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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
51

Languages as factors of reading achievement in PIRLS assessments

Gomez Vera, Gabriela 27 January 2011 (has links) (PDF)
The starting point of this research is the question, may reading acquisition be more or less effective depending on the language in which it is perform? Two categories for classifying the languages have been developed. First the notion of linguistic family is employed to describe the languages from a cultural and historical perspective. Secondly, the notion of orthographic depth is used for differentiating the languages according to the correspondence between orthography and phonetic. These categories have been related to the databases PIRLS 2001 and 2006 (international assessments about reading developed by the IEA), the aim being to connect reading achievement to the language in which students answered the test. However, it is clear that the language is not an isolated factor, but part of a complex structure of determinants of reading. Therefore, factors related to students and schools have also been incorporated to this research. Moreover, the multidimensionality of the reading process has been taken into account by distinguishing in the analysis the different aspects that made the process according to PIRLS: informative reading, literary reading, process comprehension of high and low order. To answer to the questions proposed by this research a hierarchical statistical model (multilevel) was developed, it was able to account for the connection between reading achievement, language and other associated factors. As a result, contextual factors (home and school) were more significant than language. Moreover, determinacy may vary if taking into account educational systems.
52

Tratamento didático do apagamento e inserção da rótica em coda final de verbos / Didactic treatment of the deletion and insertion of rhotics in final coda of verbs

Almeida, Daniele Cristina de January 2016 (has links)
ALMEIDA, Daniele Cristina de. Tratamento didático do apagamento e inserção da rótica em coda final de verbos. 2016. 120f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras, Fortaleza (CE), 2016. / Submitted by Gustavo Daher (gdaherufc@hotmail.com) on 2017-02-23T15:17:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_dcalmeida.pdf: 3116344 bytes, checksum: 45111f1f08b718d872d0b39cdec0a655 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-03-03T13:27:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_dcalmeida.pdf: 3116344 bytes, checksum: 45111f1f08b718d872d0b39cdec0a655 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-03T13:27:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_dcalmeida.pdf: 3116344 bytes, checksum: 45111f1f08b718d872d0b39cdec0a655 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / Orthographic norms are social conventions designed to facilitate written communication. The school has the role of developing activities that promote the appropriation of the rules by the students, and the Portuguese teacher is responsible for including in their teaching practices the study of the correct notation the written language, since knowledge of spelling has social relevance and are necessary for the competent use of the language. However, learners show difficulties in spelling, even in the final grades of middle school. Many of these difficulties are related to oral language, often their texts present several words written as they are pronounded. It is clear that the students do not have the mastery of the orthographic system and they do not know the differences between written language and oral language. It is necessary, therefore, that a pedagogical work be developed by the teacher so that the students overcome these difficulties. Thus, this work has as objective the treatment of two specific and interrelated orthographic problems: deletion of -r in the final codas of verbs in the infinitive, orthographic error of phonological source and the insertion of this rhotic at the end of words forming, unduly, the verbal infinitive, which constitutes an overgeneralization of the rule. Such spelling problems were the most frequent - in the texts of students from two classes of the 8th grade of middle school - analyzed in this study, hence the need for an intervention. For the theoretical basis of this study, some phonological processes presented by Seara, Nunes and Lazzarotto-Volcão (2015), the reflections and researches of Cagliari (2001, 2002b), as well as the studies of Morais (2007a, 2007b, 2007c, 2008), Bortoni-Ricardo (2004a, 2004b), Bortoni-Ricardo and Oliveira (2013), Callou, Serra and Cunha (2015) were considered. This study is a quantitative-qualitative action research. Firstly, a diagnosis was conducted with the use of essays to identify the most recurrent errors in the texts of the students in the first class; and a dictation of sentences to verify only the errors in focus in the second group, since such problems had already been selected from the initial diagnosis in class 1. For the treatment, periodic pedagogical interventions were carried out within the pedagogical time allotted to the Portuguese lessons. The activities were based on the reflection of writing with the support of texts in the different genres. The results pointed out considerable improvement in the correct writing of verbs in the infinitive. It was concluded that regularly scheduled orthographic activities generate positive results. / As normas ortográficas são convenções sociais criadas para facilitar a comunicação escrita. A escola tem o papel de desenvolver atividades que promovam a apropriação das regras pelos alunos, e ao professor de língua portuguesa cabe a tarefa de incluir em suas práticas de ensino o estudo da correta notação da língua escrita, visto que os conhecimentos ortográficos têm relevância social e são necessários para o competente uso da língua. No entanto, os aprendizes demonstram dificuldades na ortografia, mesmo nas séries finais do ensino fundamental. Muitas dessas dificuldades estão relacionadas à oralidade, não raro, seus textos apresentam diversas palavras grafadas conforme são produzidas na oralidade. Observa-se que os alunos não têm o domínio do sistema ortográfico e desconhecem as diferenças entre língua escrita e língua oral. É necessário, portanto, que um trabalho pedagógico seja desenvolvido pelo professor para que os estudantes superem tais dificuldades. Assim, este trabalho tem como objetivo o tratamento de dois problemas ortográficos específicos e inter-relacionados: o apagamento do -r em coda final de verbos no infinitivo, erro ortográfico de fonte fonológica e a inserção desse rótico ao final de palavras formando, indevidamente, o infinitivo verbal, o que configura uma hipercorreção. Tais problemas ortográficos foram os mais frequentes – nos textos de alunos de duas turmas do 8º ano do ensino fundamental II – analisados neste estudo, daí a necessidade de uma intervenção. Para a fundamentação teórica deste estudo, foram considerados, principalmente, alguns processos fonológicos apresentados por Seara, Nunes e Lazzarotto-Volcão (2015), as reflexões e pesquisas de Cagliari (2001, 2002b), bem como, os estudos de Morais (2007a, 2007b, 2007c, 2008), Bortoni-Ricardo (2004a, 2004b), Bortoni-Ricardo e Oliveira (2013), Callou, Serra e Cunha (2015). Trata-se de uma pesquisa-ação de caráter quanti-qualitativo. Primeiramente, foi realizado um diagnóstico com aplicação de redações para a identificação dos erros mais recorrentes nos textos dos alunos da primeira turma; e um ditado de frases para verificação, apenas, dos erros em foco, na segunda turma, visto que tais problemas já haviam sido selecionados a partir do diagnóstico inicial na turma 1. Para o tratamento, foram realizadas intervenções pedagógicas periódicas, dentro do tempo pedagógico destinado às aulas de língua portuguesa. As atividades aplicadas foram baseadas na reflexão da escrita com o apoio de textos nos diversos gêneros. Os resultados apontaram melhoria considerável na escrita correta dos verbos no infinito. Chegou-se à conclusão de que atividades ortográficas planejadas e aplicadas com regularidade geram resultados positivos.
53

Translations of the Caribbean: at words' end? : A Study of the Translation of Literary Dialect in A State of Independence

Sannholm, Raphael January 2008 (has links)
The aim of this study was to identify the strategies used to render the literary dialect in A State of Independence into the Swedish translation. In order to systematically study the translation solutions, a number of ‘coupled pairs’ consisting of source text ‘problems’ and target text ‘solutions’ were extracted from the original text and the translation. The ‘coupled pairs’ were then analysed in order to detect regularities in the translation solutions. The study showed that the major strategy used by the translator was the use of ‘eye-dialect’, i.e. non-standard spellings that simulate non-standard speech. Moreover, some passages in the translation had been standardised, whereas eye-dialectal spellings were found in other passages where the original did not contain any non-standard features. Finally, a comparative count of dialectally marked utterances in both texts was made. The count showed that the dialectal markers were in the majority in the translation, which might indicate that the translator has tried to compensate for the lack of equivalent target language features.
54

The mathematics of object recognition in machine and human vision

Kim, Sunyoung 01 January 2003 (has links)
The purpose of this project was to see why projective geometry is related to the sort of sensors that machines and humans use for vision.
55

Variation dialectale et orthographique en romani : étude à partir d'une page du réseaux social Facebook / Dialectal and orthographic variation in Romani language : study on a page from the Facebook social network site

Lecharpentier, Coralie 18 December 2018 (has links)
Le romani, ou romanes, est une langue parlée historiquement par des communautés qui s’autodénomment « Roms », « Sintos » et « Calos ». Dans cette thèse, on se propose d'analyser une page du réseau social Facebook, comportant de nombreux messages en langue romani. Dans un premier temps, nous identifierons les dialectes présents sur la page et étudierons la diversité des pratiques orthographiques. Puis, on analysera comment la variation est prise en compte par les locuteurs, en évoquant les problématiques d'intercompréhension, d'identité et de revitalisation. Le but de notre recherche est de faire un état des lieux des besoins, réussites et représentations des locuteurs du romani afin d’accompagner ce qui pourrait être un processus d’autogestion langagière. / Romani, also known as Romanes, is a language historically spoken by communities who call themselves “Roma”, “Sinti” and “Kalo”. The purpose of this thesis is to study a page of the social network Facebook which includes many messages written in Romani language. First of all, we will identify the dialects used on the page and we will describe the diversity of spelling practices. Then, we wil analyze the way variation is taken into account by the speakers, discussing the issues of mutual understanding, identity and revitalization. Our research focuses on determining the needs, successes and representations of the Romani speakers in order to support a possible linguistic self-management.
56

Principy českého pravopisu / Principles of Czech orthography

Horký, Václav January 2021 (has links)
In this study, I deal with general laws or principles of Czech orthography. After the introduction, I define the smallest written unit, a grapheme in the second chapter. In the third and fourth chapters, I focus on how and where two main principles of Czech orthography manifest, and how and where they are violated. The first of these principles is the phonemic principle, ie. the principle of a one-to-one correspondence between a phoneme and a grapheme, and the second one is the morphemic principle, ie. the principle of a one-to-one correspondence between a morpheme and its written form.
57

Orthographic effects on speech processing: studies on the conditions of occurrence / Effets orthographiques sur le traitement de la parole: études sur les conditions d'occurence

Pattamadilok, Chotiga 11 March 2006 (has links)
My doctoral research addressed two questions regarding the influence of orthographic knowledge on speech processing. First, I attempted to identify the locus of the orthographic effects observed in spoken word recognition tasks in which the orthographic consistency and the congruency between the phonological and orthographic representations of the stimuli were manipulated. Several studies provided converging results suggesting that only phonological representations activated at lexical or postlexical processing levels are affected by orthographic knowledge, while those activated at prelexical levels are not. However, the lexical processing level is not the only factor that determines the occurrence and/or the size of the orthographic effects. Regardless of the processing level tapped by the task, the characteristics of the material and the way in which participants perform the tasks also play an important role. Second, I examined the generality of the orthographic effects both in the suprasegmental domain and in the operation of working memory. Overall, the results showed orthographic effects in both situations./La question de l’influence des connaissances orthographiques sur le traitement de la parole a été abordée sous différents angles à travers les études menées dans le cadre de ma thèse de doctorat. Plus précisément, le locus des effets orthographiques a été examiné dans des tâches de reconnaissance de la parole grâce à une manipulation de la consistance orthographique et de la congruence entre les représentations phonologique et orthographique des stimuli. Les résultats obtenus convergent pour indiquer que seules les représentations phonologiques activées dans les situations qui exigent un traitement lexical et/ou post-lexical sont affectées par les représentations orthographiques. Cependant, l’occurrence et/ou la magnitude des effets orthographiques obtenus semblent dépendre également des caractéristiques du matériel et de la manière dont les participants effectuent la tâche. La question de la généralité des effets orthographiques a aussi été abordée :les effets orthographiques ont été démontrés d’une part dans le domaine suprasegmental (sur le ton lexical) et, d’autre part, dans le fonctionnement de la mémoire de travail. / Doctorat en sciences psychologiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
58

Brasil e Portugal: questões ortográficas na perspectiva da historiografia linguística

Souza, Adriana de 21 November 2013 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:33:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adriana de Souza.pdf: 2157541 bytes, checksum: 69335dbce67aa8987173bdafd315a814 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-21 / The orthographic issues have been the target of discussions among the Lusophone countries, since the Orthographic Agreement of 1990 was approved in 2010. Governors, linguists, grammarians, teachers and community in general have a position and questioning to do about the orthographics changings and the Portuguese language teaching in Portuguese speaking countries. In this sense comes up the need for reflection about the orthographic issues that permeate the Lusophone space, in official documents, aiming to analyze how they were treated specifically in Brazil, Cape Verde and Portugal. This dissertation analyses the treatment given to these issues, in the historiography linguistics perspective, focusing the principles of Contextualization, Immanence and Appropriation. Therefore, we analysed the Orthographic Agreements of the twentieth century and official documents, the National Curricular Parameters, in case of Brazil, and the Curricular Goals, in case of Portugal. Our research aims at general, to reflect about the orthographic issues in Brazil and in Portugal. It specific goals are: to present the structure of the Orthographic Agreements enacted in the twentieth century, among Brazil, Portugal and, afterwards, to analyse the sites and official documents in search of information about the Orthography Teaching in these countries. For the realization of the study, we were appropriated of information from the official portals of the involved countries, specifically the links that refer to education and in the CPLP site, in points that refer to Portuguese language and to the Orthographic Agreement of 1990 and in the official documents. After data analysis, we found that orthographic issues in Lusophones countries have been the concern of the governors of the countries that are part of the CPLP, in the sense that their teaching can collaborate so that there is effective interaction among the Portuguese countries speakers and that the questioning about the orthographics issues perdure because these issues permeate the relations of maintenance of the culture of the Lusophone people / As questões ortográficas têm sido alvo de discussões entre os países lusófonos, desde que foi aprovado o Acordo ortográfico de 1990, em 2010. Governantes, linguistas, gramáticos, professores e comunidade em geral têm uma posição e questionamentos a fazer sobre as mudanças ortográficas e o ensino da língua portuguesa nos países que falam português. Nesse sentido, vem à tona a necessidade de reflexão sobre as questões ortográficas que permeiam o espaço lusófono, em documentos oficiais, objetivando analisar de que modo elas foram tratadas especificamente no Brasil e Portugal. Esta dissertação analisa o tratamento dado a essas questões, na perspectiva da historiografia linguística, enfocando os princípios da Contextualização, da Imanência e da Adequação. Para tanto, analisamos os Acordos Ortográficos do século XX e os documentos oficiais, os Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais de Língua Portuguesa, no caso do Brasil, e as Metas Curriculares, no caso de Portugal. Nossa pesquisa tem por objetivo geral refletir sobre as questões ortográficas no Brasil e em Portugal. Seus objetivos específicos são: apresentar a estrutura dos Acordos Ortográficos promulgados no século XX entre Brasil, Portugal e, posteriormente, analisar os sites e documentos oficiais em busca de informações quanto ao ensino da ortografia nesses países. Para a realização do estudo, apropriamos-nos de informações contidas nos portais oficiais dos países envolvidos, especificamente nos pontos que se referem à educação, no portal da CPLP nos pontos que se referem à língua portuguesa e ao Acordo Ortográfico de 1990 e nos documentos oficiais. Após a análise de dados, constatamos que as questões ortográficas no Brasil, em Portugal e, consequentemente, nos países lusófonos têm sido preocupação dos governantes dos países que fazem parte da CPLP, no sentido de que o seu ensino possa colaborar para que haja efetiva interação entre os países falantes do português e de que os questionamentos sobre as questões ortográficas perdurem, pois elas permeiam as relações de manutenção da cultura dos povos lusófonos
59

Um estudo das regras de uso do hífen, segundo o acordo ortográfico de 1990

Antunes, Ciro Carlos 14 March 2014 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:33:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ciro Carlos Antunes.pdf: 1580921 bytes, checksum: 9e2e35bcd3d341bcd41252f3d8168a1f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This paper deals with the use of the hyphen in the word formation, as the Portuguese Spelling Agreement, made between 1986-1990 and approved by the nations that make up the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. Justifies the investigation because , although the Orthographic Agreement tax from 1996 presents a set of rules for the use of the hyphen in the word formation, there are many exceptions to every rule, causing difficulties. The problem is to answer the following questions: 1) Why use the hyphen in the word formation? 2) When the use of the hyphen is needed? 3) If Portuguese is a language accent, ie, intensity, native speakers recognize prefixes and suffixes accented and inacentuados? 4) In the derived and compound forms, the place selected for the accent in lexemes, entails the use of the hyphen? 5) Why multiple prefixes in Portuguese are accentuated if the affixes are treated by traditional grammarians as dependent ways that can not occur by itself in utterances? This work has the objective to contribute to a reflection on the Orthographic Agreement of 1990 and the formation of words Morphology part of our normative grammars of standard use. The specific objectives : 1) to present a brief history of English spelling and its orthographic reforms , to situate the distance between Brazil and Portugal , 2) present difficulties on the Morphology for word formation in our grammars in grammatical usage pattern , 3) examine the rules of use of the hyphen in derived words , and 4) examine the rules of use of the hyphen in compound words . The methodological approach was theoretical and analytical to a corpus consists of examples given in the 1990 Agreement in Brazilian spelling and grammar guides. The results indicate that, for the use of the hyphen: 1. The rules of the hyphen in the word formation derived by prefixing and suffixing were built with oscillation criteria: a) semantic b) morphological c) syntactic d) phonetic e) spelling f) morphosyntatic g) morfofonético. 2. Varying criteria create difficulties for the use of the hyphen and the same are present in the grammar item: Word formation. It follows the need to review the item related to the formation of words, which is spongy and confused, in Brazilian traditional grammar. Without this revision of any rule for hyphenation, word formation, it is difficult to elaborate / Esta dissertação trata do uso do hífen na formação de palavras conforme o Acordo Ortográfico da língua portuguesa formulado entre 1986-1990 e aprovado pelas nações que compõem a Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa. Justifica-se a investigação realizada, pois, embora o Acordo Ortográfico imposto a partir de 1996 apresente um conjunto de regras de uso do hífen na formação de palavras, há muitas exceções para cada regra, causando dificuldades. O problema consiste em responder as seguintes questões: 1) Por que usar o hífen na formação de palavras? 2) Quando o uso do hífen se faz necessário? 3) Se a língua portuguesa é uma língua de acento, ou seja, de intensidade, como os falantes nativos reconhecem prefixos e sufixos acentuados e inacentuados? 4) Nas formas derivadas e compostas, o lugar selecionado para o acento em lexemas, acarreta o uso do hífen? 5) Por que vários prefixos da Língua Portuguesa são acentuados, se os afixos são tratados pelos gramáticos tradicionais como formas dependentes que não podem ocorrer por si só nos enunciados? Esta dissertação tem por objetivo geral contribuir para uma reflexão a respeito do Acordo Ortográfico de 1990 e da formação de palavras da parte Morfologia de nossas gramáticas do uso padrão normativo. São objetivos específicos: 1) apresentar um breve histórico da ortografia portuguesa e suas reformas ortográficas para situar o distanciamento entre Brasil e Portugal; 2) apresentar as dificuldades existentes na parte Morfologia para formação de palavras em nossas gramáticas do uso padrão gramatical; 3) examinar as regras de uso do hífen em palavras derivadas; 4) examinar as regras de uso do hífen em palavras compostas. O procedimento metodológico adotado foi teórico-analítico para um corpus composto de exemplos apresentados no Acordo de 1990, em gramáticas brasileiras e guias ortográficos. Os resultados obtidos indicam que, para o uso do hífen: 1. As regras do hífen na formação de palavras derivadas por prefixação e sufixação foram construídas com oscilação de critérios: a) semântico; b) morfológico; c) sintático; d) fonético; e) ortográfico; f) morfossintático; g) morfofonético; 2. Critérios variados criam dificuldades para o uso do hífen e as mesmas estão presentes no item gramatical: Formação de palavras. Conclui-se a necessidade de se rever o item relativo à formação das palavras, que é lacunoso e confuso, na gramática tradicional brasileira. Sem essa revisão qualquer regra de uso do hífen para a formação de palavras, torna-se difícil de ser elaborada
60

Fases iniciais da aprendizagem da leitura e da escrita em português do Brasil: efeitos de fonemas, gestos articulatórios e sílabas na aquisição do mapeamento ortográfico / Early phases of learning to read and write in Brazilian Portuguese: effects of phonemes, articulatory gestures, and syllables on orthographic mapping acquisition

Sargiani, Renan de Almeida 30 May 2016 (has links)
Aprender a ler e a escrever em sistemas alfabéticos de escrita, como em português do Brasil, depende de um processo cognitivo de formar conexões entre as letras nas grafias de palavras escritas e os sons nas pronúncias de palavras faladas, o que se denomina de mapeamento ortográfico. Evidências provenientes de estudos com falantes do inglês demonstram que as crianças nas fases iniciais da aprendizagem da leitura e da escrita realizam o mapeamento ortográfico no nível grafofonêmico, isto é, das letras e fonemas; posteriormente quando elas adquirem mais experiência em leitura elas passam a utilizar o mapeamento ortográfico em um nível maior usando unidades como as sílabas, i.e., unidades grafossilábicas. Como as sílabas são muito proeminentes em português, pesquisadores e professores tem sugerido que crianças falantes do português poderiam se beneficiar mais de instruções iniciais que enfatizam as sílabas do que os fonemas. Os objetivos principais deste estudo foram investigar: 1) se as crianças se beneficiam mais do ensino de mapeamento ortográfico de fonemas ou de sílabas no início da aprendizagem da linguagem escrita em Português do Brasil e 2) se incluir instrução sobre gestos articulatórios no ensino de mapeamento ortográfico de fonemas melhora a habilidade de segmentação fonêmica mais do que o treinamento sem esse componente. Este é um estudo experimental com um design de préteste e pós-testes e atribuição aleatória de participantes para os grupos experimentais e controle. Noventa crianças falantes do Português do Brasil, com média de idade de 4 anos e 5 meses, foram selecionadas em uma escola pública da cidade de São Paulo, SP, Brasil. As crianças receberam instruções em pequenos grupos em uma de 4 condições: 1) mapeamento ortográfico de fonemas com articulação (MOF+A), 2) mapeamento ortográfico de fonemas sem articulação (MOF), 3) mapeamento ortográfico de sílabas sem articulação (MOS), ou 4) desenhos com temas livres (Controle). Em seguida, as crianças foram avaliadas em uma tarefa de aprendizagem de palavras seguida por tarefas de leitura, escrita, segmentação fonêmica e silábica. Os resultados mostraram que as crianças nos grupos MOF+A e MOF superaram as crianças nos grupos MOS e Controle em tarefas de leitura e de escrita. A instrução com gestos articulatórios beneficiou as crianças mais do que a instrução sem esse componente. O grupo MOF+A superou os outros em segmentação fonêmica, leitura e escrita. Em um estudo de acompanhamento (follow-up) realizado um ano e meio mais tarde, 48 crianças, 12 de cada condição experimental, foram avaliadas novamente em várias habilidades de literacia. As crianças que receberam previamente os treinamentos em mapeamento ortográfico de fonemas tiveram melhor desempenho nas tarefas de segmentação fonêmica, de leitura e de escrita, do que as crianças que receberam treinamento em mapeamento ortográfico de sílabas e as crianças do grupo controle. Os resultados em conjunto mostram que, apesar do fato de que as sílabas são unidades muito salientes em Português do Brasil, o ensino de mapeamento ortográfico de fonemas para leitores e escritores iniciantes é mais eficaz do que o ensino do mapeamento ortográfico de sílabas / Learning to read and write in alphabetic writing systems, such as Brazilian Portuguese, depends on a cognitive process of forming connections between the letters in spellings of written words and the sounds in pronunciations of spoken words, known as orthographic mapping. Evidence from studies with English speakers shows that children in the early phases of learning to read and write use orthographic mapping at the graphophonemic level, i.e., letters and phonemes; subsequently when they acquire more reading experience they move on to use orthographic mapping at a higher level using units such as syllables, i.e., graphosyllabic units. Because syllables are so prominent in Portuguese, researchers and teachers have suggested that Portuguese-speaking children would benefit more from early reading instruction that emphasizes syllables rather than phonemes. The main objectives of this study were to explore: 1) whether children benefit more from instruction of orthographic mapping of phonemes or syllables at the outset of learning to read in Brazilian Portuguese and 2) whether including articulatory gestures in the training of orthographic mapping of phonemes improves phonemic segmentation more than training without articulation. This was an experimental study with a pretest/posttest and random assignment of participants to treatment and control groups. Ninety Brazilian Portuguese speakers, mean age 4 years, 5 months, were drawn from one public kindergarten in São Paulo, Brazil. Children received instruction within small groups in one of 4 conditions: 1) orthographic mapping of phonemes with articulation (OMP+A), 2) orthographic mapping of phonemes without articulation (OMP), 3) orthographic mapping of syllables without articulation (OMS), or 4) drawing pictures (Control). Then children were assessed in a word-learning task followed by reading, spelling, phonemic, and syllabic segmentation tasks. Results showed that children in the OMP+A and the OMP groups outperformed children in the OMS and control groups in reading and spelling tasks. Instruction with articulatory gestures benefited children more than instruction without this component. The OMP+A group outperformed the others in phonemic segmentation, reading, and spelling. In a follow up study conducted 1.5 years later, 48 children, 12 from each experimental condition, were assessed again in several literacy skills. Children who received orthographic mapping of phonemes performed better in phonemic segmentation, reading, and spelling tasks than children who received orthographic mapping of syllables training or children in the control group. Overall results show that, despite the fact that syllables are very salient units in Brazilian Portuguese, teaching orthographic mapping of phonemes to beginning readers is more effective than teaching orthographic mapping of syllables

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