patienten. Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka hur vårdpersonalen skapade delaktighet i omvårdnaden av patienter från mottagandet på operationsavdelningen, tills generell anestesi inletts. Metod: En kvalitativ observationsstudie genomfördes för att svara på studiens syfte.Totalt genomfördes tolv observationer. Datainsamlingen gjordes med fältanteckningar och analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Resultatet delades in i fyra huvudkategorier; delaktighet genom information, delaktighet genom gemenskap, delaktighet genom uppmuntran och utebliven delaktighet. Patienterna fick information för att göra vården och dess omständigheter meningsfull och förståelig. Vårdpersonalen bekräftade patienternas behov och känslor i syfte att skapa gemenskap. Patienterna uppmuntrades att använda sina egna kunskaper, erfarenheter och fysiska resurser vilket hjälpte dem att vara delaktiga i sin vård. Slutsats: Resultatet i studien visar hur delaktighet för patienten kan skapas på en operationsavdelning innan generell anestesi inletts. Information och gemenskap var de främsta faktorerna i att skapa delaktighet i en högteknologisk miljö som kan vara svår att begripa. För att förbättra patienternas delaktighet i det perioperativa skedet kan tid för förberedelser och planering utökas för att inte försätta vårdpersonalen i intern konflikt mellan olika lojaliteter.

After several years of quiescence, the blazar CTA 102 underwent an exceptional outburst in 2012 September-October. The flare was tracked from gamma-ray to near-infrared (NIR) frequencies, including Fermi and Swift data as well as photometric and polarimetric data from several observatories. An intensive Glast-Agile support programme of the Whole Earth Blazar Telescope (GASP-WEBT) collaboration campaign in optical and NIR bands, with an addition of previously unpublished archival data and extension through fall 2015, allows comparison of this outburst with the previous activity period of this blazar in 2004-2005. We find remarkable similarity between the optical and gamma-ray behaviour of CTA 102 during the outburst, with a time lag between the two light curves of approximate to 1 h, indicative of cospatiality of the optical and gamma-ray emission regions. The relation between the gamma-ray and optical fluxes is consistent with the synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) mechanism, with a quadratic dependence of the SSC gamma -ray flux on the synchrotron optical flux evident in the post-outburst stage. However, the gamma -ray/optical relationship is linear during the outburst; we attribute this to changes in the Doppler factor. A strong harder-when-brighter spectral dependence is seen both the in gamma-ray and optical non-thermal emission. This hardening can be explained by convexity of the UV-NIR spectrum that moves to higher frequencies owing to an increased Doppler shift as the viewing angle decreases during the outburst stage. The overall pattern of Stokes parameter variations agrees with a model of a radiating blob or shock wave that moves along a helical path down the jet.

We report the observation and confirmation of the first group-and cluster-scale strong gravitational lensing systems found in Dark Energy Survey data. Through visual inspection of data from the Science Verification season, we identified 53 candidate systems. We then obtained spectroscopic follow-up of 21 candidates using the Gemini Multi-object Spectrograph at the Gemini South telescope and the Inamori-Magellan Areal Camera and Spectrograph at the Magellan/Baade telescope. With this follow-up, we confirmed six candidates as gravitational lenses: three of the systems are newly discovered, and the remaining three were previously known. Of the 21 observed candidates, the remaining 15 either were not detected in spectroscopic observations, were observed and did not exhibit continuum emission (or spectral features), or were ruled out as lensing systems. The confirmed sample consists of one group-scale and five galaxy-cluster-scale lenses. The lensed sources range in redshift z similar to 0.80-3.2 and in i-band surface brightness i(SB) similar to 23-25 mag arcsec(-2) (2 '' aperture). For each of the six systems, we estimate the Einstein radius theta(E) and the enclosed mass M-enc, which have ranges theta(E) similar to 5 ''-9 '' and M-enc similar to 8 x 10(12) to 6 x 10(13)M(circle dot), respectively.

We show that the projected number density profiles of Sloan Digital Sky Survey photometric galaxies around galaxy clusters display strong evidence for the splashback radius, a sharp halo edge corresponding to the location of the first orbital apocenter of satellite galaxies after their infall. We split the clusters into two subsamples with different mean projected radial distances of their members, < R-mem >, at fixed richness and redshift. The sample with smaller < R-mem > has a smaller ratio of the splashback radius to the traditional halo boundary R-200m than the subsample with larger < R-mem >, indicative of different mass accretion rates for these subsamples. The same subsamples were recently used by Miyatake et al. to show that their large-scale clustering differs despite their similar weak lensing masses, demonstrating strong evidence for halo assembly bias. We expand on this result by presenting a 6.6 sigma difference in the clustering amplitudes of these samples using cluster-photometric galaxy cross-correlations. This measurement is a clear indication that halo clustering depends on parameters other than halo mass. If < R-mem > is related to the mass assembly history of halos, the measurement is a manifestation of the halo assembly bias. However, our measured splashback radii are smaller, while the strength of the assembly bias signal is stronger, than the predictions of collisionless. cold dark matter simulations. We show that dynamical friction, cluster mis-centering, or projection effects are not likely to be the sole source of these discrepancies. However, further investigations regarding unknown catastrophic weak lensing or cluster identification systematics are warranted.

We present new Hubble Space Telescope observations of three a priori known starlight-scattering circumstellar debris systems (CDSs) viewed at intermediate inclinations around nearby close-solar analog stars: HD 207129, HD 202628, and HD 202917. Each of these CDSs possesses ring-like components that are more massive analogs of our solar system's Edgeworth-Kuiper Belt. These systems were chosen for follow-up observations to provide imaging with higher fidelity and better sensitivity for the sparse sample of solar-analog CDSs that range over two decades in systemic ages, with HD 202628 and HD 207129 (both similar to 2.3 Gyr) currently the oldest CDSs imaged in visible or near-IR light. These deep (10-14 ks) observations, made with six-roll point-spread-function template visible-light coronagraphy. using the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph, were designed to better reveal their angularly large debris rings of diffuse/low surface brightness, and for all targets probe their exo-ring environments for starlight-scattering materials that present observational challenges for current ground-based facilities and instruments. Contemporaneously also observing with a narrower occulter position, these observations additionally probe the CDS endo-ring environments that are seen to be relatively devoid of scatterers. We discuss the morphological, geometrical, and photometric properties of these CDSs also in the context of other CDSs hosted by FGK stars that we have previously imaged as a homogeneously observed ensemble. From this combined sample we report a general decay in quiescent-disk F-disk/F-star optical brightness similar to t(-0.8), similar to what is seen at thermal IR wavelengths, and CDSs with a significant diversity in scattering phase asymmetries, and spatial distributions of their starlight-scattering grains.

We study the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect (SZE) signature in South Pole Telescope (SPT) data for an ensemble of 719 optically identified galaxy clusters selected from 124.6 deg(2) of the Dark Energy Survey (DES) science verification data, detecting a clear stacked SZE signal down to richness lambda similar to 20. The SZE signature is measured using matched-filtered maps of the 2500 deg(2) SPT-SZ survey at the positions of the DES clusters, and the degeneracy between SZE observable and matched-filter size is broken by adopting as priors SZE and optical mass-observable relations that are either calibrated using SPT-selected clusters or through the Arnaud et al. (A10) X-ray analysis. We measure the SPT signal-to-noise zeta - lambda relation and two integrated Compton-y Y500-lambda relations for the DES-selected clusters and compare these to model expectations that account for the SZE-optical centre offset distribution. For clusters with lambda > 80, the two SPT-calibrated scaling relations are consistent with the measurements, while for the A10-calibrated relation the measured SZE signal is smaller by a factor of 0.61 +/- 0.12 compared to the prediction. For clusters at 20 < lambda < 80, the measured SZE signal is smaller by a factor of similar to 0.20-0.80 (between 2.3 sigma and 10 sigma significance) compared to the prediction, with the SPT-calibrated scaling relations and larger lambda clusters showing generally better agreement. We quantify the required corrections to achieve consistency, showing that there is a richness-dependent bias that can be explained by some combination of (1) contamination of the observables and (2) biases in the estimated halo masses. We also discuss particular physical effects associated with these biases, such as contamination of. from line-of-sight projections or of the SZE observables from point sources, larger offsets in the SZE-optical centring or larger intrinsic scatter in the lambda-mass relation at lower richnesses.

MA, School of Music, Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand / In 2003 I made a documentary film called Karoo Kitaar Blues with South African songwriter and guitarist, David Kramer, on the rare musicians, music, and instruments of scattered coloured communities in the Northern Cape. When I set out, seven years ago, to make the film I had no intention of making an ethnographic film or producing a visual ethnography in the anthropological sense (I am a documentary filmmaker), but two academic reviews, critical of its lack of ‘ethnographic context’ caught my intention. This dissertation attempts to respond to their critique. I explore the territory of visual anthropology and ethnographic methodology in order to understand why my film, with hindsight, is and is not ‘ethnographic’, and to establish how ethnographic practice could enhance my work as a filmmaker. I use Karoo Kitaar Blues as my visual monograph and examine the differences between ethnographic film and documentary (in the observational mode) with reference to ethnographic methodologies and theory in ethnomusicology, and consider how film can be used ‘as’ ethnography or ‘in’ ethnography. I conclude that Karoo Kitaar Blues film lies somewhere between ethnographic and observational filmmaking.

Os efeitos da demonstração na aprendizagem motora tem sido objeto de estudo de longa data. Porém, o efeito da demonstração autocontrolada e das formas de utilização da possibilidade de autocontrolar esse fator ainda são pouco explorados na literatura. Dessa forma, quatro questões de estudo foram formuladas: 1) qual o efeito da demonstração autocontrolada na aprendizagem de uma habilidade motora seriada? 2) há diferença na aprendizagem entre aqueles que gastam mais tempo para tomar a decisão sobre pedir a demonstração e aqueles que gastam menos tempo? 3) há diferença na aprendizagem entre aqueles que processam a informação observada de forma mais rápida e aqueles que processam de forma mais lenta? 4) há diferença na aprendizagem entre aqueles que mais demonstrações pedem e aqueles que menos pedem? Para investigar essas questões, quatros estudos foram realizados com a participação de 120 indivíduos voluntários, universitários, de ambos os sexos. A tarefa de aprendizagem foi uma habilidade motora seriada que consistiu em movimentar com o mouse um quadrado vermelho, exibido na tela de um computador, de forma a tocar sequencialmente todos os alvos retangulares apresentados na tela, em um determinado padrão temporal. O Estudo 1 envolveu a formação de dois grupos: Auto (demonstração autocontrolada, n=60) e Yoked (demonstração espelhada a partir do grupo Auto, n=60). O experimento consistiu de quatro etapas: fase de aquisição (100 tentativas de prática); teste de retenção 24 horas (20 tentativas); teste de transferência 50 (20 tentativas); teste de transferência 100 (20 tentativas). Os Estudos 2 e 3 foram realizados com a participação de 40 e o Estudo 4 com a participação de 38 indivíduos, todos do grupo Auto do Estudo 1. Para cada um desses estudos foram selecionados participantes que obtiveram valores extremos para as variáveis: Tempo para Tomada de Decisão (TTD), Tempo de Processamento da Informação Observada (TPIO) e quantidade de Demonstrações (DEM). Para a verificação da aprendizagem, o Erro Relativo (ER), Erro Total (ET), Erro Absoluto (EA) e Erro na Sequência (ES) foram medidos. Também foram adotadas medidas complementares para a verificação de como os participantes se envolveram no processo. Com relação ao Estudo 1, os principais resultados foram: a) a superioridade do grupo Auto sobre o Yoked, especialmente, quanto ao ER e o EA; b) o grupo Auto processou por mais tempo a informação observada que o grupo Yoked; c) as demonstrações foram requeridas no início da prática, momento em que o desempenho era significativamente baixo, em ambos os grupos; d) o grupo Yoked se mostrou satisfeito com o momento em que recebeu as demonstrações. Os resultados dos Estudos 2, 3 e 4 mostraram, em síntese, que: a) o gasto de mais tempo tomando a decisão sobre pedir a demonstração promoveu melhor aprendizagem que a condição de gasto menor; b) ambos os grupos, formados a partir da variável Tempo de Processamento da Informação Observada (TPIO), aprenderam de forma semelhante; c) o grupo + DEM teve aprendizagem superior ao DEM em todas as medidas de desempenho. A partir desses resultados concluiu-se que a demonstração autocontrolada produziu melhor aprendizagem que a condição externamente controlada, sendo o Tempo para a Tomada de Decisão e a Quantidade de Demonstração, fatores determinantes dessa superioridade / The effects of demonstration on motor learning have been studied for a long time. However, the effect of self-controlled demonstration and the strategies of the learner in this process have been little explored in the literature. Thus, four questions for study were posed: 1) what is the effect of self-controlled demonstration on learning of a serial motor skill? 2) are there learning differences between the learners that spend more time and the learners that spend less time in making a decision about asking for a demonstration? 3) are there differences in the motor learning process between learners that spend more time and the learners that spend less time in processing the demonstration information? 4) are there differences in the motor learning process between learners that ask for more and the learners that ask for less demonstration in the acquisition phase? To investigate these questions four studies were designed involving 120 volunteer university students of both sexes. A timing task was used whose objective was to manipulate the mouse to move a red square on the computer screen so as to touch, in a sequential manner, all the rectangular targets shown on the screen in a determined temporal pattern. Study One was designed with two groups: Self (self-controlled visual model, n=60) and Yoked (control, n=60). The experiment consisted with four stages: acquisition phase (100 practice trials); retention test, 24 hours after acquisition phase (20 trials); transfer test 50 (20 trials); and transfer test 100 (20 trials). The other three studies were performed with participants from the Self group of Study One with 40 subjects being selected for Study Two and Study Three and 38 subjects for Study Four. Subjects were selected according to those that achieved extreme values for the variables of decision-making time, time for processing the demonstration information, and number of demonstrations. To assess motor learning, relative error, total error, absolute error and sequence error were measured. Complementary measures were also adopted to verify how the participants were involved in the process. In relation to Study One, results indicated: a) superiority of the Self group over the Yoked group, especially in relation to relative error and absolute error; b) the Self group processed the demonstration information for a longer time than the Yoked group; c) demonstration was requested at the beginning of practice, a time at which performance was poor for both groups; and d) the Yoked group was satisfied at the time the demonstration was presented. In short, the results of the Studies Two, Three and Four showed that: a) the more time spent in decision making on requesting demonstration, the better the learning of a sequential motor skill; b) the motor learning of both groups formed through time for demonstration information processing was similar; c) the group that asked for more demonstration learned better than the group that asked for less. Based on these results, it may be concluded that the self-controlled demonstration condition promoted better motor learning than the externally-controlled condition, with decision making time and the amount of demonstration being decisive factors in this respect

As lesões ósseas são doenças raras, mas com um grande destaque, que afetam a região maxilofacial. Dentre elas podemos destacar as Lesões Centrais de Células Gigantes e as Lesões Fibro-Ósseas Benignas (Displasia Cemento-Ossificante, Fibroma Ossificante e Displasia Fibrosa). O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever e analisar os dados encontrados nas fichas de encaminhamento clínico presentes no Serviço de Patologia Oral e Maxilofacial da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo. Foram avaliados 89.265 casos em um período que variou de 1950 até 2016, utilizando as categorias de gênero, idade, etnia, sintomatologia, hipótese diagnóstica e localização anatômica. Após as exclusões, os casos selecionados somavam 773 casos divididos em: 267 casos de Lesão Central de Células Gigantes, 231 casos de Displasia Cemento Ossificante, 142 casos de Fibroma Ossificante e 133 de Displasia Fibrosa. Os resultados do estudo estão de acordo com o que está descrito na literatura, exceto nos casos de Displasia Fibrosa que foi encontrado uma predileção maior sexo feminino do que o masculino, mesmo que a literatura expresse que não existe tal predileção. Já nos casos de Displasia Cemento-Ossificante, o presente estudo mostrou que a maior prevalência de idade é entre a 4ª e 5ª década de vida e não entre a 3ª e 4ª como encontrado na literatura. Os casos de Displasia Cemento-Ossificante, em relação à etnia dos pacientes, mostraram que a maioria dos pacientes encontrados pelos autores eram leucodermas e não melanodermas como relata a literatura. Os resultados mostraram que mesmo em um centro de referência como o Serviço de Patologia Oral da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo, as lesões ósseas são raras e alguns fatores como idade em pacientes com Displasia Fibrosa e Displasia Cemento-Ossificante e etnia em pacientes com Displasia Cemento-Ossificante não correspondem ao encontrado na literatura mundial. / Bone lesions are rare but important diseases that affect the maxillofacial region. Among them we can highlight the Central Giant Cells Lesion and the Benign Fibro-Osseous Lesions (Cemento-Osseous Dysplasia, Ossifying Fibroma and Fibrous Dysplasia). The objective of this study was to describe and analyze the data found in the clinical referral forms present at the Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology Service of the Faculty of Dentistry of the University of São Paulo. We evaluated 89.265 cases in a period ranging from 1950 to 2016, using the categories of gender, age, ethnicity, symptomatology, diagnostic hypothesis and anatomical location. After the exclusions, the selected cases totaled 773 cases divided into 267 cases of Central Giant Cell Lesion, 231 cases of Cemento-Osseous Dysplasia, 142 cases of Ossyfing Fibroma and 133 cases of Fibrous Dysplasia. The results of the study are in agreement with what is described in the literature, except in the cases of Fibrous Dysplasia that a predilection was found greater female than the male, even if the literature expresses that there is no such predilection. In the cases of Cemento-Osseous Dysplasia, the present study showed that the highest prevalence of age is between the 4th and 5th decade of life and not between the 3rd and 4th as found in the literature. The cases of Cemento-Osseous Dysplasia, in relation to the ethnicity of the patients, showed that the majority of the patients found by the authors were white and not black as reported in the literature. The results showed that even in a reference center such as the Oral Pathology Service of the Faculty of Dentistry of the University of São Paulo, bone lesions are rare and some factors such as age in patients with Fibrous Dysplasia and Cement-Ossificante Dysplasia and ethnicity in patients with Cement-Ossific Dysplasia do not correspond to that found in the world literature.

The inflationary ΛCDM cosmology currently provides an accurate description of the Universe. It has been tested using several observational techniques over a wide redshift range, and it provides a good fit to most of them. In addition, it is a surprisingly economical model, requiring only six parameters to characterize the background cosmology and its fluctuations. In this model, the Universe is dominated by a cosmological constant Λ driving an accelerated expansion, and by cold dark matter. The strongest constraints on parameters to date come from observations of the temperature and polarization anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background measured by the Planck satellite. There are, however, indications of features in the Planck power spectra, possible differences with high redshift ground-based CMB experiments, and 'tensions' between Planck and low redshift measurements of the Hubble constant and weak gravitational lensing. In this thesis, we review possible tensions and extensions to the Planck cosmology, at both high and low redshifts. We begin with the high redshift analysis, using the Planck data to test models which introduce oscillatory features in the primordial power spectrum. We also study possible departures from slow roll inflation using the generalized slow-roll formalism, which allows for order unity deviations. Although we find models which give marginal improvements on the temperature or polarization power spectra, the combination of temperature and polarization is found to be consistent with a featureless power-law primordial spectrum. We then focus on measurements of the polarized CMB sky by the South Pole Telescope collaboration, who report tension between their measurements and the ΛCDM cosmology and with the cosmological parameters determined by Planck. We find evidence of a high χ2 in the SPTpol spectra which is unlikely to be cosmological. We report consistency between the Planck and SPTpol polarization spectra over the multipoles accessible to Planck (l ∼< 1500). We then investigate tension at low redshifts. We begin with weak gravitational lensing in which a number of surveys have suggested that the amplitude of the fluctuation spectra is lower than the Planck value. We review the small-angle approximations commonly used in galaxy weak lensing analyses and their effect on cosmological parameters. We find that these approximations are perfectly adequate for present and near future experiments. We find internal inconsistencies in the recent KiDS-450 analysis involving photometric redshifts and the KiDS covariance matrix at large scales. Finally, we investigate the difference between measurements of the present day expansion rate of the Universe. We apply a novel parameterization of the inverse distance ladder to determine the present date value of the Hubble parameter H0, which assumes General Relativity but makes no further assumptions about systematic errors or the nature of dark energy. Our analysis uses baryon acoustic oscillation data and Type Ia Supernovae to constrain the expansion history assuming a value of the sound horizon determined from the CMB. Our results are in tension with recent direct determinations of H0. We conclude that this tension, if real, cannot be solved by modifications of the ΛCDM model at late times. Instead, we would require a modification of the theory at early times which reduces the sound horizon. We conclude that at this time there is no compelling evidence that conflicts with the ΛCDM cosmology either at low or at high redshifts.