In this essay a quantitative empirical study with additional qualitative studies are performed. The purpose of this essay is to study how public procurement is used as a political instrument through the national procurement strategy. Swedish procurement legislation is based on EU directives since January 1, 1994 when the 1992 Act: 1,528 entered into force. The purpose of the provisions was to ensure legal certainty in the purchasing and commercial practices of public authorities. Public authorities spend about 17% of EU gross domestic product on public procurement. The value of purchases covered by procurement laws is estimated at approximately SEK 625 billion, which corresponds to 25% of GDP excluding VAT. This represents just over one-sixth of gross domestic product. Swedish procurement law is based on EU law and lies between administrative and civil law and is often described as commercial administrative law, as public procurement concerns how the public sector will act in commercial transactions. Public procurement has in recent years been the subject of political focus and a way to achieve political goals. The conclusions of this essay are that it is mainly time and human resources that causes a deficient implementation of the national procurement strategy. According to the top-down perspective, there are a number of possible obstacles to the implementation of a policy, lack of time and resources in the state authorities may have contributed to the national procurement strategy not being implemented to the extent that the government probably hoped. The national procurement strategy has had a direct effect on 5 authorities regarding social sustainability. The authorities that have given social sustainability their own heading in the governing documents can, from the top-down perspective, be considered to have had sufficient time to implement the concepts.

To obtain the purpose of this study, three following questions were asked:● How are three government agencies working with the transition to the increased amount of digital services?● What effects does digitalization have on the selected authorities?● How do they counteract the risk that some individuals will find it difficult to take advantage of the authorities services at a time when an increased amount of work is being transferred to digital forms?Since digitalization of the public sector first occurred around the year of 2010 in Europe, Sweden has been one of the frontrunners in the development of digitalizing their public sector. Despite Sweden’s good use of digitalization it is clear that a digital divide exists in the northern country within different public authorities. The main purpose of this study is to describe how the Swedish authorities; the Swedish Tax Agency, the Swedish social insurance agency and the Swedish pensions agency include the excluded target groups and individuals who are within the digital divide. This was formed following the increased digitalization of self-service services. The purpose is also to see the similarities and differences between the authorities linked to theories and strategies. The empirical material has been collected from interviews and previous research. The method used in this study is a qualitative and comparative approach to successfully investigate differences between the selected authorities. The main conclusion is that there is a clear digital divide, especially within the older target group. As for the effects of the digitalized public authorities, some of the advantages refer to cost-benefits and a more open, efficient and accessible authorities. Although there are also disadvantages such as risks to unsee/miss important details in individual cases and that the selected authorities indirectly fail their social responsibility: to include all citizens. The authorities combine personal meetings with digital services to minimize the digital divide.

In this article I have analyzed the world legislation that regulates the environmental impact assessment but also the attributions of the public authorities related to this topic. By researching the results obtained during the implementation of the legislation in this field, we can deduce that the existence of the legal framework does not fully guarantee the successful execution of a procedure, and in this case the implementation of environmental impact assessment. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a process that identifies, assesses and mitigates the environmental impacts of a proposed project. This article examines the challenges faced in carrying out EIAs, the similarities and differences between EIAs in different countries, and the evolution of EIA effectiveness over time. Although, the legislation of the Republic of Moldova regulates this process, in practice very few projects, whether public or private, are subject to environmental impact assessment. At the end of the article I have proposed some solutions to improve the performance of this large procedure.

The thesis deals with the possibilities of optimization in the field of the value added tax in small municipalities. First of all, the main aspects of the value added tax in relation to municipalities are analyzed, both from the perspective of the Czech legislation and the legislation and jurisprudence of the European Union. Then the VAT treatment of public authorities in other Member States and possible future development of this area in the European Union are described. In the third chapter, various possibilities how small municipalities in the Czech Republic may optimize the costs on value added tax are outlined, whilst all the possibilities are explained in concrete practical examples. The last chapter contains a summary of which particular possibilities of optimization are suitable for different kinds of municipalities and the basic rules of application of VAT in municipalities are presented in a simplified schematic form.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:30:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mateus Fernandes de Oliveira Almeida.pdf: 2009800 bytes, checksum: b1890a20181b41a412a060d2d6142a9f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-15 / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo / This work aims to investigate the relations that public authorities established with mutual aid and charitable societies in Brazil's Second Reign, during the effectiveness of Law no. 1,083 of August 22, 1860, revoked by Law no. 3,150 of November 4, 1882. Its legal provisions showed the attempt by the Imperial Government to establish procedures to determine the organization of civil and commercial associations in the Empire. In order to start their operations or to amend their statutes, the societies invariably had to send a request for consultation to the Business Section of the Empire's State Council. This study privileges the empirical approach by describing and analyzing opinions of State Councilors, statutes, minutes and other documents that gave voice to historical subjects when their collective representations began to pluralize the public space in the city of Rio de Janeiro, seat of the Court, forming networks of solidarity from collectively shared experiences. At that time, mutualism and charity became practices peculiar to the associative culture of various workers residing in Rio de Janeiro, whether rich or poor, Brazilians or foreigners, freemen or freedmen, black or white, male or female. They gathered in the defense of their interests, in order to ensure protection against insecurity and social risks to which they were subjected, acting, therefore, in the sphere of "public utility" and "public interest". All these aspects highlight the positioning of this Thesis in the sphere of History of Political Culture, a context in which the knowledge developed about sociabilities is in effervescent reconstitution. Their relations with the public authorities and their role in pluralizing the public space, in the collective strategies of social protection, in horizontal solidarities and moralities established collaborate in forming an approach that, far from be innovative in theme, brings its contribution to the history of civil associations in the second half of the 19th century and its importance in the formation of a civic culture in the seat of the Court during Brazil's Second Reign / Este Trabalho destina-se a investigar as relações estabelecidas entre o poder público e as sociedades de socorros mútuos e beneficentes na Corte do Segundo Reinado, durante a vigência da Lei nº 1.083, de 22 de agosto de 1860, revogada em 4 de novembro de 1882, pela Lei nº 3.150. Suas disposições legais evidenciavam a tentativa do governo imperial de estabelecer procedimentos para condicionar a organização das associações civis e mercantis no Império. As sociedades, invariavelmente, tinham de enviar um pedido de consulta à Seção dos Negócios do Império do Conselho de Estado para pôr-se em funcionamento ou na ocasião de qualquer reforma em seus estatutos. O estudo privilegia a abordagem empírica, mediante a descrição e análise dos pareceres dos conselheiros de Estado, dos estatutos, atas e demais documentos que davam voz aos sujeitos históricos no momento em que suas representações coletivas começavam a pluralizar o espaço público carioca, constituindo redes de solidariedade a partir de experiências compartilhadas comunitariamente. O mutualismo e a beneficência tornaram-se então práticas peculiares à cultura associativa de diversos trabalhadores residentes na Corte, fossem eles ricos ou pobres, brasileiros ou estrangeiros, livres ou libertos, pretos ou brancos, homens ou mulheres. Detinham-se na defesa de seus interesses, no intento de garantir a proteção contra a insegurança e os riscos sociais a que estavam sujeitos, agindo, portanto, na esfera da utilidade púbica e do público interesse . Todos esses aspectos ressaltam a localização da Tese no âmbito da História da Cultura Política, num contexto em que o conhecimento desenvolvido sobre as sociabilidades encontra-se em efervescente reconstituição. Suas relações com o poder público e seu papel na pluralização do espaço público, nas estratégias coletivas de proteção social, nas solidariedades horizontais e moralidades constituídas concorrem para um enfoque que, longe de inovar na temática, deixa sua parcela de contribuição no campo da história do associativismo civil na segunda metade do século XIX e sua importância na constituição de uma cultura cívica na Corte do Segundo Reinado

<p>A mapping process is ongoing in Sweden concerning a phenomenon known as ”honour related violence”. The explanations of “honour related violence” often focus on culture and ethnicity, thus establishing differences between the majority society and offenders and victims. Given that some scholars critique mapping for focusing on predetermined objects, my aim is to study discursive conditions for abused girls, who are constructed as being from within ethnic minorities, in relation to their contact with the Swedish welfare system. The data consists of documents from the Swedish police authority and social services; as well as interviews with abused girls who have been in contact with the Swedish welfare system. I found that public authorities distance themselves from accusations of racism and partiality by using an individualistic repertoire where not only and not all “immigrants” are said to be involved in the problem. Despite this, causes of the problem are only discussed in terms of culture-clashes and lack of integration. Subjectivity is attributed to both offender and victim and the victim is constructed as someone without ability to speak for herself. The girls talk of victimhood as lack of agency but they also give accounts of themselves through emphasis on their subjective experiences. Thereby they question the public authorities’ ability to understand their situation. Through subjectivity it is possible for the girls to both talk as victims and claim a voice of their own.</p>

A mapping process is ongoing in Sweden concerning a phenomenon known as ”honour related violence”. The explanations of “honour related violence” often focus on culture and ethnicity, thus establishing differences between the majority society and offenders and victims. Given that some scholars critique mapping for focusing on predetermined objects, my aim is to study discursive conditions for abused girls, who are constructed as being from within ethnic minorities, in relation to their contact with the Swedish welfare system. The data consists of documents from the Swedish police authority and social services; as well as interviews with abused girls who have been in contact with the Swedish welfare system. I found that public authorities distance themselves from accusations of racism and partiality by using an individualistic repertoire where not only and not all “immigrants” are said to be involved in the problem. Despite this, causes of the problem are only discussed in terms of culture-clashes and lack of integration. Subjectivity is attributed to both offender and victim and the victim is constructed as someone without ability to speak for herself. The girls talk of victimhood as lack of agency but they also give accounts of themselves through emphasis on their subjective experiences. Thereby they question the public authorities’ ability to understand their situation. Through subjectivity it is possible for the girls to both talk as victims and claim a voice of their own.

Les débats autour du « durable » retournent le regard du développement vers le local. La participation citoyenne commence ainsi à intégrer les projets de développement territorial en tant qu’outil pour faire rapprocher les habitants aux décisions et aux décideurs de projets, en même temps qu’ils se réapproprient leur territoire. Les publications apparues autour de la participation jusqu’à présent se dédient notamment à sa définition et moyens. Certaines se positionnent dans un contexte précis et nous donnent des idées plus concrètes du terrain. Cependant, la plupart de recherches sur la participation et la concertation analysent soit des cas liés à la gestion de ressources naturelles (gestion de l’eau ou des forêts...), soit de l’aménagement urbain. Il existe pourtant une activité qui est encore peu étudiée et qui touche l’ensemble des caractéristiques du territoire : le tourisme. Peu d’ouvrages (notamment sur le tourisme solidaire ou responsable) sont dédiés à analyser l’importance du développement participatif dans le domaine. Nous souhaitons étudier ce type de développement dans le tourisme de manière globale afin de comprendre les relations complexes entre la population, les décideurs, les autres acteurs, le projet, le territoire et les touristes. Même si nous nous inspirons des cas de développement participatif dans d’autres domaines, il restera toujours une marge de différence assez significative entre eux et le tourisme. C’est pourquoi nous croyons que des analyses plus précises d’un développement participatif dans le tourisme doivent être menées en parallèle. Ces analyses cherchent comprendre tout d’abord dans quelles mesures ce type de développement est important pour l’évolution durable du tourisme pour ensuite déterminer les niveaux de participation plus pertinents et comment les mettre en oeuvre. Ce travail a un caractère exploratoire et cherche développer une compréhension théorique du(des) rôle(s) de la participation citoyenne aux décisions et projets touristiques. Même si cette recherche devrait être considérée plus exploratoire que comparative, nous avons autant l’ambition de tracer quelques comparaisons vers la fin. La motivation première de cette étude concerne la nécessité d’impliquer les habitants dans les politiques et projets touristiques locaux. Ainsi, la question globale de la recherche a été identifiée : la participation de la population peut-elle représenter un facteur de durabilité pour le développement d’un tourisme plus inscrit dans le territoire ? À partir de là, d’autres questionnements sont faits : Quelle est la réalité de la participation citoyenne dans les décisions touristiques ? Les avis de la population sont-ils pris en compte par les autorités responsables ? Comment cette implication peut-elle influencer à la fois le tourisme installé sur le territoire (images, valorisation, accueil, flux...) et la vie quotidienne des habitants (qualité, sentiments, aménités, relations...) ? / Debates around “sustainability” focus the development on the local level. Citizen participation becomes therefore part of territorial development projects as a tool that at the same time brings closer inhabitants and projects decision-makers and allows the first ones to reappropriate their territory. Publications about participation so far worry about its definition and the necessary means. Some talk about more precised contexts and give us real concrete ideas. Nevertheless, research about participation and dialogue analyzes either cases of natural resources management (e.g. water or forests management) or city planning. There is however a less studied activity which touches all the characteristics of a territory: tourism. Few texts (mainly about solidarity or responsible tourism) are dedicated to the analysis of the importance of participatory development in the sector. We propose a general study of this kind of development in tourism in order to understand complex relations between population, decision-makers, other actors, projects, territory and tourists. Even if we get inspired by cases of participatory development in other fields, there will always be a large margin of difference between them and tourism. That is why we believe that more specific analyses of participatory development in tourism must be drawn in parallel. These analyses try firstly to understand in which ways this kind of development is important to a sustainable evolution of tourism. In this way, later on the study it is possible to determine the pertinent levels of participation and how to employ them. This work has an explorative character and seeks to develop a theoretical understanding of citizen participation role(s) in touristic decision-making and projects. Even though the study should be considered as explorative rather than comparative, our ambition is to make some comparative notes by the end of it. The initial research problem motivating this study concerns the need of involvement of inhabitants in local touristic politics and projects. Hence, one overall research question has been defined: Can people’s participation represent a factor of sustainability to the development of a tourism fitting well in a territory? From that reflection, other questions are made: What is the reality of citizen participation in touristic decision-making? Are people’s opinions taken into consideration by the responsible authorities? How can this involvement influence at the same time the tourism on a territory (images, promotion, welcome, flows, etc.) and the everyday life of inhabitants (quality, feelings, amenities, relations, etc.)?

Då det svenska omvärldsläget de senaste tio åren blivit sämre till följd av främst Rysslands agerande samt att samhället påfrestats av kriser, likt flyktingkrisen 2015, har bidragit till att totalförsvaret ska återtas. En viktig del av samhällets motståndskraft inom totalförsvaret är att hushåll innehar en rekommenderad hemberedskap för att klara sig självförsörjande en viss tid. Trots en kommunicerad omvärldsbild, ny nationell säkerhetsstrategi och informationskampanjer visar Myndigheten för Samhällsskydd och Beredskaps (MSB) mätningar att mindre än hälften av hushållen innehar en rekommenderad hemberedskap.Syftet med denna systematiska litteraturstudie är att undersöka vad offentlig förvaltnings informations- och kommunikationsstrategier behöver ta hänsyn till under förutsägelse- och varningsskedet för att effektivt uppmuntra hushåll till att inneha en hemberedskap enligt statens rekommendation.Denna undersökning har endast nyttjat granskade vetenskapliga artiklar som identifierats genom en sökstrategi i databaserna Onesearch, Scopus och PAIS. Av 82st funna artiklar har 8st inkluderats i denna undersökning. Då fältet för denna undersökning är brett har en tvärvetenskaplig ansats tagits, detta innebär att hänsyn till olika forskningstraditioner fått göras i analysen. Analysen har genomförts genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys av funna artiklar. Denna analys har gett oss ett resultat bestående av fyra huvudkategorier – Avsändare, Mottagare, Målgrupp samt Risk- och krisinformation.Som ytterligare hjälp att tolka resultatet för att finna hur hushåll motiveras nyttjas teorierna ”Relational theory of risk” och ”Protection motivation theory” för att reflektera över resultatet.Resultatet påvisar att den offentliga förvaltningens kommunikations- och informationsstrategier behöver ta hänsyn till att reviderade och aktuella planverk inom förvaltningen är kända på alla nivåer som kommunikations- och informationsstrategierna utgår ifrån. Strategierna behöver vidare utgå från att målgrupperna som ska nås av informationen är kända och att budskapen är anpassade för dem och den aktuella situationen. Den offentliga förvaltningen behöver tillse att risk- och kriskommunikation sker kontinuerligt så att hemberedskapen upprätthålls och att samhällets motståndskraft är tillräckligt hög för att stå rustad för en oförutsedd kris över tiden.Staten, regioner och kommuner behöver tillse att tillräcklig kunskap och riskmedvetenhet finns i samhället kring hemberedskapen genom kampanjer och att utveckla utbildningsplaner inom grundskola och gymnasium för att en majoritet av allmänheten ska motiveras att inneha en hemberedskap enligt gällande rekommendation. / For the last ten years the security situation has deteriorated in Sweden’s surroundings. Swedish society has also dealt with crisis such as the refugee crisis during 2015. To cope with this new situation, the Swedish parliament decided in 2015 to reinforce Swedish resilience toward crisis and armed conflict. An important part of this decision was to increase resilience within society. A major part of the society resilience is that households are prepared to be self-dependent a certain amount of time. However, even though authorities have communicated the new security situation, established a new national security strategy, and released information campaigns, public polls show that less than half of the population has a household preparedness according to the authority’s recommendations.The aim of this systematic review is to investigate which focus areas authority’s information and communication strategies need to address during the prediction and warning phase to effectively encourage households to have a preparedness according to its recommendation.The systematic review has only used peer review articles that has been identified through a systematic search within the databases Onesearch, Scopus and PAIS. The analysis of the articles has taken an interdisciplinary approach which means that we must acknowledge and adapt to the fact that results from the different articles could be influenced by different science traditions. The analysis consists of a qualitative content analysis of the discovered articles. These analyses have shown four main categories, Sender of information, the Recipient, Targeted groups for the communication and the Risk and crisis communication.As additional support in the interpretation of the results we have used the Relational theory of risk and the Protection motivation theory.The result shows that the government, authorities, counties, and municipalities need to see that the level of knowledge and risk awareness needed among the public regarding household preparedness and its importance for the resilience within society is reached. This can be accomplished by information campaigns and through the educational system to make sure that a majority of the public is motivated to obtain a household preparedness according to recommendations.

Expression la plus caractéristique du pouvoir de l’administration, la décision administrative est une notion familière. Pourtant, les données observables en droit positif s’avèrent hétérogènes et contingentes, compromettant la possibilité d’en circonscrire la teneur. Et derrière un consensus apparent, les présentations doctrinales de l’action adminis-trative unilatérale se caractérisent par un éclatement terminologique et conceptuel. Le choix a été fait de construire une définition, à partir d’une analyse critique du droit positif et du discours doctrinal, pour en éprouver les mérites en vue d’une meilleure compréhension de l’administration et de son droit. Signification impérative d’une manifestation de volonté uni-latérale et arrêtée d’une autorité administrative, la décision administrative constitue un utile outil d’analyse du pouvoir de l’administration, du contrôle du juge sur celui-ci et de la place à laquelle les citoyens peuvent prétendre dans son élaboration et sa mise en oeuvre. Distincte de l’incitation ou de la déclaration d’intention, la décision demeure le mode privilégié de direction de la conduite des citoyens et l’objet principal du contrôle du juge sur la légalité de l’action administrative. La portée explicative de cette définition est complétée par la compréhension qu’elle autorise des usages stratégiques que les acteurs du droit administratif peuvent en faire. En tant que signification, la décision révèle les luttes qu’ils mènent pour l’identification, au cas concret, de la portée des divers actes de l’administration ; enjeu de pouvoir, elle fait ressortir les stratégies de légitimation qui entourent son emploi par les autorités publiques. / One of the most characteristic expression of the administrative activities, the administrative decision is a familiar concept. Nevertheless, positive law on this subject turns out to be disparate and contingent. And behind a seeming consensus, the authors pre-sent the unilateral administrative actions with real terminological and conceptual disparities. The choice has been made to build a definition, from a critical analysis of positive law and doctrinal views, so as to test its merits with an eye to a better understanding of the Admin-istration and its law. Imperative meaning of a fixed and unilateral act of will of an adminis-trative body, the administrative decision is a useful tool to analyse the power of the Admin-istration, the judicial review of it and the place that citizens can aspire to in the process of its making and its implementation. Distinct from incitation or mere declaration of intent, deci-sion remains the preferred way of directing citizens behaviour and the main object of the judicial review of administrative acts. The explanatory impact of this definition is supple-mented by the understanding it enables of the strategical uses that actors of administrative law make of it. As a meaning, decision reveals the struggles they wage to identify, in a specif-ic case, the impact of the various acts of administrative bodies ; as a power issue, it brings out the strategies of legitimization that surround its use par public authorities.