京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第24900号 / 工博第5180号 / 新制||工||1989(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科建築学専攻 / (主査)教授 西山 峰広, 教授 池田 芳樹, 教授 山本 貴士 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Det som studien vill undersöka är meningen av miljövänlighet i relation till solceller och hur detta koncept generaliseras i samhället, men även hur grannar i ett relativt nära område påverkar varandras motivation till att investera i denna typ av teknologi. Studiens syfte är att ge deltagarna en chans att berätta deras sida av hur de upplever konkurrensen i deras grannskap, med hjälp av intervjuer. Finns det en korrelation mellan granndynamiken och statusjakten, vilket i sin tur skapar köpkraft genom att grannar jämför med varandra? Vi har sett att det inte bara är viljan att ses som miljövänlig som ligger till grunden för individens motivation att investera, utan det är en komplex samling faktorer. Detta bekräftas av vårt teoretiska ramverk, Bourdieus kapitalteori och Habermas kommunikationsteori, som förklarar dynamiken mellan individer som bor i ett grannskap, samt hur kommunikationen blir ett samspel mellan olika aktörers tolkningar. Resultatet visar att individer är mer benägna att investera i solceller om deras granne har gjort det. Vidare visar det på en korrelation mellan de olika samhälleliga värderingarna, och viljan att rätta sig efter de normer som skapats av gruppen. Behovet av att känna sig miljövänlig och samtidigt uppehålla en känsla av status kan ha en större individuell effekt än vad som uppfattas. / The study wants to examine the meaning of environmentally friendly in relation to solar power and how this concept generalizes in society but furthermore how neighbours in are latively narrow circuit affects each other’s motivation to purchase this kind of object. The study has a purpose to give the chosen participants a chance to tell their side on how they experience the competition in their neighbourhood, which is done by interviews. Is there a correlation between the neighbours dynamic and status hunt which creates purchasing power through comparison with the people living nearby? We have found that it’s not simply the drive to be seen as environmentally friendly that builds people’s motivation in such purchases but it’s a complex mix of factors. This is confirmed by our theoretical framework which are Bourdieu's Capital theory and Habermas communication theory, that explains the dynamics between people in distinct circuits and how the language is an interplay of different actors which all have their own interpretation on the concept. The results show that individuals are more prone to invest in solar panels if their neighbours have acquired solar panels. Furthermore, it shows the correlation between the different societal values and the will to conform to the norms created by the group. The feeling of needing to be environmentally friendly and at the same time uphold a sense of status may have a bigger effect on the individual than they perceive.

This thesis presents a research effort aimed at developing a stronger, lighter, and more economic shelter using rigid wall panels. Reported herein is insulation research, wall and roof panel design and testing, floor section modeling and strength calculations, and cost and weight calculations. Beginning stages focus on developing solid wall and roof panels using cold-formed steel corrugated sheathing and members, as well as polyurethane spray foam for insulation. This research includes calculating uniform load density, to determine the overall strength of the panel. The next stage focuses on the flexural strength of the wall and roof panels, as well as finalizing the floor design for the shelter. This includes determining maximum flexural strength required to meet the standards set by the project goal. Direct strength method determined the correct thickness of members to use based on the dimension selected for the design. All Phases incorporated different connection methods, with varied stud spacing, to determine the safest design for the new shelters. Previous research has shown that cold-formed steel corrugated sheathing performs better than thicker flat sheathing of various construction materials, with screw and spot weld connections. Full scale shear wall tests on this type of shear wall system have been conducted, and it was found that the corrugated sheathing had rigid board behavior before it failed in shear buckling in sheathing and sometimes simultaneously in screw connection failures. Another aspect of the research is on the insulation of the wall panels. Research was conducted on many different insulation options for the mobile facilities. Specifically, insulation made of lightweight material, is non-combustible, added rigidity to the structure, and has high thermal properties. Closed cell polyurethane spray foam was selected for full-scale testing in this research. Closed cell polyurethane adds extra rigidity, is lighter than common honeycomb insulation, and has a higher R-value. Several polyurethane foam companies were studied for this research, and promising products were identified. The research focuses on the impacts of the polyurethane foam to the structural performance of the wall panels. Both shear and 4-point bending tests were completed to investigate the strength and behavior of the cold-formed steel framed wall panels with polyurethane foam insulation. Comparing the cost and weight of the current shelter, and the new design is reported herein. The material studies, specimen details, and test results are reported in this thesis.

Dans ce document, nous examinons la performance de l'estimation par la méthode bayésienne et celle par la méthode de vraisemblance. En premier lieu, on s'intéresse au cas où la base de données est complète pour estimer un modèle dichotomique par l'approche du maximum de vraisemblance et qui sera comparée à l'estimation du modèle par l'approche bayésienne ; dans ce dernier cas, on utilise la méthode d'échantillonnage de Gibbs. En deuxième lieu, on étudie l'impact du mécanisme de données manquantes ainsi que l'étude des cas complets sur l'estimation des paramètres du modèle. En outre, on utilise les modèles MCAR, MAR et NMAR. Nous illustrons ces méthodes d'estimation à l'aide des données simulées, ainsi qu'avec des données réelles portant sur la décision d'emploi ou de travail chez les jeunes.

Arbetet dimensionerar ett panelsystem för att motstå yttre påfrestningar som snö och vind, samtidigt som att det ska erbjuda oförstörande av- och påmontering. Hållfasthetsberäkningar har utförts med hjälp av statiska balkfall. Dimensionering av spår, snäppfunktion och låsningar i profilsystemet har utförts. Konstruktionsritningar har utförts, baserade på dimensionering och standarder. Med hjälp av detta arbete går det att tillverka detta system, åtminstone i ett prototypstadie. / This work dimensions a panel system to withstand external loads such as snow and wind, while it will offer non-destructive removing and assembly. Strength calculations have been performed using static beam cases. The design of the track, the snap-fit assembly and locks in the profile system has been changed. Construction drawings have been made, based on the calculated dimensions and required ISO-standards. With the existing work, it is possible to manufacture this system, at least in a prototype stage.

FRP laminates and fabrics, used as an externally bonded reinforcement (EBR) to strengthen or repair concrete members, have proven to be an economical retrofitting method. However, when used to strengthen long-span members or members with limited access, the labor and equipment demands may negate the benefits of using continuous EBR FRP. Recently, CFRP rod panels (CRPs) have been developed and deployed to overcome the aforementioned limitations. Each CRP is made of several small diameter CFRP rods placed at discrete spacing. To fulfill the strengthening length, CRP’s are spliced together and made continuous by means of overlaps (or finger joints). In this doctoral dissertation, the effectiveness of spliced CRPs as flexural strengthening reinforcement for RC members was investigated by experimental, analytical and numerical methods. The experimental research includes laboratory tests on (1) RC beams under four-point bending and (2) double-lap shear concrete specimens. The first set of tests examines the behavior of concrete members strengthened with spliced CRPs. Several beams were fabricated and tested, including: (a) unstrengthened, (b) strengthened with spliced CRPs, (c) strengthened with full-length CRPs, and (d) strengthened with full-length and spliced CFRP laminates. The double-lap shear tests serve to characterize the development length and bond strength of two commonly used CRPs. Several small-scale CRPs, with variable bond lengths, were tested to arrive to an accurate estimation of development length and bond strength. Several other specimens were additionally tested to preliminarily examine the effects of bond width and rod spacing. A 3D nonlinear finite element simulation was utilized to further study the response of CRP strengthened RC beams, by extracting essential data, that couldn’t be measured in the experimental tests. Additionally, analytical tools were added to investigate the behavior of tested bond and beam specimens. The first tool complements the double-lap shear tests, and provides mathematical terms for important characteristics of the CRP/concrete bond interface. The second tool investigates concrete cover separation failure, which was observed in the beam testing, for RC beams strengthened with full-length and spliced CRPs.

In this paper, we argue that shadow activities and different levels of marketization of household production systematically distort international comparisons of aggregate gross household saving rates (HSRs): Higher shares of hidden income increase observed HSRs. Panel data for 18 (24) OECD-countries covering a period of a decade show that gross HSRs are positively related to the degree of corruption(used as a proxy for the propensity to shift economic activities into the shadow) and to the share of income from property and self employment. At the same time, gross HSRs are negatively related to the female employment rate, the ratio of indirect taxes to direct taxes, and to the tax wedge. One plausible story behind these phenomena might be that unobserved consumption and wages in the shadow labor market induce an upward bias in observed HSRs and profit shares, while the price level effects of a higher share of indirect taxes and a 'welfare state' effect lower observed HSRs. (authors' abstract) / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

Syftet: Med arbetet är att utreda en fastighets klimatskal och energiförbrukning med hjälp av energibalansberäkningar. Målet: med rapporten är att upplysa hur fastighetens energiförbrukning kan beskrivas utifrån transmission och ventialtionsberäkningar. Avgränsning: avgränsning till att beräkna energibalanser till en fastighet som består av 46 lägenheter och nästan alla beräkningar är manuella, där energiförbrukningen beräknas. Detta ger en bra överblick över vad som behövs förbättras i dessa lägenheter. Teori: Information om fatigheten samlades in vid ett platsbesök där både in- och utsida undersöktes samt via samtal med företaget PEPA som byggde fastigheten. En ytterligare undersökning gjordes där information om området, byggår, tidigare års energideklarationer och energiberäkningar insamlades samt vilka energibesparingsåtgärder som gjorts i dagsläget. Med hjälp av litteratur, webbaserade källor och artiklar har arbetat granskat och bearbetat till ett sakligt slutresultat. Metod: En studie av litteratur undersökning i ämnet har utförts för att hitta relevant och nödvändig information inom området. För att undersöka fastighetens energianvändning, uppvärmning och konstruktion så har ett flertal fastighetsbesök gjorts. Utförande: Har undersöks fastighetens energiförbrukning och med hjälp av energibalansförbrukningen upplysas fastighetens elanvändning, fjärrvärme, tappvarmvatten, transmissionsförluster och ventilationsförluster etc. Denna studie har gjorts för att utreda investeringskostnader för solceller på fasader och på taket på en byggnad. Dessutom har studien utförs för att se om dessa bidrar till att minska fastighetens årskostnader och energiförbrukning under ett år. Resultat: I resultatdelen visas transmissionsförluster med ett värde på 330 MWh/år och köldbryggor som är 20 % av totala transmissionsförluster. Medan ventilationsförluster är 270 MWh, där luftläckage är 379 W/C. Sammanställningen av U-värde för transmissionsförluster är 0,35 W/m2. C och boverkets krav 0,4 W/m2.C, detta innebär att U-värde uppfyller boverkets krav. Värmeenergi behovet till fastigheten är 647 MWh, medan värmeeffektbehov är 228 kW, där energianvändningen och gränsvärde är 103 kWh/m2.år Diskussion: Syftet med arbetet var att studera och titta närmare på vilka energieffektiviserande åtgärder som finns till huset och vilka åtgärder som kan ge ett bra resultat, för att minska energi förbrukningen och ge besparing. Undersökningen har utförts genom manuella beräkningar, via samtal med personal från HSB på plats i Östersund och Sundsvall. Undersökningen har även utförts genom att samla in alla byggnadsritningar, genom kurslitteratur, Boverket, ISO standard samt genom diskussioner med företag som PEAB som har bidragit med viktig information. Ett schablonblad som erhölls av HSB har används vid beräkningar som exempelvis till dörrar, fönster, ytterdörrar, balkonger samt köldbryggor Slutsats: Transmissionsberäkningarna visar att värmegenomgångskoefficienten har ett rimligt värde, vilket är bra i jämförelse med boverkets krav på 0,4 W/m²·K. Vidare visas det i rapporten att ventilationen som används i fastigheten är bra, då FTX system används och värmeåtervinning sker. En annan åtgärd i rapporten, är en beräkning som visar en sänkning av inomhus temperaturen och är på så sätt lönsam. Den sista åtgärden som har utförts är snålspolande kranar som visar ett bra reslutat på en besparing året runt. Solcellernas beräkningar visar två olika resultat, de som är belägna på taket har en livslängd på 12 år och är mer rimlig än de som är på fasaden som har livslängd på 30 år. / The purpose of the work is to investigate real estate climate scale and energy consumption using energy balance calculations. The goal of the report is to disclose how the energy consumption of the building can be described by transmission, air leakage and ventilation calculations. And where you make an energy balance calculations to the real estate. The work delimited to calculate energy balances for a house consisting of 46 apartments and almost all calculations are manual calculations where energy consumption is calculated which gives a good overview of what is needed to improve in apartments. Information about the real estate was collected at a site visit where both inside and outside were investigated as well as conversations with the company PEPA that built the property. A further survey has been made where information about the area, year of construction, previous year's energy declarations and energy calculations was collected, as well as what energy saving measures have been taken today. With the help of literature, web-based sources and articles have been reviewed and processed into a true final result. Method: A study of literature research on the subject has been conducted to find relevant and necessary information in the field. To investigate the energy use, heating and construction of the property, several property visits have been made. This study has been conducted to investigate investment costs for solar on facades and on roofs of a building. In addition, the study has been conducted to see if these contribute to reducing the property's annual costs and energy consumption over an entire year. Results: Transmission losses are 330 MWh and cold bridges”köldbryggor” which are 20% of total transmission losses. While ventilation losses are 270 MWh, where air leakage is 379 W / C. Compilation of U value for transmission losses is 0.35 W/m2.C and energy agency requirements 0.4 W / m2.C, which means that the U value meets the requirements of the building. Heat energy the need for the property is 647 MWh, while the heat power requirement is 228 kW and energy consumption and limit value is 103 kWh / m2, year.   Discussion: The purpose of the work was to study and look into what energy efficiency measures are available to the house and what measures can provide a good result, to reduce energy consumption and save savings. The survey has been carried out through manual calculations, via talks with HSB staff in place in Östersund and Sundsvall. The survey has also been carried out by collecting all building drawings, through literature and the Boverket, ISO standard and through discussions with companies such as PEAB that have contributed with important information. Conclusion: The transmission calculations show that the heat transfer coefficient is a reasonable value, which is a good in comparison with the requirements of 0.4 W / m². K. Furthermore, the report shows that the ventilation used in the property is good when using FTX systems and heat recovery takes place. Another measure calculation performed in the report is a decrease in indoor temperature, which proves to be profitable. The last measure that has been carried out in the report is the fast-moving cranes that show a good deal of savings all year round. Sun cells calculations show two different results the first one sun cells those located on the roof have a life span of 12 years and are more reasonable while the another one those on the facade that have a life span of 30 years.

The basic objective of this study was to evaluate the environmental performance of two abrasives Copper Slag and Barshot in terms of productivity (in terms of area cleaned- ft2/hr), consumption and or used-abrasive generation rate (of the abrasive- ton/2000ft2; lb/ft2) and particulate emissions (mg/ft2; mg/lb; lb/lb; lb/kg; lb/ton). This would help in evaluating the clean technologies for dry abrasive blasting and would help shipyards to optimize the productivity and minimize the emissions by choosing the best combinations reported in this study to their conditions appropriately. This project is a joint effort between the Gulf Coast Region Maritime technology Center (GCRMTC) and USEPA. It was undertaken to simulate actual blasting operations conducted at shipyards under enclosed, un-controlled conditions on plates similar to steel plates commonly blasted at shipyards.

A construção civil é um dos setores com maior impacto ambiental, decorrentes do uso elevado de recursos naturais como matérias-primas e pela geração de resíduos. No Brasil ainda são utilizados em larga escala sistemas construtivos convencionais como os em alvenaria e em concreto armado, que muitas vezes empregam materiais de baixa qualidade e com alto impacto ambiental e social, como blocos e telhas cerâmicas fabricados de forma irregular em olarias clandestinas. A madeira, um material de construção de fonte renovável, possui características vantajosas relativas à sustentabilidade, assim como boa trabalhabilidade e relação peso específico/resistência, podendo ser utilizada combinada a outros materiais na industrialização de componentes de madeira, como painéis de vedação vertical, pisos e coberturas, sendo facilmente transportado e montado em obra, de forma racional, com controle de qualidade e custos, desde a fase de projeto, e baixa geração de resíduos. Vale ressaltar, que como a madeira é um material de origem orgânica, ela é passível da ação de deterioração por organismos xilófagos e intempéries, o que faz com que a etapa de projeto e o adequado detalhamento de todos os componentes deve ser cuidadoso, respeitando as características geográficas (climáticas) do local onde o sistema construtivo será empregado. Para que uma construção possa caminhar no sentido da sustentabilidade, ela deve conciliar os aspectos ambientais, econômicos e sociais. O sistema construtivo em wood frame consiste em painéis estruturados em madeira de floresta plantada tratada autoclavada, combinada com diferentes materiais para revestimento interno e externo, com materiais isolantes no seu interior, para proteção a intempéries, contra o fogo e para melhorar o desempenho termoacústico. É um sistema construtivo a seco, que apresenta baixa geração de resíduos, mas ainda é pouco aceito e empregado no Brasil. Novos sistemas construtivos visam aumentar a qualidade e a competividade, por meio de construções racionais, sustentáveis e competitivas. Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar as características do sistema construtivo wood frame, avaliar o desempenho termoacústico dos painéis de vedação verticais deste sistema por meio de ensaios de campo realizados com base na norma brasileira de desempenho NBR 15575 (ABNT, 2013) em uma habitação unifamiliar em wood frame, discorrer sobre a resistência ao fogo e os tratamentos utilizados atualmente nos componentes de madeira deste sistema, de modo a corroborar seu potencial e empregabilidade para construção de habitações no Brasil. Foram feitos baseados na norma NBR 15575 (ABNT, 2013) ensaios pelo método de engenharia em campo para determinação do desempenho acústico. Foram feitas medições in loco da temperatura do ar externa a edificação e interna nos dormitórios, o cálculo das propriedades térmicas de condutibilidade térmica (U) e capacidade térmica (CT) dos painéis de vedação vertical externos, e a área de aberturas para ventilação, para determinação do desempenho térmico. Os resultados obtidos foram satisfatórios, atendendo aos requisitos de desempenho estabelecidos pela norma de desempenho vigente. Desta forma foi evidenciada a viabilidade da utilização deste sistema construtivo para locais com caraterísticas climáticas semelhantes a da cidade de São Carlos - SP. / Civil construction is one of the sectors with the greatest environmental impact, resulting from the high use of natural resources as raw materials and the generation of waste. In Brazil, conventional construction systems such as masonry and reinforced concrete are still used in large scale, which often use low quality materials with high environmental and social impact, such as blocks and irregularly manufactured ceramic tiles in clandestine pottery. Wood, a renewable source construction material, has advantageous characteristics related to sustainability, as well as good workability and specific weight / resistance ratio, and can be used in combination with other materials in the industrialization of wood components such as vertical fence panels, floors and roofing, being easily transported and assembled in a rational way, with quality control and costs, from the design phase, and low waste generation. It is worth noting that, since wood is a material of organic origin, it is susceptible to deterioration by xylophagous and weathering organisms, which means that the design stage and the adequate detailing of all the components must be careful, respecting the geographic (climatic) characteristics of the place where the construction system will be employed. For a construction to move towards sustainability, it must reconcile environmental, economic and social aspects. The construction system in wood frame consists of panels structured in autoclaved treated planted wood, combined with different materials for internal and external coating, with insulation materials inside, for protection against the elements, against fire and to improve thermoacoustic performance. It is a dry construction system, which presents low generation of waste, but is still little accepted and used in Brazil. New constructive systems aim to increase quality and competitiveness by means of rational, sustainable and competitive constructions. The objective of this work is to present the characteristics of the wood frame construction system, to evaluate the thermoacoustic performance of the vertical sealing panels of this system by means of field tests carried out based on the Brazilian performance standard NBR 15575 (ABNT, 2013) in a single family dwelling in wood frame, to discuss the fire resistance and treatments currently used in the wood components of this system, in order to corroborate its potential and employability for housing construction in Brazil. Based on the NBR 15575 (ABNT, 2013) tests were made by the field engineering method to determine the acoustic performance. Measurements were made in loco of internal and external air temperature in the dormitories, calculation of the thermal conductivity (U) and thermal capacity (CT) properties of external vertical sealing panels, and the area of ventilation openings, for determination of thermal performance. The results were satisfactory, meeting the performance requirements established by the current performance standard. In this way, the feasibility of the use of this constructive system for places with climatic characteristics similar to the city of São Carlos -SP.