Le recours à l’appel d’offres n’est pas, et n’a jamais été, l’apanage des personnes publiques. Parce que la mise en concurrence de cocontractants potentiels permet d’obtenir le meilleur prix, les personnes privées le pratiquent volontairement pour la réalisation de nombreuses opérations contractuelles : construction immobilière, cession d’entreprise, vente d’immeuble, acquisition de produits et de prestations de service, etc. Familière des praticiens, cette figure du paysage précontractuel est négligée par la doctrine. L’objet de cette étude est de présenter une analyse juridique d’ensemble de l’appel d’offres privé. Celui-ci est susceptible de deux acceptions. Dans la ligne directe de son appellation, il désigne une invitation à soumettre des offres. Il s’agit d’un type de proposition de contracter à part entière, distinct des propositions de contracter traditionnelles que sont l’offre et l’invitation à entrer en pourparlers. À le concevoir ensuite comme une procédure de mise en concurrence de cocontractants potentiels pour la conclusion d’un contrat définitif, l’appel d’offres privé donne naissance à un avant-contrat entre son organisateur et ses participants que l’on ne peut ramener aux catégories d’avant-contrats que connaît le droit positif. La qualification d’avant-contrat imprime à l’appel d’offres privé son régime juridique. Ainsi, les parties s’obligent à organiser et à participer à la procédure de mise en concurrence selon les règles fixées par l’organisateur et de bonne foi. Les comportements consistant à fausser le jeu de la concurrence sont alors sanctionnés pour inexécution contractuelle. / Using private invitation to tender is not, and has never been, the prerogative of public entities. Because the implementation of competition calls between potentials co-contractors in order to achieve the best price, private entities practice it voluntarily to realise numerous contractual transactions : building construction, transfer of company, sale of real property, procurement of goods and service delivery, etc. Well-known by practitioners, this figure of the contractual landscape is neglected by the legal doctrine. The purpose of this study is to represent a global legal analysis of the private tender process. This one might be understood in two different ways. Literally, it designates an invitation to submit offers. It is a type of proposal to contract fully-fledged, which defers from the traditional ways of proposal to contract which are the offer and the invitation to treat. Conceived as a process introducing competition between potentials co-contractors to conclude a definitive contract, private invitation to tender give birth o a preliminary contract between its organiser and participants, which is distinct from the existing preliminary contracts. The qualification of preliminary contract print the private invitation to tender’s legal regime. Thus, parties undertook to organise and participate to the implementation of competition calls regarding the rules established by the organiser in good faith. The behaviours consisting in distorting competition are then subject to sanction on the ground of non-fulfillment of a contractul obligation.

The main objective of this thesis is to define and describe in detail job opportunities in the tourism industry and to research current employer needs. The first part of the thesis focuses on defining of job opportunities in the tourism industry and on determination of factors and subjects which influence the labour market in the tourism industry. One of the chapters explains the meaning of the education in the tourism and compares the education system with labour market needs. The second part concentrates on the analysis of job offers on the internet. Results of the analysis allow describing job opportunities regarding to their structure, region and tourism sector in which they ensue. Employer needs arise from the job offer analysis too and they are expressed by demands on education, training, language skills and other important skills.

The Master’s thesis describes the process of selection and evaluation of offers on the market of real estate. The thesis includes the selection of suitable flat for the clients of reality group M&M reality holding a.s. on the base of defined criteria and their importance at using the fuzzy logic. The target of this thesis is the contribution of a functional, understandable and transparent model for the evaluation of the real estate’s offers with the use of fuzzy sets.

I drygt 200 år har det skett en kraftig urbanisering i Sverige. Det här skiftet i befolkningsunderlag har lett till omställningar i landet, inte minst hos landsbygdskommunerna. Ett fortsatt minskande invånarantal där äldre blir en allt större andel leder till att det är svårare för kommunen att hitta rätt kompetens och kommunens arbete och ekonomiska styrka kan därav bli lidande. En kommun är skyldig att tillhandahålla vissa tjänster, en av vilka är fysisk planering som innefattar översikts-, områdes- och detaljplanering. Inom dessa planarbeten behövs det bland annat göras olika typer av mark- och vattenutredningar som antingen kommunen själv utför eller som upphandlade konsulter utför åt dem.  Den här studien undersöker huruvida personer som jobbar med fysisk planering i Sveriges landsbygdskommuner upplever utmaningar med sin upphandlingsprocess. Studien undersöker vilka dessa utmaningar kan vara, vilka bidragande faktorer som ligger bakom samt vad som anses kunna vara lösningen. För att ta reda på detta utfördes en enkätundersökning hos de svenska landsbygdskommunerna med syftet att samla information om upplevelser och erfarenheter från människor som arbetar med detta. Den insamlade datan jämfördes sedan mot tidigare forsknings som gjorts. Det framkommer att urbaniseringen lett till att landsbygdskommuner inte har den ekonomiska kraft de skulle behöva för att sköta sin verksamhet optimalt. Där fysiska planerare behöver utföra upphandlingar trots bristande tid eller kompetens för att skriva ett gediget förfrågningsunderlag, något som konsulter kan utnyttja vid anbudsgivningen. Enkätundersökningen visade att majoriteten av de svarande upplever att deras upphandlingar till stor del blir dyrare än förutspått. Sett till regeringens mål med den offentliga upphandlingen bör det enligt detta krävas ändringar, då deras mål är att utnyttja skattepengar på bästa sätt. / For just over 200 years there has been a heavy urbanisation in Sweden. This shift of people moving from rural areas to cities has led to the country having to adapt and rural municipalities more so. A continued decreasing population but growing number of elderlies makes it harder for these municipalities to find the right competence, which can lead to the decline of economic strength and tasks within the municipality. A municipality is required by law to provide certain services, one of which is spatial planning containing comprehensive-, area regulation- and detailed development planning. Working with these plans can sometimes require different kinds of investigations regarding both land and water, which the municipality can do themselves or by purchasing the service through consultants. This study examines whether people who work with spatial planning in Sweden's rural municipalities experience challenges with their procurement process. It also examines what these challenges may be and what the basis and solution to this is. In this study, a survey was conducted among these rural municipalities in order to obtain information about experiences and challenges from those who work with them. This was then set against research where one could draw parallels between the two. It appears that urbanization has led to these municipalities not having the financial power it would need to run its operations optimally. Where spatial planners need to make procurements despite a lack of time or competence to write a tender document, something that consultants can exploit when bidding. The common picture among those who responded to the survey was that their procurements for the majority will be more expensive than predicted. Looking at the government's goals with public procurement, changes must be made in order to reach their goal to use tax money in the best way possible. / <p>2022-06-29</p>

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T18:20:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marilene Sabino Bezerra.pdf: 10122569 bytes, checksum: 053108fb738d5c4d834c5c4a460338b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09-23 / The State of the Maranhão possesss immense potentiality for the tourism due ecological and cultural the diversity that they represent great attractive for its visitors, therefore the nature counts on a set of varied ecosystems that form notable landscapes scenic beauty. The Lowered Maranhense is one bioma uneven in the state, resembles it the Pantanal Matogrossense in regards to its hidrológico regimen whose formation of lakes in the rainy period contributes to enrich the landscape, whereas in the period of estiagem beautiful propitious fields for the pasture are formed. The present work of research aims at to investigate the potentiality of the Lacustrine region Viana-Penalva-Cajari, for the development of the sustainable tourism, as an alternative stops the sustainable development of the visited localities, through the survey of offers tourist of the visited cities, considering the enormous ecological and cultural diversity of the region. / O Estado do Maranhão possui imensa potencialidade para o turismo devido a diversidade ecológica e cultural que representam grande atrativo para os seus visitantes, pois a natureza conta com um conjunto de ecossistemas variados que formam paisagens de notável beleza cênica.A Baixada Maranhense é um bioma ímpar no estado, assemelha-se ao Pantanal Matogrossense no tocante ao seu regime hidrológico cuja formação de lagos no período chuvoso contribui para enriquecer a paisagem, enquanto que no período de estiagem formam-se belos campos propícios para a pastagem.O presente trabalho de pesquisa visa investigar a potencialidade da região Lacustre Viana-Penalva-Cajari, Baixada Maranhense, para o desenvolvimento do turismo sustentável, como uma alternativa para o desenvolvimento sustentável das localidades visitadas, através do levantamento da oferta turística dos municípios, considerando a enorme diversidade ecológica e cultural da região.

published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / Economics and Finance / Master / Master of Philosophy

The African National Congress inherited a country with high levels of unemployment, deepening poverty and inequalities. These socio-economic challenges were the result of the previous apartheid regime‟s reliance on racism to conduct its affairs such as the distribution of basic services and socio-economic wealth of the country. As such, the African National Congress (ANC) came up with different policies and programmes aimed at significantly transforming these skewed and racialised socio-economic conditions. Socio-economic empowerment was identified as one of the key programmes to be championed by the new democratic government led by the ANC. To this end, tenders or public procurement formed a vital element of the economic strategies that were put in place as a means of empowering black entrepreneurs with a view that they will in turn empower others through the means of „trickledown‟ economics. Tender guidelines were designed to advance this programme in a transparent, fair and cost-effective way. Contrary to this noble idea, the practice of tenders has become synonymous with acts of bribery and financial kickbacks which are serious forms of corruption. In this regard, the electronic and print media report daily about government officials, public servants, politicians and business people who have found a way of manipulating tender rules and other economic empowerment policies to enrich themselves at the expense of the people of South Africa. This study focuses on tenders and corruption in the post-apartheid era. It reviews key programmes such as the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP), Batho Pele, Masakhane, Affirmative Action (AA) and Black Economic Empowerment (BEE). The study claims that while these programmes were important, the lack of moral or ethical leadership at all levels of society ate into the moral fibre upon which these programmes were based. On the basis of the evidence presented, this study concluded that the ANC-led government was correct in using public procurement as one of its methods to address the legacy of Apartheid. However, the research study also confirmed that corruption is essentially a moral or ethical problem and as such there should be an ethical solution to it. While there are many ethical perspectives, this study found that African ethics in general and Ubuntu in particular is the most relevant type of ethic that could be used as a panacea to corruption. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2012.

Die vorliegende Studie befasst sich mit den betriebswirtschaftlichen Besonderheiten kleiner und mittlerer Unternehmen (KMU) im Osten Deutschlands, welche sich grundsätzlich auch in der Finanzierung zeigen. Die Forschungen belegen, dass auch die unzureichende Innovationsdynamik Ostdeutschlands keineswegs nur ein konjunkturelles oder gar mentales, sondern ein strukturelles Phänomen ist. Die Analyse unterstreicht einen besonderen Handlungsbedarf in den östlichen Bundesländern, da hier einerseits kleine Unternehmen in großer Zahl vorhanden sind, auch der Mittelstand insgesamt weitgehend etabliert ist, aber im Ost-West-Vergleich weiterhin etablierte Großunternehmen als Partner seltener anzutreffen und die einen positiven Ausstrahlungseffekt auf mittelständische Zulieferbetriebe bewirken. Auch sind in Deutschland-Ost die Finanzierungsverhältnisse besondere, d.h. der Anteil der Fremdfinanzierung ist differenziert ausgeprägt. Entsprechend sollte die „Hausbank“ wegen ihrem herausragenden Stellenwert für den Mittelstand auf den Prüfstand. Die hier nochmals gezeigten Finanzierungsschwächen gelten zwar für KMU grundsätzlich, aber besonders für die kleinere KMU im Osten, wo zwar die Eigenkapitalquote gewachsen ist, aber beispielsweise die Fristenstrukturen der Fremdfinanzierung teilweise mit der Kapitalbindung im Anlagevermögen nicht kongruent sind. Die private Finanzierung von KMU muss wegen der Defizite strukturellen Mängel noch gezielter durch staatliche Förderinstrumente unterstützt werden. / This study deals with the specific business characteristics of small and medium sized enterprises (SME) in eastern Germany, which also appear in the context of financing. Research proves that the insufficient innovation dynamic in eastern Germany is not only caused by cyclical or mental reasons, but rather it is a structural phenomenon. The analysis clarifies a need for action in the eastern federal states, because on the one hand there are a lot of small and even some medium sized companies located, but on the other hand the east-west comparison shows that there are just a very few major enterprises in the eastern part of Germany, which could have a positive effect on medium sized suppliers. In addition, the financial structure in eastern Germany is special, i.e. debt financing is further distinguished. In this context, the high significance of traditional house banks for SMEs has to be questioned. The demonstrated financial difficulties concern SMEs in general, but especially very small SMEs in eastern Germany. In fact, most of those small companies could increase their equity ratio, but e.g. maturity structure of debt financing is in parts not congruent to capital commitment of noncurrent assets. Public development institutions have to support private financing of SMEs even more specific, because of several structural shortcomings.

Arbetet använder sig av en rättspolitisk metod med fokus på rationalitet, empirism och pragmatism. Slutsatsen som dras i arbetet är att det finns ett tomrum mellan lagstiftarens mål bakom sexualbrotten och medlet för uppnå det genom den konventionella straffrättsprocessen. Tomrummet består dels av att straffrättsprocessen till fullo inte kan omfatta målet, dels att majoriteten av offer som anmäler våldtäkt idag nekas en rättsprocess, och slutligen att en friande våldtäktsdom ändå kan anses innebära att en konflikt återstår. Konflikten som återstår i majoriteten av fallen är mellan den misstänktes upplevelse av ömsesidigt samlag och offrets upplevelse av en kränkning av dennes sexuella självbestämmanderätt och integritet. I detta tomrum diskuteras möjligheten till en påbyggnad av det konventionella i form av innovativa rättsprocesser med större fokus på offret istället för förövaren. En process som söker att reparera offrets upplevda negativa konsekvenser samt tillfredsställa offrets behov av rättvisa, utan att hota straffrättsprocessens funktioner i form av straff, rättssäkerhet och brottsbekämpning. Arbetet nyanserar också bilden av vad en våldtäkt kan omfatta, vem förövaren är och offrens intressen.  Ett praktiskt exempel från Danmark tas upp där medling för våldtäkt idag används som ett sätt att hantera detta tomrum. Arbetet avslutas med att diskutera vägar framåt för att hantera sexualbrottsproblematiken på ett mer innovativt sätt.

Wenn das eigene Kind an Krebs erkrankt, werden die Eltern mit massiven organisatorischen und psychosozialen Belastungen konfrontiert. Die Frage nach der Situation der Väter wurde in wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen dabei bisher vernachlässigt, in aktuellen Fachdiskussionen zeigt sie aber mehr und mehr Präsenz. Ziel dieser Studie ist deshalb, zu erforschen, wie Väter die Krebserkrankung und die damit verbundenen – oft stark veränderten – Lebensumstände erleben. Gleichzeitig liegt der Fokus auf dem (männlichen) Bewältigungsverhalten, woraus schließlich auf mögliche psychosoziale Unterstützungsleistungen geschlossen werden soll. Die Studie stützt sich dabei auf theoretische Grundlagen aus den Themenfeldern „Krebs im Kindes- und Jugendalter“, „Lebenssituation betroffener Familien“, „Väterforschung“ sowie „Bewältigung kritischer Lebensereignisse“. Die Forschungsarbeit umfasst vier Interviews, welche mit der Methode des Problemzentrierten Interviews nach Witzel erhoben wurden. Darunter befinden sich ein Vater, dessen Kind erfolgreich therapiert wurde, zwei Väter, deren Kinder sich seit über zwei Jahren in Behandlung befinden, sowie ein Vater, dessen Kind an der Krebserkrankung verstorben ist. Die Interviews wurden nach der Methode des zirkulären Dekonstruierens von Jaeggi, Faas und Mruck einer Auswertung unterzogen. Die Ergebnisse eröffnen einen vielseitigen Einblick in das Erleben und das Bewältigungsverhalten der interviewten Väter. Neben dem „Kampf“ als zentraler Umgangsform werden verschiedenste Lebensbereiche der Väter deutlich, welche durch die Krebserkrankung des Kindes negativen, aber auch positiven Änderungen unterliegen. Zudem konnten vielfältige Formen (männlicher) Bewältigung erarbeitet werden. Auch Aspekte, die den Bewältigungsprozess fördern bzw. hindern, wurden ersichtlich. Aus den Ergebnissen lässt sich schließen, dass Väter oftmals einer Vielzahl organisatorischer und psychosozialer Belastungen ausgesetzt sind. Spezifische psychosoziale Angebote für Väter eröffnen dabei die Möglichkeit einer gezielten Unterstützung im Bewältigungsprozess. / When their child becomes ill with cancer, parents suddenly have to deal with great organizational and psychosocial burdens. The question of the situation of fathers has been neglected in scientific research for a long time, but present technical discussions give this specific issue more and more weight. The aim of this qualitative study is to research how fathers experience their child‟s cancer and the personal circumstances which are associated with the illness. In addition the focus of the study is on how fathers deal with this critical life event. As a result of the analysis possible methods of psychosocial support shall be worked out. The study is based on theoretical foundations of the topic areas “cancer at the age of childhood and youth”, “life situation of affected families”, “research on fathers” and “theories on how to overcome with critical life events”. The study comprises four interviews with fathers. These interviews were conducted based on the method of problem focused interview from Witzel. The sampling includes one father, whose child was successfully cured, two fathers, whose children are in therapy since more than two years and one father, whose child died of cancer. The interviews were analyzed with the method of circular deconstruction from Jaeggi, Faas and Mruck. The results give a complex insight into how the interviewed fathers experienced the cancer of their child and how they cope with this illness and the resulting personal circumstances. The different areas of life which were changed negatively as well as positively are shown. Furthermore it becomes clear that besides other (male) coping strategies the father`s central way of mastering their fate is by “fighting”. Moreover the results show aspects which promote or stop the coping process. According to the results of this study there are a lot of organizational and psychosocial burdens on fathers who have a child with cancer. Specific psychosocial offers for fathers open up possibilities of a targeted support in the coping process.