The formation of state borders is often told through the history of war and diplomacy. What is neglected is the tale of how borders of seemingly peaceful and long-extant places were set. In drawing Egypt’s borders, nineteenth-century cartographers were drawing upon a well of knowledge that stretched back into antiquity. Relying on the works of Greco-Roman writers and the Bible itself, cartographers and explorers used the authority of these works to make sense of unfamiliar lands, regardless of any current circumstances. The border with Palestine was determined through the usage of the Old Testament, while classical scholars like Herodotus and Ptolemy set the southern border at the Cataracts. The ancient cartography of Rome was overlaid upon the Egypt of Muhammad Ali. Given the increasing importance Egypt had to the burgeoning British Empire of the nineteenth century, how did this mesh with the influences informing cartographical representations of Egypt? This study argues that the imagined spaces created by Western cartographers informed the trajectory of Britain’s eventual conquest of Egypt. While receding as geopolitical concerns took hold, the classical and biblical influences were nonetheless part of a larger trend of Orientalism that colored the way Westerners interacted with and treated the people of Egypt and the East. By examining the maps and the terminology employed by nineteenth century scholars on Egypt’s geography, a pattern emerges that highlights how much classical and biblical texts had on the Western imagination of Egypt as the modern terms eventually superseded them.

Cette thèse interroge la relation entre la littérature et l'idée impérialiste chez Pierre Loti. La vogue du voyage en Orient au XIXe siècle correspond au développement de la colonisation commerciale et politique qui change de façon fondamentale la vision du monde pour les gens de l'époque. L'aspiration vers l'ailleurs s'entremêlant à la perspective impériale, l'expansion territoriale européenne influence la perception du dehors de l'Occident. En poursuivant son rêve oriental, Pierre Loti, quant à lui, découvre la réalité locale à l'étranger et écrit de cette expérience existentielle des récits tout aussi exotiques que banals. Le but de notre réflexion est de mettre en question le rapport de l'écrivain à l'Orient sous influence coloniale. Elle s'efforce d'éclaircir le mécanisme de ses pensées sur l'ailleurs à partir des études sur la représentation de la Turquie, de l'Inde et du Japon / The subject of this doctoral thesis is the relation between literature and imperial ideology in the world of Pierre Loti. Journeys to the Orient had a great vogue throughout the 19th century and followed the same direction as the colonial undertaking that influenced the vision of the world at that period. The aspiration for the East intertwined with the imperial perspective, the territorial expansion of the European powers influenced the perception of outside the West. Pierre Loti has discovered the local situation in each country he visited and has written, from this existential experience, exotic and mundane stories. The purpose of our thinking is to call into question the connection between the writer and the East under colonial influence. It attempts to clarify the mechanism of his thoughts on the culture of non-Western civilizations and tries to analyze the representation of Turkey, India and Japan in his novels

The Soviet Union was the great enemy of Western civlisationen during the cold war. Sweden was not part of the cold war. Despite that Sweden had more in common with the Western powers. The country had more cultural, economic and political similarities with them. The purpose of this study was to examine how Swedish newspapers wrote about the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. I have also examined whether they expressed a fear of Russia. The newspapers that were included in the study were: Norrkensflamman (socialistic), Aftonbladet (social democratic), Arbetet (social democratic), Dagens Nyheter (independent), Expressen (liberal) and Svenska Dagbladet (conservative). The results showed that Expressen, Dagens Nyheter and Svenska Dagbladet had a western and eurocentric international outlook. Aftonbladet and Arbetet also had a western and eurocentric international outlook but were more critical of the western powers. Norrskensflamman was the only newspaper that supported the Soviet Union. They also saw the capitalist world as the great enemy. Russian fear was expressed in Arbetet, Svenska Dagbladet and Expressen. Arbetet thought the rest of the world should demand that Russia abolishing all their nuclear weapons. Svenska Dagbladet and Expressen saw Russia’s political system as threat to the west. Svenska Dagbladet also suspected that Russia should attack their neighbours in the future.

The purpose of the study is to highlight women's experiences of and beliefs about the labour market, in relation to wearing the veil. It´s based on a qualitative study of semi-structured interviews with thirteen university students of women wearing hijab and illustrate how their reflections of discrimination affect educational choices. It also describes what treatment the women wearing hijab has experienced in previous contact with the labor market and when the veil has been actualized in different work situations. The result is described in three themes:  “wearing hijab”, “education and profession” and “work life”. It displays how the women highlight their experiences of discrimination towards their hijab and states that there is discrimination in social and public contexts, as well as in the Swedish labor market. Furthermore, the women tell how difficult it is for the hijab wearing woman to be considered as her own individual, instead, she is defined by the hijab and met with prejudiced values and reactions. The results were analyzed with theories as postcolonial feminism, orientalism, and different forms of discrimination, stigmatization and exclusion. During the job search, the respondents in this study tells that they need to over emphasize their skills because they constantly feel that they need to disprove prejudices about an imagine incompetence. Especially after the European Court of Justice ruled (2017-03-14) that entitles the employers to deny women wearing hijab at the workplace. Additionally, the negative attitude is not always visible but hidden outward and towards the periphery of society. This study clarifies how they are treated in society and highlights the limits of their opportunities in the labor market because of prejudice about the hijab. The results are related to previous studies and are discussed in relation to the dominant image of the veil in the West.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo central a compreensão do Orientalismo Arquitetônico em São Paulo, entre 1890 à 1937. Almeja-se por assim, entender a historicidade deste fenômeno, desde a incorporação do vocabulário arquitetônico até a constituição de um diversificado, heterogêneo e particularizado campo social de produção pelas ruas da cidade. Leva-se em conta, como motivos definidores de sua vivência cultural: seus agentes-produtores, seus interlocutores sociais, seus sentidos e signos sociais nas especificidades da São Paulo da Primeira República. O que para além das características e variações de produção formal e da incorporação e interpretação de repertórios orientalistas-arquitetônicos, passa diretamente pela interação com as práticas sociais e tensões da cidade. Assim, depositamos a compreensão nas manifestações paulistanas da arquitetura orientalista, através do entendimento da arquitetura como elemento de representação de seus agentes - proprietários e construtores - dentro de suas redes de sociabilidade e campo de possibilidades. Tendo em vista, especialmente, o papel de afirmação, distinção e apropriação de vínculos simbólicos e de linguagens com esse imaginário \"oriental\" sobre o outro expressos em palacetes. Na aceitação de uma imagem edulcorada, reconhecível e auspiciosa de si, no caso de seus proprietários e viventes, e de vitrine de arte e de ofício de seus variados artífices-construtores. No entendimento das especificidades do caso paulistano enquanto fenômeno marcado pela convivência entre a incorporação de um estilo de arquitetura e a apropriação de sua \"imagem\" orientalista por imigrados árabes e andaluzes radicados em São Paulo, naquilo que aponta para significados e vínculos de identidades e alteridades latentes. / This dissertation aims at understanding Architectural Orientalism in São Paulo between 1890 and 1937. The aim is to understand the historicity of this phenomenon, from the incorporation of the architectural vocabulary to the constitution of a diversified, heterogeneous and particular social field The streets of the city. They take into account, as defining factors of their cultural experience: their agents-producers, their social interlocutors, their senses and social signs in the specifics of São Paulo of the First Republic. What goes beyond the characteristics and variations of formal production and the incorporation and interpretation of orientalist-architectural repertoires, goes directly through the interaction with the social practices and tensions of the city. Thus, we place understanding in the Paulistan manifestations of Orientalist architecture, through the understanding of architecture as an element of representation of its agents - owners and builders - within their networks of sociability and field of possibilities. Especially considering the role of affirmation, distinction and appropriation of symbolic links and languages with this \"oriental\" imaginary on the other expressed in palaces. In the acceptance of a sweetened, recognizable and auspicious image of itself, in the case of its owners and living, and showcase of art and craft of its various craftsmen-builders. In the understanding of the specificities of the paulistano case as a phenomenon marked by the coexistence between the incorporation of a style of architecture and the appropriation of its Orientalist \"image\" by Arab and Andalusian immigrants living in São Paulo, in what points to meanings and ties of identities and alterities Latent

Thesis advisor: Jeffery Howe / The Orient has been a mythical, looming presence since the foundation of Islam in the 7th century. It has always been the “Other” that Edward Said wrote about in his 1979 book Orientalism. The gulf of misunderstanding between the myth and the reality of the Near East still exists today in the 21st century. Napoleon's invasion of Egypt in 1798 and the subsequent colonization of the Near East is perhaps the defining moment in the Western perception of the Near East. At the beginning of modern colonization, Napoleon and his companions arrived in the Near East convinced of their own superiority and authority; they were Orientalists. The supposed superiority of Europeans justified the colonization of Islamic lands. Said never specifically wrote about art; however, his theories on colonialism and Orientalism still apply. Linda Nochlin first made use of them in her article “The Imaginary Orient” from 1983. Artists such as Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Eugène Delacroix and Jean-Léon Gérôme demonstrate Said's idea of representing the Islamic “Other” as a culturally inferior and backward people, especially in their portrayal of women. The development of photography in the late 19th century added another dimension to this view of the Orient, with its seemingly objective viewpoint. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2004. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Fine Arts. / Discipline: College Honors Program.

Vathek, primeiro romance do escritor inglês William Beckford publicado em 1786, é considerado por muitos uma obra singular. Combinando certos elementos dos chamados romances góticos com uma ambientação oriental, a narrativa coloca diversos problemas a respeito de sua complexa natureza estilística. Muitos estudiosos já tentaram associar a obra a alguma dessas tradições de forma definitiva. Neste trabalho, realizaremos uma nova leitura do romance para, então, confrontarmos nossos achados com a fortuna crítica. O intuito desse procedimento é o de verificar se, diante das questões suscitadas pela própria obra, termos como gótico ou orientalista podem descrever Vathek de maneira precisa. / Vathek, English writer William Beckfords first novel published in 1786, is considered by many a singular work. By combining certain elements of the so-called gothic novels with an Oriental setting, it poses many problems deriving from its complex stylistic nature. Several critics have already tried to conclusively link the work to some of the aforementioned traditions. The aim of our work is to propose a new reading of the novel and compare our findings with previous critical assessments. The reason behind this procedure is to verify if terms like gothic or orientalist can still precisely describe Vathek when confronted with problems evoked by the work itself.

O presente trabalho trata da percepção ocidental em relação à dança oriental a partir de relatos de seis viajantes inglesas que estiveram no Egito entre os anos de 1842 e 1876, período que abrange a dominação imperialista europeia no Oriente Médio. Têm-se como referenciais teóricos o conceito de “Orientalismo”, cunhado por Edward Said, e a crítica posterior realizada por feministas pós-coloniais e decoloniais. Assim, analiso estes relatos a partir de uma perspectiva interseccional, considerando-se os recortes de gênero, raça e classe que influenciaram as representações tecidas por mulheres europeias sobre homens e, sobretudo, mulheres egípcias. Examino de que modo estas representações impactaram tanto nas identidades inglesas quanto egípcias e de que maneira elas transformaram a dança que era praticada no Egito e que, a partir do contato dado no contexto colonial, se transnascionalizou e hoje é percebida como “Dança do Ventre” (em português), “Bellydance” (em inglês), “Danse du Ventre” (em francês) e “Raqs Sharqi” (em árabe). / This research investigates the Western perception of Eastern dance based on the study of the accounts of six British women who traveled to Egypt between 1842 and 1876, a period that encompasses European imperialist domination in the Middle East. The theoretical references include the concept of "Orientalism", coined by Edward Said, and the subsequent criticism by postcolonial and decolonial feminists. Thus, I analyze these reports from an intersectional perspective, considering the categories of gender, race and class that influenced the representations made by European women about men and, above all, Egyptian women. I examine how these representations impacted both English and Egyptian identities and how they transformed the dance that was practiced in Egypt, which, from the contact given in the colonial context, became transnational and is now perceived as “Dança do Ventre” (in Portuguese) “Bellydance” (in English), “Danse du Ventre” (in French) and “Raqs Sharqi” (in Arabic).

Da posição de vanguarda intelectual orientalista se eximiram, em parte, aqueles intelectuais na modernidade ocidental que de fato ficaram profundamente envolvidos com a filosofia oriental (em especial, indiana), inegavelmente com maior ênfase entre os alemães. Tal olhar filosófico manteve-se quase que absolutamente à parte das justificativas exploratórias imperialistas, tão atraentes às mentes inglesas e francesas, os orientalistas de Said, e tão exploradas pelos ditames literários e orientalistas apresentados por ele. Assim sendo, confirmamos e discordamos ao mesmo tempo do autor de Orientalismo em um ponto fundamental: a Alemanha possui orientalismos opostos. Um, calcado especificamente nos vasos comunicantes de ingleses e franceses, que confirma a tese do Said; outro, sob o olhar particular de Nietzsche e Weber, dentre outros, contrapõe-se ao orientalismo imperialista. Diante desta premissa, tratamos do pioneirismo de nações movidas pela estratégia de conhecer para invadir ou decifrar para dominar, eis a Inglaterra e a França, e em seguida buscamos a ocorrência de um entendimento intelectual frutífero e amplo, no tocante ao contato ou transmissão de ideias ocorridas no século XIX e início do XX, entre os assim chamados Oriente indiano e o Ocidente alemão. / Those intellectuals who, in Western modernity, were able to escape from the Orientalist intellectual vanguard position are the ones that were actually profoundly involved with Eastern philosophy (specially the Indian one), and undoubtedly that was emphasized among the Germans. . This philosophical apprehension remained almost entirely apart from the exploratory imperialist justifications, so attractive to the English and French minds, to Saids orientalists, and so exploited by the literary and Orientalist determinations indicated by him. Therefore, we confirm and disagree simultaneously with the author of Orientalism when it comes to a fundamental point: Germany has contrasting Orientalisms one, rooted specifically on the communicating veins from the English and the French, which confirms Saids thesis; the other, under the gaze of Nietzsche and Weber, among others, opposes to the imperialist Orientalism. From this premise, we have treated the pioneerism of nations moved by the strategy to know in order to invade or codify to dominate: that is England and France. Then, we searched for the occurrence of a fruitful and broad intellectual understanding in terms of the contact and transmission of ideas that took place in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, among the so-called Indian East and Western Germany.

Esta tese representa uma análise de variadas fontes sobre o problema mourisco especificamente no Reino de Granada ao longo do século XVI e começo do XVII quando se verifica a expulsão do grupo de origem muçulmana na Península Ibérica. A opção pela documentação principal recaiu na análise de crônicas da Guerra de Granada e Rebelião das Alpujarras (1568) e num tratado de cronista oficial sobre os mouriscos de Espanha (1606), incluindo também bandos, cartas, profecias e outros documentos oficiais e não oficiais da Coroa e dos próprios mouriscos, bem como algumas fontes inquisitoriais em especial de processos do reino granadino, ainda que, eventualmente, exista um olhar em indivíduos de outros reinos. O primeiro conjunto elaborado por cronistas não oficiais, para além de abordar os eventos relativos à revolta dos mouriscos, incluem documentos oficiais e manifestações de mouriscos e outras fontes. O trabalho dividido em cinco capítulos contempla uma discussão historiográfica sobre a questão mourisca, seguida de uma análise da documentação a respeito de seus costumes e cotidiano. O terceiro capítulo trata de profecias mouriscas que seriam um dos elementos para a explosão da revolta dos chamados naturais da terra. A seguir a tese aborda a segunda guerra de Granada (a primeira ocorreu a princípio do século XVI) conforme apresentada pelas crônicas de dois granadinos: um diplomata espanhol membro da importante família Mendoza (Diego Hurtado de Mendoza) e um soldado (Luis del Marmol Carvajal), também granadino, que atuou dos combates para subjugar os levantados. A parte final contempla um tratado do humanista jesuíta e cronista oficial, Pedro de Valência, que reflexiona e aconselha o rei Felipe III sobre os mouriscos. Esta parte se debruça ainda nos estertores da presença moura no território europeu da Monarquia Hispânica e da expulsão, valendo-se de fontes iconográficas e de escritos apologéticos da remoção dos mouriscos de Espanha. / This thesis represents an analysis of several sources on the Moorish problem specifically in the Kingdom of Granada during the XVI century and beginning of the XVII when it is verified the expulsion of the group of Muslim origin in the Iberian Peninsula. The main documentation were some chronicles of the War of Granada and Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1568) and a treatise of an official chronicler on the Moors of Spain (1606), also including bandos, letters, prophecies and other official and unofficial documents of the Crown and of the Moors themselves, as well as some inquisitorial sources especially of processes of the kingdom of Granada, although eventually there is a look at individuals from other kingdoms. The first set prepared by unofficial chroniclers, besides addressing the events related to the Moorish revolt, include official documents and manifestations of Moorish and other sources. The work divided into five chapters contemplates a historiographical discussion on the Moorish question, followed by an analysis of the documentation regarding its customs and daily life. The third chapter deals with Moorish prophecies that would be one of the elements for the explosion of the revolt of the called naturales de la tierra (land\'s naturals). Then the thesis deals with the Second War of Granada (the first occurred in the early sixteenth century) as presented by the chronicles of two Grenadines: a Spanish diplomat member of the important Mendoza family (Diego Hurtado de Mendoza) and a soldier (Luis del Marmol Carvajal ), who took part in the fighting to subdue those raised. The final part includes a treatise of the Jesuit humanist and official chronicler, Pedro de Valencia, who reflects and advises King Felipe III on the Moors. This part is focused on the rushing of the Moorish presence in the European territory of the Spanish Monarchy and the expulsion, using iconographic sources and apologetic writings of the removal of the Moors from Spain.