A presente dissertação parte da hipótese de que, por meio da análise do movimento entre o falar e o grafar, é possível entender os modos pelos quais a criança constrói o conceito do nome próprio. Ou seja, ela privilegia o estudo do momento no qual, para cada um dos informantes, o nome próprio deixou de ser uma imagem e passou a funcionar como um símbolo. A pesquisa teve por objetivo geral compreender como a simbolização do conceito de nome próprio se dá. Tomou como objeto de análise a produção de crianças em idade aproximada de três anos, alunos de uma escola pública de educação infantil de zero a três anos, no interior do Estado de São Paulo. Ao longo do ano de 2009, os informantes foram gravados em vídeo, com periodicidade mensal. As imagens foram tomadas durante a realização de uma atividade de escrita do nome próprio. A atividade teve por objetivo tanto registrar o ato da escrita do nome próprio pela criança quanto a fala produzida por ela durante a escrita. Assim, o corpus foi formado por gravações em vídeo, transcrições simples das falas nele contidas e pelas produções escritas de quatro crianças. Partindo da abordagem lacaniana, que considera o nome próprio como um traço que marca um corpo e, designando uma diferença, o inscreve em um lugar, a pesquisa procurou responder de que modo as crianças pequenas interpretam as marcas gráficas que produzem, de modo intencional ou acidental, ao serem solicitadas para escrever seu nome próprio. Na análise dos dados, buscou-se privilegiar os indícios das passagens que mostram a alternância entre os registros do psiquismo humano descritos por Lacan (real, simbólico e imaginário). Cotejando as produções das crianças, foi possível concluir que houve movimentos no e do escrito, tanto entre uma produção e outra quanto na elaboração de cada uma das produções. É possível afirmar que, aos poucos, os informantes atualizaram, no ato de escrever, seu assujeitamento às leis da linguagem e, por este motivo, puderam percorrer um caminho para se apropriar do sistema de representação escrita. Postulamos, portanto, que os traços e os riscos produzidos funcionam como significantes que interrogam a criança e a instigam a fazer reflexões a respeito da escrita. Nesse processo, a professora fez intervenções que potencializaram a reflexão a respeito da escrita e, assim, pôde sustentar o trabalho de reformulação das hipóteses a respeito da escrita como objeto do conhecimento. Com relação às alterações na relação dos informantes com o saber gerados pelo processo, pode-se dizer que eles passaram a buscar maneiras de se representar por meio de uma marca própria e singular. Concluímos, portanto, que o investimento necessário para realizar uma leitura mais atenta da escrita de crianças pequenas é válido, pois, potencialmente, pode proporcionar elementos para compreender os impasses na alfabetização dos mais velhos. / This work assumes that, through the analysis of the movement between speaking and writing, it is possible to understand the means by which the child builds the concept of proper name. In other words, it favors the study of the moment in which, to every one of the informers, the proper name was no longer an image and started operating as a symbol. The overall aim of this research was to comprehend how the concept of proper name symbolization occurs. The object of analysis was the written production of children around the age of three who are students at a nursery school in the countryside of São Paulo. During 2009, the informers were monthly recorded. The images were taken during a written activity in which the students were expected to write their own names. The aim of this activity was not only registering the act when the child writes her own name but also the speech produced while writing. Thus, the corpus was composed for video recording, simple transcriptions of the speeches recorded and four childrens written productions. We first consider Lacans approach, which considers the proper name a feature that creates a sign in a body and, as it designates a difference, signs it up in a determined place. Thus, this research aimed to answer how young children interpret the graphic marks produced by them, deliberately or accidentally, when they are asked to write their proper names. By the datas analysis, we intended to privilege the clues of the episodes that show the alternation between the human psychism registers described by Lacan (Real, Symbolic and Imaginary). By confronting the childrens productions, it was possible to conclude that there were movements in and from the written composition. It is possible to state that, little by little, the informers got up to date, when writing, their antipersonification to the language rules and, for this reason, they could cover a way in order to appropriate the written representation system. We assume, therefore, that the traces and lines produced work as significants that interrogate the child and instigate her to reflect on the written text. During this process, the teacher intervened, improving the reflection on the written text and supporting the hypotheses recast on writing as a knowledge object. In relation to the modifications in the relationship between the informers and the knowledge generated from the process, we could say that they started looking for ways to represent themselves through a singular and proper sign. We concluded, therefore, that the necessary investment in order to read more carefully young childrens productions is valuable, because it may give elements that will help comprehending the difficulties in teaching the older children how to read and write.

Nous sommes partie d’une réflexion sur l’inscription du nom propre (Npr) en discours et des changements de sens qu’il peut subir. A partir du Npr « Hezbollah », mot-pivot de cette étude, nous avons entamé l’analyse d’un corpus de presse (7 journaux libanais, français et américains) pour une période qui court de janvier 2010 (probable menace de guerre entre Israël et le Hezbollah) à janvier 2011 (la chute du gouvernement libanais). Nous avons privilégié au départ une étude quantitative, en nous appuyant sur la statistique textuelle, afin de mesurer l’importance accordée au Hezbollah en fonction des événements qui jalonnent la période (nombre et longueur des articles). En allant du mot au texte, nous avons ensuite analysé la combinatoire du mot-pivot dans son contexte proche (prédications, caractérisations) puis ses reprises en contexte élargi, afin d’étudier les différences de traitement significatives selon les pays et les lignes éditoriales des journaux. / We chose to reflect on the proper noun and the changes it undergoes in discourse. Using the keyword, “Hezbollah”, we started the analysis of a corpus of newspapers (7 Lebanese, French and American newspapers), from January 2010 (probable threat of war between Israel and Hezbollah) till January 2011 (the fall of the Lebanese government). A quantitative study, based on textual statistics, was a must in an attempt to identify the importance of Hezbollah according to main events during this period of time and the number and length of articles. While shifting from the word to the text, we the analyzed the combinations of “Hezbollah” in its immediate context (predications, adjectives), then its reformulations in the broader context, to highlight the possible differences between countries and editorial lines.

L'organisation de l'information sur un intranet (réseau informatique interne d’une organisation fonctionnant avec les technologies d'Internet) nécessite de nouvelles approches pour traiter la question de l'adéquation entre l’arborescence des sites et les usages linguistiques de leurs publics. Une façon de prendre en compte ces usages consiste à explorer les données textuelles représentatives d'une situation de communication spécifique. Une telle exploration est effectuée à l’aide de techniques textométriques, comme l'index hiérarchique des formes, les concordances, les segments répétés, la carte des sections d’un texte, le calcul des co-occurrences et l'analyse factorielle des correspondances. On extrait alors d’un corpus de textes de communication d’entreprise (rapports d’activité) les unités lexicales destinées à la construction d'un référentiel terminologique d’un type particulier. Afin de prendre en compte le contexte de communication on propose d’utiliser trois sortes de repères : - le référentiel d’objets propre à une organisation, - les propriétés pragmatiques des noms propres, - la collecte d’une partie du vocabulaire caractéristique du corpus utilisé comme source du référentiel terminologique, réalisée à partir d’une sélection de noms propres. Ainsi, cette collecte ne se limite pas aux seules unités terminologiques : elle comprend également des mots relevant de la langue commune et des noms propres. Les unités appartenant au vocabulaire du corpus sont choisies en fonction du type de relations sémantiques établies avec les noms propres dans les discours. Enfin, les résultats obtenus sont évalués en termes de productivité, de fiabilité et de représentativité. / Information organization on an intranet (internal network of an organization, using technologies of Internet) needs new approaches handling the question of the adequacy between the structures of intranet sites and the language use of their visitors. A way to take into account these usages is to explore textual data which are representative of a specific situation of communication. Such an exploration is carried out with textual statistics tools, like hierarchical index, concordance, repeated segment, textual map, co-occurrence and cluster analysis. This corpus-based approach allows us to extract linguistic units belonging, for example, to texts of corporate communication (annual reports). Recognition and storage of such lexical data aim at the construction of a terminological thesaurus of a peculiar type. We suggest taking into account the context of communication by using three sorts of marks : - the particular ontology of an organization such as it is evoked in discourses, - the pragmatic properties of the proper names, - a selection of proper names allows gathering a part of the characteristic vocabulary of the corpus used as source for the terminological thesaurus. This collection does not thus limit itself to the only terminological units, but also contains words of the common language and proper names. Elements belonging to the vocabulary of the corpus are selected according to the type of semantic relations established with the proper names in the texts. Finally, the results are assessed in terms of productivity, reliability and representativeness.

Ce mémoire porte sur la pratique du nom propre dans quatre romans de l'auteure québécoise Suzanne Jacob : Laura Laur (1983), La Passion selon Galatée (1987), Rouge, mère et fils (2001) et Fugueuses (2005). À partir du postulat de Suzanne Jacob qui affirme que la réalité se compose de conventions, cette étude s'efforce de mettre à l'épreuve l'hypothèse selon laquelle le nom propre est une fiction. À l'aide de balises méthodologiques privilégiant la narratologie et la pragmatique, l'analyse, constituée de lectures microtextuelles, s'intéresse aux commentaires des personnages et de la narration sur le nom, en plus de relever les procédés qui encadrent et mettent en lumière le fonctionnement du nom, autant d'un point de vue sémantique que syntaxique. C'est donc dire que le nom est abordé dans le réseau des différents signes du texte et non pas comme un signifiant isolé. L'étude se divise en trois chapitres consacrés à des problématiques structurantes du nom propre chez Jacob : « L'omniprésence du nom », « L'instabilité du nom » et « Le nom performé ? » À partir de ces trois axes, la réflexion ouvre sur des enjeux plus vastes qui concernent autant l'identité que les relations sociales et familiales. / This thesis focuses on the use of names in four novels written by Quebec's author Suzanne Jacob : Laura Laur (1983), La Passion selon Galatée (1987), Rouge, mère et fils (2001) and Fugueuses (2005). Suzanne Jacob thinks that reality is made from conventions. Based on this idea, this thesis confronts the hypothesis that names are fictitious. Using narratological and pragmatical methodologies, this analysis, made of microtext readings, focuses on the characters' and narrators' comments on names, in addition to identifying processes that highlight names functionality on a semantic and syntactic point of view. This means that names will be addressed based on the network of the text’s different signs, and will not be considered as an isolated signifier. The study is divided in three chapters dedicated to structural problems about names in Jacob's novels : « The ubiquity of the name », « The instability of the name » and « The name performed ? » From these three axes, the reflection opens to broader issues concerning identity as well as social and familial relationships.

L’objectif de ce travail est de montrer que l’énonciation joue un rôle essentiel dans l’institution et l’interprétation des noms propres.La définition du nom propre comme signe linguistique contient, outre le signifiant et le signifié, le référent, c’est-à-dire un renvoi à l’actualisation du signe dans le discours, ce qui explique la marginalité du nom propre dans la linguistique structuraliste ; d’autre part, le sens d’un nom propre – “x appelé N par S” – est défini comme une relation de dénomination entre un individu (x) et un nom propre (N) exprimée par un sujet énonciateur (S), qui dépend d’un acte de nomination associant tel nom à tel individu et initiant ainsi l’usage du nom.La valeur des variables x, N et S est déterminée pour une occurrence de nom propre donnée, en fonction de la situation d’énonciation et d’un acte de nomination logiquement préalable. La notion linguistique de personne permet précisément de rendre compte de ce rapport entre référent du nom propre et énonciation et du rôle du contexte dans l’interprétation du nom propre. Elle se révèle notamment indispensable pour l’analyse du nom propre hors phrase qui se caractérise à la fois par son indépendance vis-à-vis du cotexte et par une forte dépendance au contexte non verbal. La comparaison des noms propres avec les embrayeurs et déictiques, traditionnellement définis comme impliquant un renvoi à la situation d’énonciation, conduit également à considérer que l’interprétation d’un nom propre est entièrement déterminée par le contexte et en particulier par l’identité des personnes de l’énonciation. / The purpose of this work is to show that acts of utterance play an important role in the institution and the interpretation of proper names.The definition of proper names as signs contains, in addition to the signifiant and the signifié, the referent, that is to say a reference to the actualization of the sign in discourse. That is why proper names are on the margins of structuralist linguistics. Moreover, the meaning of a proper name – “x named N by S” – is defined as a denominative relation between an individual (x) and a proper name (N) expressed by an utterer (S), depending on an act of naming which associates a name with an individual and initiates the use of this name.The value of the variables x, N and S is defined for a given occurrence of a proper name according to the situation of utterance and to a logically prior act of naming. The linguistic notion of person precisely allows to account for this relation between the referent of the proper name and the act of utterance and for the role of the context in the interpretation of the proper name. This notion appears to be essential for analysing out of sentence proper names which are linguistic context-free but extralinguistic context-dependent. The comparison between proper names and shifters and indexicals, which are traditionally defined as involving a reference to the speech situation, leads also to consider that the interpretation of a proper name is entirely determined by the context and especially by the identity of the enunciative persons.

Le nom propre, forme définie en langue, participe à un acte de langage, régi par des conventions sociales et fondé sur un acte de nomination qui renvoie à un particulier qu’il individualise. Les critères traditionnels avancés pour le distinguer du nom commun et prédire son fonctionnement dit marginal ne sont pas suffisants pour le définir en tant que catégorie linguistique et encore moins en tant que phénomène du discours. Nous considérons le Npr dans un cadre plus général, comme une facette de la nomination (ce qu’il est), processus dynamique en discours où nous pouvons étudier ses fonctions discursives et ses différents types d’emplois contextuels. L’objectif de notre travail est donc d’étudier l’activité de nomination dans le genre médiatique de la presse écrite, de mettre à jour les enjeux de cette activité dans la construction de l’information de chaque titre retenu et dans la construction des représentations médiatiques des hommes politiques. Pour ce faire, nous recensons les différentes procédures de nomination des hommes politiques français dans cinq titres de la presse écrite française, nous analysons les fonctionnements sémantico-référentiels de ces différentes formes (dont le nom propre) et nous observons si cette nomination est contrainte aux caractéristiques du genre médiatique, envisagé comme genre discursif dans la tradition de l’École française de l’analyse du discours / The linguistically defined form of proper name corresponds to a speech act, governed by social conventions and founded by a nomination act which refers to a particular individual. The traditional criteria used to distinguish the proper name from the common noun and to predict its so said marginal functioning are not sufficient to define it as a linguistic category and even less so as a speech phenomenon. We consider the proper name in a more general frame, as a facet of nomination (which it is), using a dynamic speech process where one can study its discursive functions and its different types of uses in context. The aim of our work is to study the activity of nomination in a specific media genre, the written press, and to uncover the issues at stake regarding this activity, specifically in the construction of information in each of the press titles we retained and in the construction of media representations when politicians are concerned. We here undertake a systematic study of the language resources available for the enunciator (mostly the journalist) to name the other, to refer to alterity. To do so, we first take an inventory of the different nomination procedures regarding French politicians in five written press French newspapers, we then analyse the semantico-referential functioning of these different forms (including the proper name) and finally observe weither the nomination undergoes the characteristic constraints of this specific media genre, considered as a discursive genre in the tradition of the Ecole Française of discourse analysis

A presente dissertação parte da hipótese de que, por meio da análise do movimento entre o falar e o grafar, é possível entender os modos pelos quais a criança constrói o conceito do nome próprio. Ou seja, ela privilegia o estudo do momento no qual, para cada um dos informantes, o nome próprio deixou de ser uma imagem e passou a funcionar como um símbolo. A pesquisa teve por objetivo geral compreender como a simbolização do conceito de nome próprio se dá. Tomou como objeto de análise a produção de crianças em idade aproximada de três anos, alunos de uma escola pública de educação infantil de zero a três anos, no interior do Estado de São Paulo. Ao longo do ano de 2009, os informantes foram gravados em vídeo, com periodicidade mensal. As imagens foram tomadas durante a realização de uma atividade de escrita do nome próprio. A atividade teve por objetivo tanto registrar o ato da escrita do nome próprio pela criança quanto a fala produzida por ela durante a escrita. Assim, o corpus foi formado por gravações em vídeo, transcrições simples das falas nele contidas e pelas produções escritas de quatro crianças. Partindo da abordagem lacaniana, que considera o nome próprio como um traço que marca um corpo e, designando uma diferença, o inscreve em um lugar, a pesquisa procurou responder de que modo as crianças pequenas interpretam as marcas gráficas que produzem, de modo intencional ou acidental, ao serem solicitadas para escrever seu nome próprio. Na análise dos dados, buscou-se privilegiar os indícios das passagens que mostram a alternância entre os registros do psiquismo humano descritos por Lacan (real, simbólico e imaginário). Cotejando as produções das crianças, foi possível concluir que houve movimentos no e do escrito, tanto entre uma produção e outra quanto na elaboração de cada uma das produções. É possível afirmar que, aos poucos, os informantes atualizaram, no ato de escrever, seu assujeitamento às leis da linguagem e, por este motivo, puderam percorrer um caminho para se apropriar do sistema de representação escrita. Postulamos, portanto, que os traços e os riscos produzidos funcionam como significantes que interrogam a criança e a instigam a fazer reflexões a respeito da escrita. Nesse processo, a professora fez intervenções que potencializaram a reflexão a respeito da escrita e, assim, pôde sustentar o trabalho de reformulação das hipóteses a respeito da escrita como objeto do conhecimento. Com relação às alterações na relação dos informantes com o saber gerados pelo processo, pode-se dizer que eles passaram a buscar maneiras de se representar por meio de uma marca própria e singular. Concluímos, portanto, que o investimento necessário para realizar uma leitura mais atenta da escrita de crianças pequenas é válido, pois, potencialmente, pode proporcionar elementos para compreender os impasses na alfabetização dos mais velhos. / This work assumes that, through the analysis of the movement between speaking and writing, it is possible to understand the means by which the child builds the concept of proper name. In other words, it favors the study of the moment in which, to every one of the informers, the proper name was no longer an image and started operating as a symbol. The overall aim of this research was to comprehend how the concept of proper name symbolization occurs. The object of analysis was the written production of children around the age of three who are students at a nursery school in the countryside of São Paulo. During 2009, the informers were monthly recorded. The images were taken during a written activity in which the students were expected to write their own names. The aim of this activity was not only registering the act when the child writes her own name but also the speech produced while writing. Thus, the corpus was composed for video recording, simple transcriptions of the speeches recorded and four childrens written productions. We first consider Lacans approach, which considers the proper name a feature that creates a sign in a body and, as it designates a difference, signs it up in a determined place. Thus, this research aimed to answer how young children interpret the graphic marks produced by them, deliberately or accidentally, when they are asked to write their proper names. By the datas analysis, we intended to privilege the clues of the episodes that show the alternation between the human psychism registers described by Lacan (Real, Symbolic and Imaginary). By confronting the childrens productions, it was possible to conclude that there were movements in and from the written composition. It is possible to state that, little by little, the informers got up to date, when writing, their antipersonification to the language rules and, for this reason, they could cover a way in order to appropriate the written representation system. We assume, therefore, that the traces and lines produced work as significants that interrogate the child and instigate her to reflect on the written text. During this process, the teacher intervened, improving the reflection on the written text and supporting the hypotheses recast on writing as a knowledge object. In relation to the modifications in the relationship between the informers and the knowledge generated from the process, we could say that they started looking for ways to represent themselves through a singular and proper sign. We concluded, therefore, that the necessary investment in order to read more carefully young childrens productions is valuable, because it may give elements that will help comprehending the difficulties in teaching the older children how to read and write.

Orientador: Nina Virginia de Araujo Leite / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T15:58:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leite_ClaudiaAparecidadeOliveira_D.pdf: 1255162 bytes, checksum: 51312fad47da614f80adcf78bf6149e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O nome próprio possui, na língua, um lugar de difícil manejo e elaboração teórica. Essa dificuldade de análise se torna potencializada quando se trata de nome próprio de pessoa, pois o nome próprio, no caso do humano, inclui um corpo. Essa tese, que já destaca em seu título o laço que liga nome e corpo, pretende discutir as vicissitudes cabíveis nesse enlaçamento. Para tal, partimos dos movimentos constitutivos que participam da emergência do sujeito e que estão implicados no ato de nomear (n'homear) salientando a dimensão do Nome-do-Pai nesse ato. Tais apontamentos foram construídos considerando a leitura que Freud fez do caso Schreber e as elaborações de Lacan sobre James Joyce, letra e escrita. / Abstract: Not informed. / Doutorado / Linguistica / Doutor em Linguística

《序曲》一直以來被視認為華茲華斯的自傳詩，描述華茲華斯如何憑藉自身心靈與自然的互動，發展獨立整合的自我。然而，《序曲》文本結構上的多重性與不完整性，卻與華茲華斯所提倡的自我形象相抵觸。本篇論文將依據德希達的翻譯理論，由三方面探討華茲華斯如何透過書寫《序曲》形塑自身詩人形象的身份認同。首先，寫作《序曲》是華茲華斯的譯者天職 (the task of the translator)。唯有完成書寫《序曲》此一必要卻又不可能的任務 (a necessary and impossible task)，華茲華斯才可確立自己作為詩人的身份認同。再者，華茲華斯的詩人身份仰賴華茲華斯之名的翻譯 (the translation of Wordsworth's proper name)。華茲華斯之名的可譯與不可譯 (the translatability and untranslatability of Wordsworth’s proper name)促使華茲華斯不斷地進行翻譯與改寫，因而造成了《序曲》文本結構上的多重性與不完整性。最後，《序曲》將以華茲華斯的「佚傳」(otobiography) 而非自傳的方式進行重新詮釋，說明華茲華斯企圖透過書寫《序曲》所建立的自我身份認同，必須藉由「他者的耳朵」(the ear of the other)來確立。 / The Prelude has long been regarded as William Wordsworth's autobiographical poem in which he celebrates an autonomous and consistent self nourished from the interaction between his mind and Nature. However, the textual plurality and a sense of incompleteness of The Prelude contradicts the unique and unitary self-identity proposed by Wordsworth in this poem. On the basis of Derrida's theory of translation, this thesis intends to investigate the establishment of Wordsworth's identity as a poet in The Prelude in three aspects. First, the writing and completion of The Prelude is Wordsworth's task of the translator, the necessary and impossible task in search of an identity as a poet. Second, the constitution of Wordsworth's identity as a poet depends on the translation of Wordsworth's proper name which calls for and against translation at the same time. The translatability and untranslatability of Wordsworth's proper name leads to the textual plurality and incompleteness of The Prelude as the result of Wordsworth's endless translation of his name. Last but not least, The Prelude is not so much Wordsworth's autobiographical poem as Wordsworth's otobiography which calls for the ear of the other to constitute his self-identity by hearing and signing with him. This thesis endeavors to prove that Wordsworth, in the position of an indebted translator committed to an insolvent debt and non-dischargeable duty by a translation contract with Nature and Coleridge, is obliged to translate his proper name in search of the sur-vival of his name as a poet and his poetry by writing The Prelude as his otobiography which is always open to and demands the ear of the other to recognize and affirm Wordsworth's name as a great poet.

The subject of this thesis is proper names in Czech and Spanish language and proper names in translation from Spanish into Czech. The theoretical part of the thesis comprises of an overview of the current state of investigation in the field both in Czech and in Spanish. In Czech linguistics, onomastics is a comparatively developed discipline. In Spanish, it is mostly grammatical manuals that deal with proper names. In both languages, authors tend to agree on the definition and classification of proper names into anthroponyms, toponyms and chrematonyms; however, Spanish authors usually do not separate chrematonyms as a category under such name. Furthermore, nobody has yet defined or classified the functions of proper names in Spanish language (an action which has already been done for the Czech language). Opinions on the translation of proper names differ to a large degree. Authors recognize proper names as polyfunctional units and agree that their translation (or non-translation) is in large measure conditioned by norms and specific historically conditioned conventions; by the function of the text, text type and genre; by the relationship of the working languages and so on. Authors also suggest their own set of strategies which can be used in the transfer of proper names from one language into...