No description available.

This thesis observes the phenomenon of oral interaction and its share in the classes of french language at secondary school. Primarily, it deals with the history of the oral interaction and its development in methodologies of foreign languages. Then it focuses on description of the current situation, which is based on observation of concrete classes. The aim of this thesis is to find out how to integrate the oral interaction effectively into french classes and what type of methodological approach is favorable to oral interaction. Finally, the crucial propositions are formulated, which can positively influence the process of teaching foreign languages, following the communication objective.

O objetivo principal deste trabalho é analisar o aproveitamento de marcas de oralidade como recurso persuasivo em anúncios publicitários. Procuramos demonstrar que, por meio da incorporação dessas marcas, os textos publicitários escritos, para melhor alcançarem objetivos de adesão à mensagem e persuasão dos destinatários, desenvolvem estratégias de simulação ou representação da conversação espontânea. Para comprovarmos essa hipótese, examinamos anúncios publicados na revista Veja, semanário de maior circulação em nosso país. Para a realização da análise dos textos publicitários, adotamos os postulados teóricos estabelecidos pela Análise da Conversação, valendo-nos sobretudo dos estudos desenvolvidos pelo Projeto de Estudo da Norma Lingüística Urbana Culta de São Paulo (NURC/SP). Apoiamo-nos também na concepção interacionista da linguagem, elaborada pela Lingüística do Discurso. A Análise do Discurso, em especial os estudos de Charaudeau e Maingueneau, serviu-nos igualmente de base para a compreensão dos modos de organização do discurso publicitário. Para refletirmos sobre os aspectos persuasivos que alicerçam a publicidade, retomamos alguns dos conceitos-chave da retórica aristotélica, bem como da Nova Retórica, desenvolvidos nos trabalhos de Perelman e Olbrechts-Tyteca. A análise do corpus aponta que pode manifestar-se, como estratégia argumentativa nos anúncios impressos, um processo de representação da oralidade, que se realiza por meio da simulação de identidade espaciotemporal entre o sujeito enunciador e o destinatário, evidenciada, por exemplo, pelo emprego de vocabulário dêitico. Observa-se que a seleção vocabular aplicada nos anúncios está próxima dos usos próprios da oralidade, o que se percebe principalmente pelo emprego de provérbios, gírias e expressões consagradas pelo uso falado e popular. Desvios em relação à norma padrão demonstram a incidência da força de penetração sobre a escrita das mudanças lingüísticas que se originam nas práticas discursivas da oralidade. / The main objective of this paperwork is to analyze the good use of orality signs as a persuasive resource in advertisement. We try to demonstrate that advertising written texts develop strategies of simulation or spontaneous conversation representation, through the incorporation of these orality signs to better achieve the texts objectives of agreement with the message and the persuasion of their destinataries. In order to prove this hypothesis, we examine advertisement in Veja magazine, a weekly publication with the largest circulation in our country. For the accomplishment of this advertising texts analysis, we adopt the theoretical postulates established by the Analysis of Conversation, taking into consideration after all, the studies developed by Projeto de Estudo da Norma Lingüística Urbana Culta de São Paulo - NURC/SP (Project of the Urban Cultured Linguistics Rules Studies of São Paulo). We also support the interacting conception of language, elaborated by Speech Linguistics. Speech analysis, especially the studies of Charaudeau and Maingueneau, served us equally as basis for the comprehension of the types of advertising speech organization. For further reflection on the persuasive aspects, upon which advertising is founded, we retrieve some key-concepts from Aristotelic rhetorics as well as New Rhetorics, developed by Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca work pieces. The corpus analysis points out that an orality representation process may manifest itself as an argumentative strategy in printed advertisement, which is accomplished through the simulation of space-time identity between the subject speaker and its destinatary, noted , for instance, by the use of deitic vocabulary. It is observed that the vocabulary selection applied in advertisement is close to orality own uses, what is mainly noticed by the use of proverbs, slangs and popular commonly-used oral expressions. Misapplication of general rule demonstrates the incidence of the power of penetration over the writing of linguistic changes that are originated in the communicative practice of orality.

O objetivo principal deste trabalho é analisar o aproveitamento de marcas de oralidade como recurso persuasivo em anúncios publicitários. Procuramos demonstrar que, por meio da incorporação dessas marcas, os textos publicitários escritos, para melhor alcançarem objetivos de adesão à mensagem e persuasão dos destinatários, desenvolvem estratégias de simulação ou representação da conversação espontânea. Para comprovarmos essa hipótese, examinamos anúncios publicados na revista Veja, semanário de maior circulação em nosso país. Para a realização da análise dos textos publicitários, adotamos os postulados teóricos estabelecidos pela Análise da Conversação, valendo-nos sobretudo dos estudos desenvolvidos pelo Projeto de Estudo da Norma Lingüística Urbana Culta de São Paulo (NURC/SP). Apoiamo-nos também na concepção interacionista da linguagem, elaborada pela Lingüística do Discurso. A Análise do Discurso, em especial os estudos de Charaudeau e Maingueneau, serviu-nos igualmente de base para a compreensão dos modos de organização do discurso publicitário. Para refletirmos sobre os aspectos persuasivos que alicerçam a publicidade, retomamos alguns dos conceitos-chave da retórica aristotélica, bem como da Nova Retórica, desenvolvidos nos trabalhos de Perelman e Olbrechts-Tyteca. A análise do corpus aponta que pode manifestar-se, como estratégia argumentativa nos anúncios impressos, um processo de representação da oralidade, que se realiza por meio da simulação de identidade espaciotemporal entre o sujeito enunciador e o destinatário, evidenciada, por exemplo, pelo emprego de vocabulário dêitico. Observa-se que a seleção vocabular aplicada nos anúncios está próxima dos usos próprios da oralidade, o que se percebe principalmente pelo emprego de provérbios, gírias e expressões consagradas pelo uso falado e popular. Desvios em relação à norma padrão demonstram a incidência da força de penetração sobre a escrita das mudanças lingüísticas que se originam nas práticas discursivas da oralidade. / The main objective of this paperwork is to analyze the good use of orality signs as a persuasive resource in advertisement. We try to demonstrate that advertising written texts develop strategies of simulation or spontaneous conversation representation, through the incorporation of these orality signs to better achieve the texts objectives of agreement with the message and the persuasion of their destinataries. In order to prove this hypothesis, we examine advertisement in Veja magazine, a weekly publication with the largest circulation in our country. For the accomplishment of this advertising texts analysis, we adopt the theoretical postulates established by the Analysis of Conversation, taking into consideration after all, the studies developed by Projeto de Estudo da Norma Lingüística Urbana Culta de São Paulo - NURC/SP (Project of the Urban Cultured Linguistics Rules Studies of São Paulo). We also support the interacting conception of language, elaborated by Speech Linguistics. Speech analysis, especially the studies of Charaudeau and Maingueneau, served us equally as basis for the comprehension of the types of advertising speech organization. For further reflection on the persuasive aspects, upon which advertising is founded, we retrieve some key-concepts from Aristotelic rhetorics as well as New Rhetorics, developed by Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca work pieces. The corpus analysis points out that an orality representation process may manifest itself as an argumentative strategy in printed advertisement, which is accomplished through the simulation of space-time identity between the subject speaker and its destinatary, noted , for instance, by the use of deitic vocabulary. It is observed that the vocabulary selection applied in advertisement is close to orality own uses, what is mainly noticed by the use of proverbs, slangs and popular commonly-used oral expressions. Misapplication of general rule demonstrates the incidence of the power of penetration over the writing of linguistic changes that are originated in the communicative practice of orality.

In many of today’s EFL classrooms, teachers struggle to get students to actively participate and interact with their teacher, peers and language. This research examines the techniques that EFL teachers use to enhance teacher-student interaction in Syrian classrooms. It also explores students’ responses to the opportunities offered by their teachers. Using an exploratory case study design, this study draws on five video recorded classroom observation sessions for two EFL teachers. Findings in this study revealed that classroom interaction substantiates the stimulus response as a predominant method to teaching in this country. They also suggested the students became more inclined to talk when they found the teacher paying attention and showing interest in the answer. The teachers are recommended to increase students’ opportunities for practicing the language forms they are learning.

Ce travail s’est donné pour objectif d’étudier les unités polylexématiques (mots complexes, groupes ou énoncés) idiomatiques telles qu’elles sont employées dans l’interaction orale. L’étude s’inscrit dans la perspective de l’analyse conversationnelle, d’une part, reposant sur un corpus (allemand et français) de radio libre antenne comprenant douze heures d’enregistrement, et dans la perspective de l’analyse du discours, d’autre part, puisqu’une large place est accordée au type de discours à l’œuvre, marqué par les récits d’émotions et d’expérience. Quelles spécificités caractérisent les unités polylexématiques idiomatiques dans leur emploi ? Quelles particularités, sur le plan cognitif notamment, se font jour ? Quelle est leur ampleur réelle dans l’interaction orale ? Entravent-elles ou facilitent-elles l’intercompréhension ? Tels sont les questionnements au cœur de ce travail. L’environnement discursif des unités étudiées révèle, à l’échelle nanostructurelle, des caractéristiques telles que leur polyfonctionnalité communicative et leur nodalité dans le discours. À une échelle microstructurelle, l’analyse des échanges met au jour des fonctions (d’illustration, de dissimulation, et de représentation) et une disposition à la persistance cognitive de ces unités. Dans ces observations transparaissent les propriétés fondamentales des unités au cœur de ce travail : la stabilité et l’idiomaticité. Elles prennent cependant une tout autre dimension, et revêtent d’autres formes d’apparition, dans la confrontation à un corpus d’interaction orale. / This work set out to study polylexematic units (complex words, phrases or utterances) in their use in oral interaction. The research is grounded in the framework of conversation analysis on the one hand, with the data coming from a German and French corpus comprised of twelve hours worth’ of phone-in radio. It also relies on discourse analysis insofar as particular attention is paid to the type of discourse under scrutiny, marked by emotionally and experientially charged stories. What specific features characterize idiomatic polylexematic units in use? What specificities are brought to light, especially at the cognitive level? What is their actual extent in oral interaction? Do they hinder or facilitate mutual understanding? Those are the issues at stake in this work. At the nanostructural level, the discursive environment of the units under scrutiny reveals features such as their communicative polyfunctionality or their nodality in speech. At the microstructural level, the analysis of the exchanges brings to light functions of illustration, dissimulation and representation as well as these units’ disposition for cognitive persistence. These observations make apparent the fundamental properties of the units at stake in this work: stability and idiomaticity. They nevertheless take on a whole new dimension and appear in different forms when confronted to a corpus of oral interaction.

This research is guided from the perspective of Pragmatics, and it is situated in the theoretical and methodological field of Interactional Sociolinguistics and Conversation Analysis. The objective is to analyze the conversation between participants in a specific type of interaction, that is TV news interviews, conducted in the news of state of Alagoas local TV channels, in order to investigate the saving face process on the run. The theoretical framework is based on studies developed by Goffman (1967) and research work on politeness as an element of saving face developed further by Brown & Levinson (1987). For the research methodology I adopted the proposal of ethnographic microanalysis to analyze in detail each of the interactions recorded in audio and video, through observation and transcription of the conversation, to investigate through the accuracy required, the saving face discursive practice of the interlocutors. The corpus consisted of six interviews that were collected during the initial period of the survey. The results reveal a broad and diverse discursive practice of saving face in the discourse of the interaction in focus. The topic being discussed in every interaction is an element that influences the practice of face saving, especially when taking into account certain contextual components, such as personal/professional identity of the person who is speaking on the topic and its relation with it. The distance from the speech is a resource used repeatedly by both interviewer and interviewee, and there is evidence that a party perceives the occurrence of this practice in the speech of the other. The reaction to cooperate or try to disprove this intention will also vary depending on the contextual elements, not only on who is talking, but mainly from what is being said. In this regard, it was noticed that when the disclosure happens it is not always a threat to face. Finally, it was noticed that politeness is a discursive practice widely used by both parties in the saving face process, and by making use of this practice the interviewer, as one who directs the interaction at first, can achieve the goal of their work as well as mantaining a harmonious interaction with their interviwees. / Esta pesquisa é orientada sob a perspectiva dos estudos da Pragmática, e situa-se no campo teórico-metodológico da Sociolinguística Interacional (SI) e da Análise da Conversação (AC). O objetivo é analisar a conversa que ocorre entre os participantes de um tipo específico de interação, as entrevistas jornalísticas de TV, realizadas e veiculadas em noticiários de emissoras locais - do estado de Alagoas -, com o propósito de investigar como se dá o processo de negociação das faces em jogo. A fundamentação teórica tem como base os estudos sobre a negociação da face desenvolvidos por Goffman (1967) e o trabalho de pesquisa sobre a polidez como um elemento de negociação da face, realizado posteriormente por Brown & Levinson (1987). Como procedimento metodológico, adotei a proposta da microanálise etnográfica, e analisei detalhadamente cada uma das interações orais gravadas em áudio e vídeo, através da observação e transcrição da conversa, para investigar com a acuidade necessária, a prática discursiva de negociação da imagem dos interlocutores na interação. O corpus constituiu-se da transcrição de seis entrevistas, e foi coletado durante o período inicial de realização da pesquisa. Os resultados revelam uma ampla e diversificada prática discursiva de negociar a imagem no discurso da interação em foco. O tema que se discute em cada interação é um dos elementos que influencia na prática da negociação da imagem, principalmente ao considerar certos componentes contextuais, como a identidade pessoal/profissional da pessoa que está falando sobre o tema e em que sentido, a ele, a pessoa está relacionada. O afastamento dos interlocutores do discurso é um recurso recorrentemente usado na fala de ambos, entrevistador e entrevistado, e há evidências de que um interlocutor percebe a ocorrência dessa prática no discurso do outro. A reação de colaborar com o afastamento ou de tentar desmascarar essa intenção também vai variar a depender dos elementos contextuais, não só de quem está falando, mas, principalmente, do quê se está falando. A esse respeito, percebeu-se também que quando há o desvelamento, esse nem sempre se constitui em um ato ameaçador das faces. Por fim, percebeu-se que a polidez é uma prática discursiva muito usada pelos dois interlocutores no processo da negociação da imagem, e que o entrevistador, como aquele que a princípio dirige a interação, ao fazer uso dessa prática, consegue atingir o objetivo do seu trabalho sem abrir mão de manter um contato harmonioso na interação com o entrevistado.

In the globalized world, the English language has an important role. It expands and finds its way into curriculums as far away as in Asia. However, in Sweden English has been a part of the curriculum for over a half-century and most Swedes are able to understand and make themselves understood in English to a certain extent. Nevertheless, in the wake of globalization its importance has grown, and as a core subject in school and as a spread commercial language, mastering the English language has become a significant skill. Learning a foreign language is a delicate task that requires volition and a great deal of patience. In order to succeed, the learner must be motivated. Motivation is a powerful phenomenon, relevant within all learning, but not least when it concerns areas as demanding and challenging as language learning. This smallscale study investigates views in recent research of the role of pupils’ selves in relation to their motivation and what factors are considered to stimulate pupils’ selves. Asian studies dominate the reviewed material but also Swedish studies are represented. The findings of this study indicate that pupils’ selves are related to motivation. What stimulates pupils’ selves seems to match all activities and methods that strengthen autonomy, competence and relatedness. These findings support a motivational conscious teaching, where motivation is acknowledged as a vital element in learning in general and specifically in language learning.

Utifrån ett sociokulturellt perspektiv lär och utvecklas människan i en social samvaro där interaktion sker mellan deltagarna. Syftet med denna studie är därmed att utifrån ett sociokulturellt perspektiv undersöka verksamma lärares uppfattningar om grupparbete som syftar till att skapa utrymme för muntlig interaktion i det flerspråkiga klassrummet och genom observationer analysera hur detta kommer till uttryck i klassrumspraktiken. För att besvara detta syfte används följande frågeställningar Hur beskriver verksamma lärare att de organiserar grupparbeten som syftar till att skapa utrymme för muntlig interaktion i det flerspråkiga klassrummet? Hur kommer lärarnas intentioner om grupparbete till uttryck i klassrumspraktiken? Forskningsdesignen utgörs av en flerfallstudie där två olika fall ingår. I undersökningen ingår åtta elever från två olika parallellklasser i årskurs 3 och deras fyra undervisande lärare. Insamlandet av data har skett genom intervjuer med lärarna och observationer i respektive fall.   Resultatet visar att lärarna har som avsikt att vid organisering av grupparbete skapa utrymme för muntlig interaktion i det flerspråkiga klassrummet. Vid observationerna är muntlig interaktion dock frånvarande och framkommer vid fåtal sekvenser. Lärarna beskriver att deras uppgift är att stötta eleverna under arbetets gång samt ge eleverna tydliga instruktioner innan arbetet påbörjas. Resultatet visar att i de fall som lärarna gav eleverna tydliga instruktioner om hur arbetsuppgifter kan fördelas i gruppen var samtliga elever delaktiga. I de fall som läraren inte gav eleverna instruktioner om hur arbetsuppgifterna kan fördelas var inte alla elever delaktiga. Studiens resultat visar även att om eleverna ska ges optimala förutsättningar för muntlig interaktion ska läraren gruppera eleverna i grupper om tre till fyra elever där elevernas språkliga bakgrunder varierar. / From a socio-cultural perspective, learn and evolve human when they being in a social interaction where the interaction takes place between the participants. The purpose of this study is therefore from a socio-cultural perspective examine active teachers ' perceptions about group work intended to create space for oral interaction in the multilingual classroom and through observations analyze how this is reflected in classroom practice. To respond to this purpose, the following questions are How do active teachers describe the organizing of group work which aimed to create space for oral interaction in the multilingual classroom?  How will teacher’s intentions about group work reflect in classroom practice? The research design consists of a multi- case study where two different cases are included. The survey includes eight pupils from two different parallel classes in grade 3 and their four teaching teachers. The collection of data has been done through interviews with the teachers and the observations in each case.   The results show that the teachers intend to group work to create space for oral interaction in the multilingual classroom. However, in the observations, oral interaction is absent and appears in few sequences. The Teachers describe their mission is to support the students during the course of work as well as provide students with clear instructions before starting work. The results show that in the case that teachers gave students clear instructions about how tasks can be distributed in the group, were all students involved. In the case that the teacher did not give the students instructions on how the tasks can be distributed was not all students involved. The results of the study also show that if students are to be given optimal conditions for oral interaction, the teacher will group students into groups of three to four students where students’ linguistic backgrounds vary.

Individer som kommit till Sverige som ensamkommande barn möter olika svårigheter. I tidigare forskningsansatser har fokus lagts på ensamkommandes tidigare erfarenhet av våld och krig samt betydelsen av socialt stöd. Studiens syfte är att få ökad förståelse om stress och stresshantering bland ensamkommande samt ta reda på betydelsen av sociala relationer gällande stresshantering. Denna kvalitativa studie är byggd på tio semistrukturerade intervjuer med tio unga vuxna mäns subjektiva berättelser. De har sitt ursprung i Afghanistan och har kommit till Sverige som ensamkommande barn. Intervjumaterialet analyserades utifrån Bronfenbrenners utvecklingsteori och Lazarus stressteori med hjälp av tematisk analys. Resultatet visar att ensamkommande upplever stress på grund av a) krav från familjen, b) familjens situation i hemlandet, c) språklig interaktion med infödda svenskar, d) kunna hitta ett arbete och e) att inte känna igen den fysiska miljön. Gällande stresshantering visar resultatet att individens sociala nätverk, hjälp från de professionella kontakter och den egna personligheten var betydelsefull. Att kunna arbeta och utbilda sig var viktiga stresshanterings strategier för deltagarna. Vänner från hemlandet och interaktion på det egna modersmålet var källor till trygghet för deltagarna. / Individuals who have come to Sweden as unaccompanied refugee minors meet different difficulties. In previous research, the main focal points have been the unaccompanied minors' previous experiences of violence and war, and the importance of social support. The aims of this study were firstly to gain a greater understanding regarding stress and stress management among unaccompanied refugee minors, and secondly, to look at the importance of social relationships regarding stress management. This qualitative study is based upon ten semi-structured interviews. Ten young adults gave their subjective narrative. The interviewees had their roots in Afghanistan. They all came to Sweden as unaccompanied refugee minors. The interview was analyzed based on Bronfenbrenner´s Ecological systems theory and Lazarus stress theory, using thematic analysis. The results drawn were that unaccompanied refugee minors experience stress because of a) expressed and perceived demands from the family, b) for the family's situation in the home country, c) the oral interaction with ethnical Swedes, d) be able to find work, and e) not recognizing the physical environment. The result regarding stress management shows that social relations, help from professional contacts, and their own personality were of importance for the study participants. Furthermore, the results show that being able to work and to educate themselves were important stress management strategies. Friends from the homeland and the mother tongue were sources of comfort for the participants.