Dissertação (mestrado)-Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Ambiental, Instituto de Educação, 2010. / Submitted by Luize Santos (lui_rg@hotmail.com) on 2012-07-03T16:25:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CLAUDIA ADRIANA ROCHA TEIXEIRA.pdf: 65899322 bytes, checksum: 2607106d702ad1a188de5b6b39a368b0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2012-07-03T23:32:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 CLAUDIA ADRIANA ROCHA TEIXEIRA.pdf: 65899322 bytes, checksum: 2607106d702ad1a188de5b6b39a368b0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-07-03T23:32:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CLAUDIA ADRIANA ROCHA TEIXEIRA.pdf: 65899322 bytes, checksum: 2607106d702ad1a188de5b6b39a368b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar os projetos de formação e capacitação que a ONG Casa Ambiental oferece aos seus freqüentadores para verificar em que medida se desenvolvem práticas orientadas a sustentabilidade local e a educação ambiental. E como objetivos específicos: a) Investigar o cenário onde se insere as organizações nãogovernamentais ambientalistas; b) Verificar como um processo não-formal de Educação Ambiental pode proporcionar a integração da comunidade local com a ONG Casa Ambiental e o seu modo de vida, por meio da organização do trabalho alternativo; e c) Apresentar o contexto das políticas públicas ambientais no Uruguai para entender os desdobramentos dos conceitos de meio ambiente, desenvolvimento sustentável e educação ambiental. O modelo teórico metodológico de referência a essa pesquisa foi o da abordagem qualitativa através da etnografia, sendo que os materiais foram obtidos através de diversos instrumentos de coleta, tais como: revisão bibliográfica, análise de documentos, observação participante, diário de campo e entrevistas semi-estruturada. O estudo foi realizado na Cidade de Castilhos – Uruguai junto a ONG Casa Ambiental. Foram entrevistados 4 pesquisadores e técnicos ambientalistas e 3 produtores de alimentos, ou seja, sujeitos que participam dos projetos de formação e capacitação que a Casa Ambiental desenvolve. Os resultados indicam que a ONG Casa Ambiental atua a mais de 10 anos nas áreas de pesquisa, conservação dos recursos naturais, desenvolvimento sustentável e educação ambiental, em diferentes ecossistemas no Uruguai. Suas atividades estão destinadas aos setores mais pobres do Departamento de Rocha, mais exatamente da cidade de Castilhos e seus arredores, promovendo a possibilidade da sustentabilidade local a partir do uso sustentável dos recursos naturais.Desse modo, viabiliza-se a melhoria da qualidade de vida dessa comunidade, pois envolve a formação, capacitação e organização dos grupos. Os resultados indicam também que para a Casa Ambiental, a prática da educação ambiental está intensamente ligada à sustentabilidade da comunidade local, juntamente com a conservação do ambiente e seus recursos naturais. Assim, conclui-se que como um processo de educação ambiental não-formal pode proporcionar a integração da comunidade local com uma ONG e o seu modo de vida através da organização do trabalho alternativo. / This study aimed to analyze the projects for training the NGO Environmental Home offers its patrons to check to what extent practices geared to develop local sustainability and environmental education. The specific objectives are: a) investigate the scene where he falls in the non-governmental environmental groups, b) investigate how a non-formal environmental education can provide the integration of the local community with the Home Environmental NGOs and their way of life, through the organization of alternative work, and c) present the context of environmental public policies in Uruguay to understand the ramifications of the concepts of environment, sustainable development and environmental education. The theoretical model and methodological reference to this research was the qualitative approach of ethnography, and the materials were obtained through various data collection instruments, such as literature review, document analysis, participant observation, field diary and interviews semi-structured. The study was conducted in the City of Castilhos - Uruguay to the Home Environmental NGOs. We interviewed four researchers and environmental specialists and three food producers, ie, subjects who participate in training and capacity building projects that the Home Environmental develops. The results indicate that the Home Environmental NGO operates more than 10 years in research, conservation of natural resources, sustainable development and environmental education in different ecosystems in Uruguay. Its activities are aimed at the poorest sectors of the Department of Rocha, more precisely the city of Castilhos and its surroundings, promoting the possibility of local sustainability from sustainable use of natural resources. Thus, it allows to improve the quality of life of this community because it involves the formation, training and organization of the groups. The results also indicate that for the Home Environment, the practice of environmental education is strongly linked to the sustainability of the local community, together with the conservation of environment and natural resources. Thus,we conclude that as a process of non-formal environmental education can provide the integration of the local community with an NGO and their way of life through the organization of alternative work.

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar a construÃÃo social da vulnerabilidade para o HIV/Aids dos Homens que fazem Sexo com Homens (HSH) na cidade de Fortaleza, abordando a polÃtica brasileira de prevenÃÃo ao HIV/Aids. Foram examinados os discursos de trÃs atores sociais: a agÃncia governamental nacional de Aids (DN DST/Aids e HV), a OrganizaÃÃo NÃo Governamental (GRAB) que recebe o apoio tÃcnico e financeiro para executar projetos de prevenÃÃo com a populaÃÃo de gays e outros HSH e os prÃprios HSH que transitam pela cidade. TrÃs eixos importantes para a anÃlise foram estabelecidos: a globalizaÃÃo (e as relaÃÃes entre o global e o local), a constituiÃÃo de uma comunidade ou de um grupo social e a construÃÃo de uma cultura sexual. A estratÃgia metodolÃgica elaborada para esta pesquisa envolveu a coleta e anÃlise de dados de diferentes origens, tipos e qualidades. Foram analisados documentos oficiais, publicaÃÃes cientÃficas sobre identidade e HIV/Aids, projetos elaborados pelo GRAB e a realizaÃÃo de um trabalho de campo junto aos HSH. Esta anÃlise pretende visibilizar potencialidades e limites da polÃtica identitÃria, sugerindo a atenÃÃo para as intersecÃÃes entre orientaÃÃo sexual, identidade de gÃnero, raÃa e classe, e os contextos intersubjetivos estabelecidos pelos indivÃduos em suas sociabilidades erÃticas. Essas reflexÃes possibilitam a proposiÃÃo de aÃÃes de prevenÃÃo Ãs DST/Aids em contraponto aos discursos identitÃrios vigentes. / The present study aims to analyze the social construction of vulnerability to HIV/Aids of men who have sex with men (MSM) in the city of Fortaleza, approaching the Brazilian politics of HIV/Aids prevention. The speeches of three social protagonists are examined: the national governmental Aids agency (DN DST/Aids and HIV), the Non-Governmental Agency (GRAB), that receives technical and financial support to execute prevention projects with âgay population and others MSMâ, including MSM that walk around the city. Three important points of analysis are established: the globalization (and the relations between global and local), the constitution of a community or a social group and the construction of a sexual culture. The methodological strategy of this research involves the collection and analysis of data from different origins, types and qualities. Official documents, scientific publications on identity and HIV/Aids, projects elaborated by GRAB and a field research on MSM are analyzed. This analysis intends to highlight potentialities and limits of identity politics, suggesting the attention to the intersections between sexual orientation, gender identity, race and class, and the intersubjetive contexts established by individuals in their erotic sociabilities. These reflections allow to propose actions for STD/Aids prevention in counterpoint to the identitary speeches in vigor.

Alicerçada no pressuposto da inter-relação entre os campos da comunicação e do feminismo, esta proposta pretende fornecer subsídios ao movimento de mulheres e feminista, comprovando que as Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (TIC) -- que têm na internet a sua maior expressão -- não são um fim, mas um instrumento para a transformação social. Com a revolução das TIC, o avanço do trabalho pela equidade das relações sociais de gênero depara-se com o desafio da mudança de mentalidade. Concomitantemente com a revolução tecnológica, ocorrem as revoluções do aprendizado e da expressão pessoal e interpessoal, acarretando outras formas de representação da mulher em função das novas dinâmicas comunicacionais. É pela comunicação a distância que se vislumbra um caminho de reformulação da agenda feminista, com novas estratégias de intervenção política e de atuação. O recorte da pesquisa foca a implementação do uso da internet -- mais especificamente das redes sociais -- para o avanço da luta contra a violência às mulheres, no âmbito doméstico. Considera-se esta cruel realidade como a mais grave expressão das desigualdades de gênero, as quais foram construídas há milênios, colocando a mulher em condição de subordinação ao homem, o que acarreta prejuízos para toda a sociedade. / Based on the assumption of inter-relation between the fields of communication and feminism, this proposal intends to provide subsidies to the women\'s and feminist movement, proving that Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) -- which have in the internet their most significant expression -- are not an end, but rather an instrument for social transformation. With the ICT revolution, the advancement of work for equality in social gender relations faces the challenge of a mentality change. Simultaneously with the technological revolution, the revolutions in the areas of learning and personal and interpersonal expression are occurring, bringing forth new forms of representation of women, made possible by the new communicational dynamics. It is through long-distance communication that it is possible to foresee a path for reformulation of the feminist agenda, with new strategies for political intervention and action. The research focuses on the implementation of the use of the internet for the progression of the specific struggle against violence on women, in the domestic sphere, considering this cruel reality as the gravest expression of gender inequalities, built millennia ago, and which places women in a position of subordination to men, causing damages to society as a whole.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-06-28T17:59:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 mariaribeirodesouza.pdf: 2045000 bytes, checksum: 99c4c5ac194c6a5296f734149ea35994 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-08-07T21:46:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 mariaribeirodesouza.pdf: 2045000 bytes, checksum: 99c4c5ac194c6a5296f734149ea35994 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-07T21:46:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 mariaribeirodesouza.pdf: 2045000 bytes, checksum: 99c4c5ac194c6a5296f734149ea35994 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-21 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente estudo trata-se de uma pesquisa de mestrado vinculada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação de Psicologia da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora que aborda as temáticas: juventude pobre e participação política no contexto de uma Organização Não Governamental. A pesquisa teve como objetivo geral analisar os discursos sobre o protagonismo juvenil que atravessam práticas socioculturais vivenciadas por jovens da Zona da Mata Mineira e seus desdobramentos para a participação política juvenil. Como delineamento metodológico optou-se pela abordagem qualitativa, exploratória de inspiração etnográfica, sob a forma de estudo de caso. A investigação teve como foco de análise dois projetos sociais desenvolvidos por uma ONG, que envolvem duas expressões culturais: a música (cuja modalidade é o rap) e a dança (que abarca as modalidades do hip hop, funk e axé). Os espaços territoriais nos quais os projetos se desenvolvem, são o centro da cidade e uma periferia, respectivamente. Para o desenvolvimento do estudo foi adotado como referencial teórico as obras de Michel Foucault e suas perspectivas metodológicas de Análise do Discurso. Para ampliar as possibilidades de interação e compreensão das dinâmicas sociais, foram utilizadas diferentes ferramentas, tais como: observação participante, entrevistas semiestruturadas e grupos focais. No recorte realizado para esta dissertação as análises construídas se concentraram em torno de três eixos analíticos, a saber: 1) Aspectos psicossociais e vulnerabilidades vivenciadas pelos/pelas jovens; 2) Análise das perspectivas dos colaboradores que atuam na ONG sobre o protagonismo juvenil; 3) Os efeitos de poder das práticas desenvolvidas pela ONG para a participação política dos/das jovens. Através do desenvolvimento do estudo pôde-se constatar que as vivências juvenis e as possibilidades da emergência dos/das jovens enquanto agentes da ação política estão atravessadas por hierarquias, tanto no contexto interno das práticas desenvolvidas quanto externas a elas, o que aponta para a necessidade de se considerar os atravessamentos dos marcadores sociais que ao mesmo tempo em que forjam a construção de identidades coletivas funcionam como eixos de subordinação. Por meio do olhar interseccional foi possível verificar que no âmbito das práticas socioculturais pesquisadas modos de governo e cooptação dos/das jovens se conflitam com possibilidades de agenciamentos e resistências frente a situações de subordinação e opressões. / The present study is a master's degree research linked to the Psychology Postgraduate Program of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora that deals with the themes: poor youth and political participation in the context of a Non-Governmental Organization. The research had as general objective analyze the discourses about youth protagonism that crosses socio-cultural practices experienced by young people from Zona da Mata Mineira and its consequences for youth political participation. As a methodological delineation, was chosen the qualitative approach, exploratory of ethnographic inspiration in form of case study. The investigation had as analysis focus, two social projects developed by a NGO, involving two cultural expressions: music (whose modality is rap) and dance (including the modalities of hip hop, funk and axé). The territorial spaces in which the projects were developed, are the center of the city and one periphery, respectively. For the development of the study was adopted as a theoretical reference the works of Michel Foucault and his methodological perspectives of Discourse Analysis. To expand the possibilities of interaction and understanding of social dynamics, were used different tools such as: participant observation, semi-structured interviews and focus groups. In the delimitation for this dissertation, the constructed analyzes were focused around three analytical axes, namely: 1) Psychosocial aspects and vulnerabilities experienced by young people; 2) Analysis of the perspectives of the collaborators who works in the NGO about the youth protagonism; 3) The effects of power of practices developed by the NGO for the political participation of young people. Through the study development, it was possible to verify that the youth experiences and the emergence possibilities of young people as agents of political action are traversed by hierarchies, both in the internal context of the developed practices as the external of them, which points to the need to consider the crossings of social markers that at the same time forge the construction of collective identities, operate as subordination axes. Through the cross-sectional view, it was possible to verify that in the scope of the researched socio-cultural practices, the modes of government and co-optation of the youths conflict with the possibilities of assemblages and resistances in front of situations of subordination and oppression.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s the popular movements reorganize themselves bringing to the fore the need to rethink the agricultural model and present solutions to the crisis of industrial agriculture. In this context arises the movement of alternative agriculture that, in the 1990s, takes Agroecology as a benchmark for its acting. So, it put for this movement the challenge of building a new agriculture (more sustainable), which required the creation of new references.This research seeks to understand the determinants and dynamics of references generation processes within agroecological NGOs. Specifically, it covers: Identify and analyze the importance attached by agroecological NGOs to referrals generation; Characterize the nature of the references constructed by agroecological NGOs; and describe the conditions and the dynamics of referrals generation process by agroecological NGOs from a case study. To meet these purposes was carried out a literature review aimed to characterize the historical context and understand the institutional mission of agroecological NGOs and the importance of the generating references on it, systematic review of articles published in Agroecology y Desarrollo and Agriculturas magazines with a view to identifying the nature of the generated references and case study of CETAP (RS) to describe the conditions and the dynamic of the generation of references. The research suggests the need to interpret the references generation as a social and dymamic learning process that occurs in the agroecological network. / No final da década de 1970 e durante toda a década de 1980 se reorganizam os movimentos populares, trazendo à tona a necessidade de se repensar o modelo agrícola e apresentar soluções para a crise da agricultura industrial. Neste contexto nasceu o movimento da agricultura alternativa que, na década de 1990 assumiu a Agroecologia como referencial para sua atuação. Assim, se colocou para esse movimento o desafio de construir uma nova agricultura (mais sustentável), o que requeria a geração de novos referentes. A presente pesquisa procurou compreender os condicionantes e a dinâmica dos processos de geração de referentes no âmbito das ONGs agroecológicas. Especificamente, abrangeu: Identificar e analisar a importância concedida pelas ONGs agroecológicas à geração de referentes; Caracterizar a natureza dos referentes gerados pelas ONGs agroecológicas; e Descrever os condicionantes e a dinâmica do processo de geração de referentess pelas ONGs agroecológicas a partir de um estudo de caso. Para atender esses propósitos foi realizada revisão bibliográfica visando a caracterização do contexto para compreensão da importância da geração de referências frente a missão institucional das ONGs agroecológicas, analise sistemática de artigos publicados nas revistas Agroecologia y Desarrollo e Agriculturas com vistas a identificação da natureza dos referentes gerados e estudo de caso do CETAP (RS) para descrever os condicionantes e a dinâmica do processo de geração de referentes. A pesquisa propõe a necessidade de interpretar a construção de referentes como processo que se dá no movimento, e que está em permanente movimento fruto de aprendizagem.

La thèse analyse le rôle des organisations de conservation dans la contradiction croissante entre, d’une part, la formalisation continue d’un cadre politique - juridique - institutionnel - financier - médiatique pour la conservation de l’orang-outang de Sumatra et, d’autre part, le constat avéré du déclin continu de son habitat et de ses populations. Partant du niveau global, elle se concentre ensuite dans le contexte indonésien, porteur d’un conflit aigu autour de la transformation de la forêt de basse altitude -habitat de l’orang-outan de Sumatra- en culture de palmier à huile.Le rôle des organisations de conservation sont étudiées à travers quatre dimensions sociologiques : l’établissement des référentiels globaux de conservation, la construction scientifique des indicateurs de référence, la mise en œuvre du droit indonésien et l’application de l’accord volontaire du RSPO.La thèse a trouvé des réponses concluantes pour chaque dimension et transversalement. Sans minimiser le rôle de l'état et du secteur privé, les ONG jouent aussi un rôle décisif dans le maintien du problème. Deux constantes sont observées : l'une est leur difficulté à tenir compte de la société qui abrite les populations d'orangs-outans, l'autre est leur propension à privilégier leurs propres intérêts afin de perdurer dans le champ social au détriment de leur objectif initial de conservation. Se préoccuper à ces deux manquements est le défi contemporain de la conservation. Des pistes sont donc données dans la conclusion pour refondre la gouvernance internationale de la conservation et pour redéfinir stratégiquement le rôle des ONG de conservation. Cette thèse est basée sur près de vingt ans d'expérience dans la gestion de l'environnement - à la fois pour des organisations de conservation et les Nations Unies - et 49 entretiens semi-directifs. / The thesis analyses the role of conservation organizations in the growing contradiction between, on the one hand a continuous and regular formalisation of a framework (political - legal - institutional - financial - media) for Sumatran orangutan conservation, and on the other hand, a proven report of the continuous decline of orangutan habitat and populations. Starting at the global level, the thesis then focuses on the Indonesian context that gives rise to an acute conflict centred on lowland primary tropical forest - the exclusive habitat of Sumatran orangutans - being converted into large-scale oil palm plantations. The role of conservation organizations has been studied through four sociological dimensions: i) the establishment of global paradigms for conservation, analysing in particular the Great Ape Survival Partnership - GRASP; ii) the "scientific" construction of reference indicators that characterise the orangutan; iii) the establishment and implementation of law at Indonesian level; and iv) the application of the voluntary agreement Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil - RSPO. The overall understanding of the role of NGOs is then given by the cross- analysis of the results under these four angles. The thesis has found articulated and conclusive answers for each dimension. Without underestimating the role of the state and the private sector, the cross-analysis shows that NGOs also play a decisive role in maintaining the problem of habitat loss and the decline of emblematic species, in particular the Sumatran orangutan. Two concomitant constants are observed. One is their difficulty to productively engage with the society that supports the wild orangutan populations. The other is their tendency to prioritize their own interests to perpetrate in the social and political sphere at the expense of their initial conservation objectives. To address these two structural shortcomings is the contemporary challenge for conservation. In the conclusion, suggested paths are given, both to reform international biodiversity governance and to strategically reorient the role of conservation organizations. The thesis is based on information gathered during twenty-years of experience in environmental protection - both in the United Nations and conservation organisations - and 49 semi-structured interviews.

A côté des grandes ONG qui bénéficient d'une visibilité dans l'espace public national, de nombreux citoyens décident, suite à une expérience vécue dans ou avec le Sud (voyage, résidence, adoption, etc.), de « faire quelque chose » pour améliorer les conditions de vie des populations rencontrées et, avec le concours de quelques amis, créent leur propre association de solidarité internationale. Dans un contexte marqué par la recherche d'une meilleure efficacité des interventions menées dans les pays du Sud, leitmotiv de l'injonction à plus de professionnalisme de la part des acteurs, cette thèse étudie les discours et les pratiques de ces citoyens « ordinaires » afin de mettre en lumière le rôle qu'ils jouent dans le champ du développement à travers l'animation de ces « initiatives populaires de solidarité internationale » (IPSI). Plus précisément, dans la tradition interactionniste de la sociologie des groupes professionnels, nous nous intéressons au processus dialectique par lequel les responsables salariés des ONG et les responsables bénévoles des IPSl construisent et définissent leur légitimité d'amateur et de professionnel, en tant qu'acteur de développement. La sociologie de l'action publique nous invite également à étudier l'influence que les pouvoirs publics, par leurs instruments, ont sur la responsabilité et la légitimité des acteurs, sur leurs interactions, sur leur reconnaissance mutuelle. L'injonction externe au professionnalisme provenant également des exigences formulées par les partenaires du Sud, nous nous intéressons enfin, de manière transversale, aux perceptions de ces derniers, dans le cas de projets soutenus au Sénégal. / Alongside established, high-profile non-governmental organisations (NGOs), many individuals decide that they need to "do something" to improve the lives of the people they have met (while travelling, living in another country or adopting a child, etc.). These people join forces with a small group of friends to set up their own development organisations (referred, to hereafter as "popular development initiatives", or PDIs). At present, one of the major concerns in international development cooperation is to make development workers more professional in the interest of better aid effectiveness. This thesis therefore looks at the discourses and practices of these "ordinary" citizens, in order to highlight their role and to identify key issues for this sector. More specifically, we study the dialectic process by which NGO staff and PDI volunteers build and define their professional and amateur legitimacy as development actors, through the prism of the interactionist perspective of the sociology of professional groups. We also draw on the sociology of public action to consider how public authorities, through their policy tools, influence the responsibility and legitimacy of these actors, the interactions between them, and their mutual recognition. The need for professionalism also stems from demands by local partners in the developing world, so we have taken an interest in their perceptions in the case of Senegal.

La presente investigación tiene por finalidad elaborar el Plan de Negocios de Agroexportadora de Paltas Hass para el mercado europeo, específicamente de Holanda, y para ello se desarrolla la línea de Negocio de la empresa “SRA Avocado Export S.A” que, mediante la asociatividad con la ONG CEDEP y los agricultores de valles interandinos en Lucanas (Ayacucho) y de la costa en Palpa e Ica (Ica), se lograría ofrecer productos de alta calidad y en volúmenes suficientes. La Justificación e importancia del Plan de Negocios que se propone, se considera viable por 04 razones fundamentales: (i) porque el mercado de la palta de exportación tiene bastante potencial de crecimiento y el Perú viene ocupando los primeros lugares en producción y exportación; (ii) la gran demanda del producto por el descubrimiento de cualidades medicinales y culinarias, tanto nacional como internacional; (iii) experiencia institucional de la ONG CEDEP en manejo del cultivo paltas de exportación y su comercialización que garantizara la calidad del fruto; y (iv) y seguir apoyando a poblaciones rurales en situación de pobreza. Finalmente, los objetivos serán reflejados en el Plan de Negocio, detallando las estrategias, planes y los costos asociados a estos para poder establecer los Estados Financieros del Proyecto de “SRA Avocado”. Conocidas estas cifras, nos permitirá analizar los indicadores de rentabilidad, endeudamiento, liquidez y flujos de efectivo del proyecto. Los factores financieros centrales que acreditan la viabilidad del negocio son el Valor Actual del Proyecto (VAN) que asciende a USD 352,304 y la Tasa Interna de Retorno (TIR) de 55.1%, los cuales nos permiten asegurar que es un proyecto viable financieramente. El plan de negocios servirá como una guía para agricultores e inversionistas, quienes son finalmente los que por medio de un trabajo asociativo lograrían posicionar el producto en el mercado objetivo, y sacar provecho de lo que el producto puede ofrecer al país y a la empresa privada. / The purpose of this research is to prepare the Hass Avocado Agro-exporter Business Plan for the European market, specifically the Netherlands, and for this the business line of the company “SRA Avocado Export SA” is developed which, through association with the NGO CEDEP and the farmers of inter-Andean valleys in Lucanas (Ayacucho) and of the coast in Palpa and Ica (Ica), it would be possible to offer high quality products and in sufficient volumes. The Justification and importance of the proposed Business Plan is considered viable for 04 fundamental reasons: (i) because the avocado market for export has enough growth potential and Peru has been occupying the first places in production and export; (ii) the great demand for the product due to the discovery of medicinal and culinary qualities, both nationally and internationally; (iii) institutional experience of the NGO CEDEP in managing the cultivation of avocados for export and their commercialization that will guarantee the quality of the fruit; and (iv) and continue supporting rural populations living in poverty. Finally, the objectives will be reflected in the Business Plan, they buy the strategies, plans and costs associated with these in order to establish the Financial Statements of the "SRA Avocado" Project. Once these are known, they will analyze the indicators of profitability, indebtedness, liquidity and cash flows of the project. The central financial factors that prove the viability of the business are the Present Value of the Project (NPV) which amounts to USD 352,304 and the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 55.1%, which allow us to ensure that it is a financially viable project. The business plan will serve as a guide for farmers and investors, who are ultimately the ones who, through associative work, would be able to position the product in the target market, and take advantage of what the product can offer the country and the private company. / Trabajo de investigación

Couvert à plus de 80% de forêt tropicale, et dans le contexte du spectre de l’épuisement du pétrole, le Gabon est confronté au défi d’assurer un équilibre entre exploitation et préservation de ses ressources. Les politiques qui en découlent sont largement orientées par les engagements pris par le gouvernement pour répondre aux injonctions internationales, mais aussi à la pression des bailleurs de fonds et aux promoteurs du développement durable (ONG internationales, fondations, organismes de coopération…). Cette orientation vers une gestion durable des forêts a ainsi conduit le pays à des réformes considérables : nouveaux modes de gouvernance (avec l’implication de « nouveaux » acteurs aux ambitions diverses), nouveau code forestier, nouvelle organisation des institutions, nouveaux modes d’usages des forêts. Une rupture semble être marquée ici avec une gestion héritée des indépendances, voire de l’époque coloniale. Entre revendication d’une souveraineté nationale et gestion d’une ressource qui touche à des enjeux planétaires, la gouvernance des forêts s’avère complexe pour un État aux moyens techniques et financiers limités. Les espaces forestiers et les populations qui en dépendent deviennent ainsi le terrain d’affrontements de stratégies diverses, parfois divergentes, souvent calquées sur des modèles ne correspondant pas toujours à la réalité socio-culturelle locale, mais légitimées par le seul label de gestion durable. Notre thèse donne des clés de lecture sur cette gouvernance et sur les dynamiques des politiques forestières au Gabon, en mettant l’accent sur l’observation de certains acteurs. S’il est souvent admis que les États forestiers du sud sont sous l’emprise de puissantes ONG internationales, symboles d’une gouvernance prescrite et d’une ingérence écologique, notre étude montre que la présence de ces nouveaux acteurs peut aussi témoigner d’une stratégie des gouvernements du sud pour la reconquête de leurs ressources et de leurs territoires. De dominants à dominés, on passe à une relation de gagnants à gagnants, au péril parfois d’une population locale instrumentalisée et résignée. En abordant les jeux et le rôle des acteurs pour comprendre le territoire, cette thèse offre des perspectives pour porter un nouveau regard sur la gestion des ressources forestières au Gabon. / Covered over 80 % of tropical forest, and in the context of the spectrum of oil depletion, Gabon is faced with the challenge of ensuring a balance between exploitation and conservation of its resources. As a result, policies are largely guided by the commitments made by Governments to meet international orders, but also by pressure from donors and sponsors (international NGOs, foundations, cooperation agencies…) for a Sustainable Development. This shift towards sustainable forest management has led the country to significant reforms: new modes of governance (with the involvement of "new" actors in different ambitions), new forest code, a new organization of institutions, new ways of uses of forests. A break seems to be marked here from independence and even colonial times management. Between a claim of national sovereignty and management of a resource that touches on global issues, forest governance is complex for a state limited in technical and financial resources. Forest areas and people who depend on them become the battleground of various and diverse strategies, sometimes divergent, which do not always correspond to the local socio- cultural reality, but legitimized by the single label for sustainable management. Our thesis provides keys for the reading of this governance and the dynamics of forest policies in Gabon, with emphasis on the observation of certain players. While it is often assumed that southern states forest’s are under the influence of powerful international NGOs, a symbol of a prescribed governance and environmental intervention, Our study shows that the presence of these players may also reflect a southern Governments strategy to regain their resources and their territories. From dominants to dominated relationship, we go to a win-win relationship, sometimes at the risk of a local population exploited and designated. In addressing the role of games and players to understand the territory, this thesis provides opportunities to bring a new perspective on the management of forest resources in Gabon.

This research discusses communication and meaning in the context of orality, using a variety of theoretical perspectives, including memory theory, media and communication theory, and semiotics. Drawing on the work of Walter Ong, it provides new insight about the characteristics and limits of oralnarration by assessing the memes, tropes, and phraseological units in the oral narrations of Armenian Genocide survivors. This research identifies a list of replicable forms of stories and oral devices that are used by the group in question; it then proposes that oral narration of non-fictional topics designed to convey historical or episodic information to others is intuitive, reactive, directed, fuzzy, and sticky. Concerns about the legitimacy and historical value of the narrations under review do not play a role in this research; instead, the focal point is the meaning embedded in the form and structure of the narrations under study.