<p>  </p> <p>Due to miniaturization of electronic devices new electronic packaging strategies, such as Heterogeneous Integration Packaging (HIP), are being developed. In HIP, the space in the package is strategically mapped out to maximize the placement of components including all types of materials. Thus, there is a need to develop and understand the behavior of lower-melting point metallic interconnects as they will be located next to lower melting point materials, such as polymers. </p> <p>The composition of alloying elements in Sn-rich solder plays a pivotal role in determining the microstructural properties of the solder joint. However, the complex mechanisms governing the solidification processes of Sn-In, and Sn-Bi alloys are still not fully understood. Furthermore, the experimental characterization of phase formation poses significant challenges.</p> <p>This dissertation focuses on understanding microstructural evolution in Sn-In and Sn-Bi alloys during reflow. A systematic approach to characterizing the microstructure of alloys was developed, utilizing electron microscopy, non-destructive x-ray tomography and diffraction techniques, ranging from lab-scale to synchrotron experiments. The influence of In addition on microstructure was correlated with the mechanical behavior obtained using nanoindentation. The experimental understanding was further correlated with the Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. To study the Sn-Bi microstructures, the effect of experimental parameters, such as the cooling rate during solidification was elucidated. A 4D study was conducted, involving the analysis of 3D microstructures along with time evolution, to gain a comprehensive understanding of the solidification dynamics using synchrotron white beam tomography. For the first time, we observed a regular pyramidal morphology of Bi forming in the solder alloy. The 4D analysis provided crucial insights into morphology formation, growth kinetics, defect formation during solidification. The crystallographic analysis unraveled unique insights into the solid-liquid interface stability for semi-metals. Furthermore, the simultaneous Energy Dispersive Diffraction (EDD) analysis yielded a deeper understanding into the phase formation and lattice strain evolution. A fundamental relationship between the diffraction intensity and phase fractions, from imaging, was obtained. The experimental methodology developed in this work has the potential to be extended to investigate a wide range of alloy solidification mechanisms, enabling a deeper understanding of these materials.</p>

The concept of sustainability is currently a prominent topic of discussion within the field of packaging. In the context of numerous product manufacturing enterprises, the integration of sustainability principles into their operational framework is often perceptible to external observers solely through the packaging of the final product. In addition to the established criteria, fundamental concepts and principles, the predominant discourse surrounding the pursuit of sustainable packaging goals primarily revolves around the specific models and practices implemented by the industry. Growing environmental concerns from industry and consumers have driven the development of innovative bio-based materials as alternatives to fossil-derived plastic polymers for packaging applications. This thesis project is in collaboration with the Swedish-Finnish company, Stora Enso Oyj; a paper mill company specialized in packaging, biomaterials, wooden construction and paper solutions, made by renewable materials, such as wood and biomass. The study involves the execution of a comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to evaluate two distinct packaging solutions. The EcoFlowerBox (EFLB), a packaging solution developed by Stora Enso, is specifically designed to cater to the needs of the floral industry. It serves as an alternative to the conventional flower bucket, fulfilling the essential functions of flower storage and transportation. The materials that were compared in the study are corrugated board and plastic, respectively. The main objective of the study was to determine the most environmentally sustainable option based on the greenhouse gas emissions generated throughout their entire life cycle. In addition to the criterion related to material composition, the ecological durability of the products was assessed by considering their end-of-life treatment and potential.  The assessment methodology discussed in this study covers the complete life cycle of the products being examined. This includes the extraction of raw materials, the manufacturing and utilization processes, and the eventual end-of-life stage.  The research findings indicate that the EcoFlowerBox (EFLB), produced by Stora Enso, exhibits a carbon footprint that is 29% lower compared to the PP bucket in the baseline scenario. This suggests that, from a climate standpoint, the EFLB functions as a more environmentally advantageous packaging solution, in terms of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, in comparison to the PP bucket. Additionally, the study identified that the recycling rates and the weight of the PP bucket are crucial factors that exert a substantial impact on the study's outcomes. The results underscore the significance of addressing these areas of concern in order to improve the environmental performance of the EFLB when compared to other PP buckets, and to attain more sustainable packaging solutions for flowers.

This paper presents a new approach for characterizing heat sealing processes in packaging machines, which identifies all appropriate and optimum sealing parameters subject to given quality criteria. The presented approach is distinct from established methods, such as heat seal curves or response surface plots, in three aspects: It provides an easy-to-read chart indicating optimum and appropriate settings of sealing temperature and dwell time, as well as process robustness for each parameter set. The data points of the charts are generated directly from experiments without using any regression model. The design of experiments features a determinate sequence of tests and no iterative loops are necessary. The approach stems from a ‘trade-off’ model of heat sealing and a specific multi-objective optimization method. This trade-off model states that improving seam quality, reducing sealing temperature, reducing dwell time, and increasing process robustness are conflicting objectives. This hypothesis is deduced from a literature review and verified by experiments. The optimization method claims that all optimum sealing parameters are part of the solution of a multi-objective optimization problem, the Pareto-frontier. This hypothesis is elaborated into a design of experiments using the normal-boundary-intersection method, and is verified using a peelable seam and tear seam scenario.

De flesta män är för jämställdhet, de flesta män är emot våld och de flesta män gör absolut ingenting för jämställdhet. “Oj men så kan du inte skriva då kommer du förlora deras intresse” det var vad en vän varnade mig om, att ni män skulle bli rädda, känna er påhoppade eller bli arga. Men det här examensarbetet är inte till för att vara er män till lags, det är till för att skapa reaktion, engagemang och diskussion män emellan.  Projektet ämnar att undersöka hur grafisk design kan vara en bidragande faktor till eget engagemang inom jämställdhet. Konceptet Don’t be an asshole brewery är resultatet av denna undersökning, ett alkoholfritt ölbryggeri som utmanar dagens bild av manlighet. / Most men are for equality, most men are against violence and most men do absolutely nothing for equality. "Oh but you can’t write that then you just might lose their interest" that was what a friend warned me about, that you men would be scared, feel attacked or get angry. But this thesis is not meant to be comfortable, it is meant to create reaction, involvement and discussion between men. The project aims to investigate how graphic design can be a contributing factor to one's own involvement in equality. The concept Don't be an asshole brewery is the result of this study, a non-alcoholic brewery that challenges today's image of masculinity.

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Den omstrukturering som detaljhandeln genomgått under de senaste åren i och med digitaliseringens framskridning har även resulterat i en kraftig tillväxt inom e-handeln. Dettahar även inneburit en ökad tillverkning av emballage med en tillväxt som fortsatt förväntas öka även i framtiden. Denna tillväxt sätter ökad press på hur produkter inom e-handeln paketeras samt hur emballagen hanteras och därmed fnns det ett behov av att göra e-handeln mer hållbar. Rapporten ämnar att undersöka om ett pantsystem för återbruk av emballage från e-handeln kan vara en del av det, utifrån de tre aktörerna Konsument, Företag och Transportör och följande fem dimensioner: Organisation, Ekonomi, Beteende, Material och Teknik. Resultatet visar att de tre aktörerna kommer möta både utmaningar och möjligheter samtidigtsom förutsättningar har identiferats för att det utredda pantsystemet ska kunna implementeras. För konsumenten är en av de främsta utmaningarna att få konsumenten att gå och panta sitt emballage. En annan stor utmaning är att hitta en nivå på pantsumman som ger konsumenten tillräckliga ekonomiska incitament att vilja gå att panta samtidigt som den inte kan vara för hög eftersom det kan skapa en ovilja att delta i pantsystemet. Företaget ges en möjlighet att erbjuda konsumenter ett enkelt sätt att göra hållbara val samtidigt som deras lönsamhet till stor del ärberoende på att konsumenter inte ser panten som en extra kostnad och därför väljer att avstå från att handla samt att de faktiskt väljer att panta emballaget över att återvinna. För transportören uppstår en möjlighet att utveckla en ny hållbar tjänst samtidigt som det uppstår kostnader på grund av merarbete. Kostnaderna förväntas att täckas av den vinst som uppstår om en konsument inte lämnar tillbaka sitt emballage - väljer att inte panta. Huruvida det vore möjligt att implementera ett pantsystem och om det är en möjlig dellösning för en mer hållbar e-handel går inte att svara på utifrån denna rapport. Detta eftersom det skulle krävas mer information, djupare analyser samt ett pilotprojekt för att kunna testa pantsystemet. / As retail has been restructured with digitalisation, e-commerce has seen strong growth. This has implied a strong increased production of packaging, and is expected to continue to do so in the future. This growth has increased the pressure on how products in e-commerce are packagedand how packaging is handled, and thus there is a need to make e-commerce more sustainable.This report intends to investigate whether a deposit refund system for reuse of packaging from e-commerce can be part of this, based on the three actors: Consumer, Retailer and Carrier, and five dimensions: Organization, Economy, Behavior, Material and Technology. The results show that the three actors will face both challenges and opportunities at the same time as prerequisites have been identifed for the investigated deposit refund system to be implemented. For the consumer, one of the main challenges is to get the consumer to return their packaging for reuse instead of recycling. Another major challenge is to find a level of the deposit that gives the consumer suffcient financial incentives to be willing to return their packaging. If it is too high it can create a reluctance to participate in the deposit system. The retailer is given an opportunity to offer consumers an easy alternative to make sustainable choices. However their profitability is largely relying on consumers not seeing the deposit as an extra cost and therefore choosing to refrain from shopping. For the carrier, an opportunity arises to develop a new sustainable service at the same time as the costs that arise due to extra work. These costs are presumed to be covered by the profit that occurs if the consumer fails to return their packaging. Whether a deposit refund system would be possible to implement or if it is a possible partial solution for a more sustainable e-commerce, cannot be deduced from this report. More information and deeper analyses would be required as well as a pilot project to test the deposit refund system.

This study takes root in the emergence of new crowdsourcing techniques that have made it possible to solve business problems of complex nature by reaching outside of traditional organizational boundaries. While crowdsourcing is not a new concept, emerging technological trends such as Industry 4.0 and a growing interest by organizations to leverage the collective intelligence of online communities have made it an intriguing subject to study. The case study was conducted in USA, California at an established Swedish firm within the packaging industry. As opposed to traditional forms of crowdsourcing of repetitive and simple tasks, this study has an emphasis on complex problems with open-ended goals that often require iteration and expert skills to solve. The case project called Megatron relates to a packaging product developed to transport data servers for major technology companies in Silicon Valley. The product significantly differs in material and design compared with earlier packaging versions that have served the same purpose. Not only does it fold within its footprint when empty, to save space and gain logistical benefits, but it has a lightweight and robust material. The project development of this prototype of seemingly new features constituted a complex problem for the industrial firm that could be studied. Using innovation, problem types, speed and agility of the project as metrics and benchmarks to evaluate the potential of crowdsourcing, interviews and project documentation was gathered as empirical data. The empirics were then analyzed with the help of literature, theory and models that offered scope of crowdsourcing models for different purposes, and a relationship between problem types and innovation. The study indicated a strong willingness among company employees to integrate digital platforms and tools for experimentation and prototyping. Furthermore, the study identified paradoxes and drawbacks such as the malleability of complex problems. However, recommendations to deal with the uncertainty are provided as well, such as online reputation systems and peerreviewing tools to validate the quality of work. / Denna studie grundar sig i uppkomsten av nya crowdsourcing-tekniker som har gjort det möjligt att lösa affärsproblem av komplexa natur genom att nå utanför organisationens traditionella gränser. Även om crowdsourcing inte är ett nytt koncept har nya teknologiska trender som Industri 4.0 och ett ökat intresse från organisationer att dra nytta av kunskap från internetbaserade grupper och plattformar gjort det till ett intressant fall att studera. Fallstudien genomfördes i USA på ett väletablerat svenskt företag inom förpackningsindustring. Till skillnad från traditionella former av crowdsourcing av repetitiva och enkla uppgifter, fokuserar denna studie på komplexa problem med öppna mål, vilket ofta kräver iteration och expert-kompetens. Fallstudien om projektet Megatron avser en förpackningsprodukt utvecklad för att transportera dataservrar till globala teknikföretag i Silicon Valley. Projektet skiljer sig avsevärt i form av produktens material och design jämfört tidigare förpackningsversioner som tjänat samma syfte. Dels kan den vikas som tom för att spara utrymme, erhålla logistikfördelar som mindre koldioxidutsläpp och kostnad, och dels har den konkurrenskraftiga egenskaper som starkt och lätt material. Med utgångspunkt från projektet och produktens nya egenskaper klassas det i rapporten som ett komplext problem för industriföretaget. Innovation, kostnad och projektetstidsaspekt användes som mätvärden för att utvärdera möjligheterna kring crowdsourcing. Den empiriska datan inkluderade intervjuer och dokumentationen kring projektets olika faser. Empirin analyserades därefter med hjälp av litteratur, teorier och modeller som syftade till sambandet mellan problemtyper och innovation, samt hur dessa förhåller sig till crowdsourcing och företagets affärsvärde. Studien visar en stark vilja bland företagets anställda att integrera digitala plattformar och verktyg för experimentering och prototyputveckling. Vidare identifierade studien paradoxer såsom mycket förändringsbara egenskapen av komplexa problem I förhållande till innovation. Däremot presenterar arbetet rekommendationer för att hantera osäkerheten, exempelvis genom ryktesbaserade plattformar och och granskningsverktyg för att validera arbetens kvalitet.

This research has developed a lead-free semiconductor device interconnect technology by studying the processing-microstructure-property relationships of low-temperature sintering of nanoscale silver pastes. The nanoscale silver pastes have been formulated by adding organic components (dispersant, binder and thinner) into nano-silver particles. The selected organic components have the nano-particle polymeric stabilization, paste processing quality adjustment, and non-densifying diffusion retarding functions and thus help the pastes sinter to ~80% bulk density at temperatures no more than 300°C. It has been found that the low-temperature sintered silver has better electrical, thermal and overall thermomechanical properties compared with the existing semiconductor device interconnecting materials such as solder alloys and conductive epoxies. After solving the organic burnout problems associated with the covered sintering, a lead-free semiconductor device interconnect technology has been designed to be compatible with the existing surface-mounting techniques with potentially low-cost. It has been found that the low-temperature sintered silver joints have high electrical, thermal, and mechanical performance. The reliability of the silver joints has also been studied by the 50-250°C thermal cycling experiment. Finally, the bonging strength drop of the silver joints has been suggested to be ductile fracture in the silver joints as micro-voids nucleated at microscale grain boundaries during the temperature cycling. The low-temperature silver sintering technology has enabled some benchmark packaging concepts and substantial advantages in future applications. / Ph. D.

The continual development of high-power-density power electronic converters is driven particularly by modern transportation applications like electrical vehicles and more electric aircraft where the space and carrier capability is limited. However, there are several challenges related to transportation applications such as fault tolerance for safety concern, high temperature operation in extreme environments and more strict electromagnetic compatibility requirement. These challenges will increase difficulties for more electrical system adoption in the transportation applications. In this dissertation, comprehensive methodologies including more efficient energy storage solution, better power electronics devices capability, better packaging performance and more compact EMI filter design are analyzed and proposed for the goal of high power density converter design in transportation applications. / Ph. D.