觀光產業是世界各國普遍重視的無煙囪工業，與科技產業共同被視為是21 世紀的明星產業，環顧世界經濟情勢，新興產業不斷興起，觀光事業已趨於國際化、多角化經營之際，也是我國當前首重之發展產業。國際觀光旅館是屬於高有形性比重的產業以及高度人員涉入的服務產業，探討具有實體產品與無形服務組合的服務其產品品質與服務品質如何對於消費者產生影響，將是一個兼具研究與實用價值的主題。 旅館是高度競爭的行業，毫無疑問的，地點是商務旅客、休憩觀光客和研討會代表等選擇可行方案時的重要準則，然而地點並非是每個區隔顧客在選擇旅館時唯一的考量。在旅館的每個等級內，在大都市中皆可發現許多選擇方案，豪華的程度與實體設施的舒適性可做為一項選擇準則。究竟是什麼關鍵因素促使消費者選擇並維持與某個服務供應商的忠誠度？因此，本研究假設國際觀光旅館其產品特性（包含有形的產品與無形的服務）和顧客的特殊利益有關之情況下，了解目標客戶的偏好以及如何其建立長期關係並為其帶來附加價值。 本研究參考Zeithaml and Bitner（1996）提出「顧客知覺品質與顧客滿意度關係圖」作為研究基礎，來探討影響不同區隔的顧客滿意度因素，以及不同區隔的顧客，影響其顧客忠誠度的因素又為何？以及國際觀光旅館的產品品質對於商務旅客顧客滿意度以及忠誠度之影響是否大於國際觀光旅館的服務品質之影響，並且探討國際觀光旅館的服務品質對於休憩觀光旅客顧客滿意度以及忠誠度之影響是否大於國際觀光旅館的產品品質之影響。接著探討滿意度與忠誠度之間的關係；最後以探索性研究的方式檢視忠誠會員專案對於商務旅客之顧客滿意度與忠誠度之影響。 本研究係以入住中華民國交通部觀光局核准營業之國際觀光旅館之旅客進行滿意度調查，問卷的設計以旅館的主要服務品質組成因素，請旅客針對他們所接受到的整體服務體驗就組成因素，如服務人員的服務品質、住宿與退宿的整體客房服務品質、旅館的硬體設施與服務以及與餐廳有關的設施與服務等，個別評估其滿意度。 由本研究結果顯示商務旅客與休憩觀光旅客雖然為具有不同需求的旅客，由顧客知覺的服務品質、顧客滿意度與顧客忠誠度的衡量項目中，萃取出影響服務品質、顧客滿意度與顧客忠誠度的因素中皆包含有形性的特質。與旅客接觸點的分析結果發現，並不是所有服務人員具有相同程度的服務機會，亦即與旅客的互動程度不同。服務品質中與服務人員互動構面對於顧客滿意度之影響並未達顯著之水準因素。因此本研究推論有形性可視為國際觀光旅館服務品質之最主要因素。 在滿意度的部份，對於商務旅客而言，國際觀光旅館的產品品質與服務品直接對於顧客滿意度具有直接的影響；而且產品品質的影響力大於服務品質的影響力。對於休憩觀光旅客而言，國際觀光旅館的產品品質與服務品質對於其顧客滿意度亦具有正面之影響。至於影響顧客滿意度與忠誠度之整體模型部份，商務旅客的滿意度同時受到國際觀光旅館的產品品質與服務品質的影響，並且國際觀光旅館的產品品質與國際觀光旅館的服務品質亦同時影響到顧客忠誠度。然而國際觀光旅館的產品品質與國際觀光旅館的服務品質對於休憩觀光旅客的滿意度分別都具有影響力，但是不具有顯著的差異。休憩觀光旅客的顧客忠誠度直接受到國際觀光旅館的服務品質的影響，並未受到產品品質的影響。 經初步研究發現會員忠誠專案對於顧客忠誠度的影響不明顯，忠誠度計劃的測量結果發現參加會員忠誠專案之旅客，只是對忠誠度計劃本身具忠誠度而非對該特定品牌具有一定的忠誠度，旅客的忠誠度是脆弱也容易因為其他因素對其忠誠度產生影響。對許多專業經理人來說，工作就等於休閒，因此，如何讓他們在工作中，也能得到休閒時的自在感，是未來國際觀光旅館業的趨勢。 / This study make used of hotel’s database and based on the 131 completed survey form hotel guests, identify attributes that will affect the customer satisfaction and customer loyalty of guests in the chain hotels. And will explore that if the frequent – guest program help hotels increase customer loyalty. The dimension of customer satisfaction with a service includes service quality, product quality and price. The results of the regression test that variable, the product quality and service quality will affect customer satisfaction of the business traveler, moreover service quality and product that direct influence customer loyalty. There is linear relationship between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. The factors affect the customer satisfaction are comfort of room、cleanliness of room and check-in。The hotel staff provides the effective check-in with pleasure attitude will affect their loyalty. Analysis results showed that the service quality and product quality will have direct influence the customer satisfaction of pleasure traveler, however, service quality will engage the customer loyalty of pleasure traveler. There is a strong connection between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. And the comfort of room will be the factor engaged the customer satisfaction. Finally, the frequent-guest program has the less influence of customer loyalty as expected. The business traveler were among the least loyal of the guests, considering the industry’s huge expenditures on frequent-guest programs, the hotelier may consider redirecting some of the frequent-guest expenditure toward strengthening human resources and toward improving the guest’s experience through quality of product improvement. Inferred form the results we have found, this study proposed some recommendations to the hotelier and the academics who try to do some further research on this topic.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The path analysis allows evaluation of the direct and indirect effects of the explicative variables on variable of interest, through the breakdown of the correlation coefficients. In order to make the results obtained through the path analysis reliable, some assumptions must be met. Thus, the objectives of this study were to verify the normality and the multicollinearity interference in the corn path analysis and compare alternative methods for estimating the path coefficients. Data from 44 trials of corn cultivars was used, carried out in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, between the crop years 2002/03 and 2004/05. In each cultivar, of each trial, were measured (number of days until the male flowering, plant height, ear insertion height, relative position of the ear, number of plants, number of ears and prolificacy) and the main variable (grain yield). For each trial, descriptive statistics were calculated and univariate and multivariate normality diagnoses were conducted using the Shapiro-Wilk test and the Shapiro-Wilk multivariate generalized by Royston test, respectively. Thereupon, in the trials data that did not present a normal distribution, a transformation of the data by the Box-Cox family of transformations was carried out. The correlation coefficients between the seven explicative variables (correlation matrix X'X) and the correlation coefficients of each explicative variable with the grain yield (correlation matrix X'Y) were calculated for the original and transformed data. Then, the multicollinearity was diagnosed in the correlation matrix X'X, using four methods: variance inflation factor, tolerance, the condition number and the matrix determinant. Finally, the path analysis was performed, using the normal equations system X X �� = X Y, in three forms: traditional path analysis, path analysis under multicollinearity and traditional path analysis, with elimination of variables. The data transformation, to obtain multivariate normality, contributes to the degree of multicollinearity decrease and in the stabilization of the direct effects in path analysis with high degree of multicollinearity. The high degrees of multicollinearity adverse effects in the estimation of the direct effects in path analysis are larger than the multivariate non-normality. The traditional path analysis, with elimination of variables, is more appropriate than the path analysis under multicollinearity. / A análise de trilha permite avaliar os efeitos diretos e indiretos de variáveis explicativas sobre a variável de interesse, por meio do desdobramento dos coeficientes de correlação. Para que os resultados gerados pela análise de trilha apresentem confiabilidade adequada, alguns pressupostos devem ser atendidos. Assim, os objetivos deste trabalho foram: verificar a interferência da não-normalidade multivariada e da multicolinearidade em análise de trilha na cultura de milho e, comparar métodos alternativos de estimação dos coeficientes de trilha. Foram utilizados dados de 44 ensaios de competição de cultivares de milho, conduzidos no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, entre os anos agrícolas de 2002/03 e 2004/05. Em cada cultivar, de cada ensaio, foram mensuradas sete variáveis explicativas (número de dias até o florescimento masculino, estatura de plantas, altura de inserção da espiga, posição relativa da espiga, número de plantas, número de espigas e prolificidade) e a variável principal (produtividade de grãos). Para cada ensaio, foram calculadas estatísticas descritivas e realizado o diagnóstico de normalidade uni e multivariada, por meio dos testes de Shapiro-Wilk e de Shapiro-Wilk multivariado generalizado por Royston, respectivamente. A seguir, nos dados dos ensaios que não apresentaram distribuição normal, foi realizada a transformação dos dados com a utilização da família de transformações Box-Cox. Para os dados originais e os dados transformados, foram calculados os coeficientes de correlação entre as sete variáveis explicativas (matriz de correlação X X) e os coeficientes de correlação de cada variável explicativa com a produtividade de grãos (matriz de correlação X Y). A seguir, foi realizado o diagnóstico de multicolinearidade na matriz de correlação X X, por meio de quatro métodos: fator de inflação de variância, tolerância, número de condição e determinante da matriz. Por fim, foi realizada a análise de trilha, com a utilização do sistema de equações normais X X �� = X Y, por três formas: análise de trilha tradicional, análise de trilha sob multicolinearidade e análise de trilha tradicional, com eliminação de variáveis. A transformação de dados, a fim de obter a normalidade multivariada, contribui para a redução do grau de multicolinearidade e na estabilização das estimativas dos efeitos diretos em análise de trilha com alto grau de multicolinearidade. Os efeitos adversos do alto grau de multicolinearidade na estimativa dos efeitos diretos de análises de trilha são maiores que a não-normalidade multivariada. A análise de trilha tradicional, com eliminação de variáveis, é mais adequada que a análise de trilha sob multicolinearidade.

The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) has a great national importance and therefore, the development of new cultivars with excellent agronomic performance, seed quality, technological and nutritional, represent an alternative to solve food, social and economic problems. Therefore, experiments were carried out, conducted in three growing seasons: normal rainy 2010/2011, dry season 2011 and normal rainy 2011/2012. Treatments consisted of 16 inbred common bean lines, 12 inbred lines belonging to different breeders and four commercial cultivars used as control. The objectives of this work were: (1) evaluated the effects of the line x environment interaction on the morphological, phenological and grain yield characters of inbred common bean lines and to study the correlation and the direct and indirect association between these characters; (2) evaluate the morphological characteres and the health and physiological quality of bean seeds by different tests, and to determine the association of vigor tests with field emergence to evaluate the morphological and physiological and sanitary quality of seeds advanced lines of beans by different tests, and to determine the association of vigor tests with field emergence seedling in the field; and (3) study genetic variability of common bean lines as grain yield, cooking time and minerals concentration in grains, study the linear correlation between grain yield, cooking time and the minerals concentration in grains and use the Z index to select the common bean lines with superiority for most characters. Significant line x environment interaction was obtained for the seed coat colour, days number for the flowering, pods number per plant, seeds number per plant, 100 seed mass and grain yield. The grain yield and morphological characters don t show correlation coefficients estimates favorable for the selection common bean lines with high grain yield. It was observed that genetic variability exists to proceed with the selection of lines regarding morphological, physiological and sanitary quality of seeds. The lines, TB 02- 24, LP 07-80, LP 08-90, CNFP 10104, Carioca, TB 02-07 and SM 1810 had higher germination and vigor and the lines, Guapo Brilhante, Gen P5-4-3-1 and Gen PR14-2-3 show up with lower germination and vigor. The accelerated aging test is the most appropriate to estimate the effect of bean seeds. The common bean lines showed genetic variability for the grain yield, the cooking time and the calcium and iron concentrations in grains. Correlation of low magnitude was found between the study variables, indicating the no existence of casual correlation. The selection of the Gen Pr 14-2-3 line is recommended because it provided the highest Z index values for most characters. According to the results, genetic variability exists to make selection of lines as the morphological, physiological and sanitary quality of the seed. / O feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) tem uma grande importância nacional e, por isso, o desenvolvimento de novas cultivares com excelentes características agronômicas, com qualidade de sementes, nutricional e tecnológica, representaria uma alternativa para solucionar problemas alimentares, sociais e econômicos. Diante disso, foram conduzidos três experimentos em cultivo de safra 2010/2011, safrinha 2011 e safra 2011/2012. Os tratamentos consistiram de 16 linhagens avançadas de feijão, sendo 12 linhagens pertencentes a diferentes obtentores e quatro cultivares comerciais, utilizadas como testemunhas. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: (1) avaliar os efeitos da interação linhagem x ambiente sobre os caracteres morfológicos, fenológicos e de produção das linhagens avançadas de feijão e estudar as associações lineares e as relações diretas e indiretas entre esses caracteres; (2) avaliar as características morfológicas e da qualidade sanitária e fisiológica de sementes de feijão por diferentes testes, bem como determinar a associação dos testes de vigor com a emergência de plântulas a campo; e (3) estudar a variabilidade genética das linhagens de feijão quanto à produtividade de grãos, o tempo de cozimento e a concentração de minerais em grãos e a associação linear entre esses caracteres, utilizando o índice Z para selecionar as linhagens com superioridade para a maioria dos caracteres. Interação linhagem x ambiente significativa foi obtida para a coloração do tegumento das sementes, o número de dias da emergência à floração, o número de vagens por planta, o número de sementes por planta, a massa de 100 sementes e a produtividade de grãos. Os caracteres morfológicos não apresentam estimativas de coeficiente de correlação favoráveis à seleção de linhagens de feijão com superioridade para a produtividade de grãos. Foi observado que existe variabilidade genética para se proceder à seleção de linhagens quanto às características morfológicas, qualidade sanitária e fisiológica de sementes. As linhagens Pérola, TB 02-24, LP 07-80, LP 08-90, CNFP 10104, Carioca, TB 02-07 e SM 1810 apresentaram maior germinação e vigor e as linhagens, Guapo Brilhante, Gen P5-4-3-1 e Gen Pr14-2-3 mostram-se com menor germinação e vigor. O teste de envelhecimento acelerado é o mais indicado para estimar o vigor de sementes de feijão. As linhagens de feijão apresentaram variabilidade genética para a produtividade de grãos, o tempo de cozimento e a concentração de cálcio e de ferro em grãos. Correlações de baixa magnitude foram obtidas entre as variáveis em estudo, indicando a inexistência de relação casual. A seleção da linhagem Gen Pr 14-2-3 é recomendável, pois forneceu os maiores valores de índice Z para a maioria dos caracteres.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / CHAPTER II: The stability of the erythrocyte membrane, which is essential for maintenance of cell functions, occurs in a critical region of fluidity, which depends largely on its composition and the composition and characteristics of the medium. As the composition of the erythrocyte membrane is influenced by several blood variables, the stability of the erythrocyte membrane must have relations with them. The present study aimed to evaluate, by bivariate and multivariate statistical analyses, the correlations and causal relationships between hematological and biochemical variables and the stability of the erythrocyte membrane against the chaotropic action of ethanol. The validity of this type of analysis depends on the homogeneity of the population and on the variability of the studied parameters, conditions that can be filled by patients who undergo bariatric surgery by the technique of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, since they will suffer feeding restrictions that have great impact on their blood composition. Pathway analysis revealed that an increase in hemoglobin leads to decreased stability of the cell, probably through a process mediated by an increase in MCV. Furthermore, an increase in the MCH leads to an increase in the erythrocyte membrane stability, probably because higher values of MCH are associated to smaller quantities of RBC and larger contact area between the cell membrane and ethanol present in the medium. CHAPTER III: The need to treat obesity, a growing worldwide public health problem, has led to an increase in performing bariatric surgery, particularly the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. The sudden change in eating habits, resulting from this type of surgery, leads to abrupt changes in the body. This study analyzed the correlation between the osmotic stability of erythrocytes and various biochemical and hematological indices in a population consisting of 24 female volunteers, before and at four different times after surgery, distributed along eight weeks, what allowed the generation of 120 sampling points. The osmotic stability of erythrocytes proved to be of great importance for understanding the meaning of the redcell distribution width (RDW), because the stability variables (1/H50 and dX) were positively correlated with this hematological index. However, the stability variables and RDW seem to suffer different influences from other variables, as the LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), because only RDW has increased throughout time. Indeed, the stability of variable 1/H50 showed positive correlation with the blood levels of LDL-C, which declined throughout time. Path analysis showed that the body mass index (BMI) has an indirect effect, mediated by RDW, on the osmotic stability of erythrocytes. The correlations that the osmotic stability variables presented with RDW may help to understand the origin of the predictive ability of this hematological index in relation to various pathological conditions. / CAPÍTULO II: A estabilidade de membrana de eritrócitos, que é essencial para a manutenção da função dessas células, ocorre em uma região crítica de fluidez, que depende largamente de sua composição e das características do meio. Como a composição da membrana do eritrócito é influenciada por muitas variáveis sanguíneas, a estabilidade de membrana do eritrócito deve ter relações com elas. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar, por análises estatísticas bivariadas e multivariadas, as correlações e relações causais entre variáveis hematológicas e bioquímicas e a estabilidade de membrana de eritrócitos conta a ação caotrópica do etanol. A validade deste tipo de análise depende da homogeneidade da população e da variabilidade dos parâmetros estudados, condições que podem ser satisfeitas por pacientes que sofrem cirurgia bariátrica pela técnica do desvio gástrico em Y-de-Roux, uma vez que eles passam por restrições alimentares que têm grande impacto sobre a composição sanguínea deles. A análise de caminho revelou que um aumento na concentração de hemoglobina leva a uma diminuição da estabilidade da célula, provavelmente através de um processo mediado por um aumento no volume corpuscular médio (MCV). Além disso, um aumento na hemoglobina corpuscular media (MCH) leva a um aumento na estabilidade de membrana do eritrócito, provavelmente porque valores elevados de MCH são associados a menores quantidades de células vermelhas (RBC) e maiores áreas de contato entre a membrana da célula e o etanol presente no meio. CAPÍTULO III: A necessidade de tratar a obesidade, um crescente problema de saúde pública em todo o mundo, tem levado a um aumento na execução de cirurgia bariátrica, particularmente o desvio gástrico pelo Y-de-Roux. A súbita mudança nos hábitos alimentares, resultante deste tipo de cirurgia, leva a mudanças abruptas no corpo. Este estudo analisou a correlação entre a estabilidade osmótica de eritrócitos e vários índices hematológicos e bioquímicos em uma população constituída de 24 participantes do sexo feminino, antes e em quatro diferentes momentos após a cirurgia, distribuídos ao longo de oito semanas, o que permitiu a geração de 120 pontos amostrais. A estabilidade osmótica de eritrócitos mostrou ser de grande importância para a compreensão do significado da distribuição de volumes das células vermelhas do sangue (RDW), porque as variáveis de estabilidade (1/H50 and dX) foram positivamente correlacionadas com este índice hematológico. Entretanto, as variáveis de estabilidade e o RDW parecem sofrer diferentes influências de outras variáveis, como o LDLcolesterol (LDL-C), porque somente o RDW aumentou ao longo do tempo após a cirurgia. Realmente, a variável de estabilidade 1/H50 apresentou correlação positiva com os níveis sanguíneos de LDL-C, os quais diminuíram ao longo do tempo. A análise de caminho mostrou que o índice de massa corporal (BMI) tem um efeito indireto, mediado pelo RDW, sobre a estabilidade osmótica de eritrócitos. As correlações que as variáveis de estabilidade osmótica apresentaram com RDW podem ajudar na compreensão da origem da habilidade preditiva que este índice hematológico tem em relação a várias condições patológicas. / Doutor em Genética e Bioquímica

Os ruídos, vibrações e asperezas de rodagem veicular (do acrônimo em inglês Road NVH), presentes de 20 Hz até 1000 Hz aproximadamente, originam-se das vibrações e propagações acústicas dos pneus ao interagir com as superfícies. Nestas fontes de ruído, ambas as vias de contribuições estruturais e aéreas, são relevantes para o refinamento veicular. Constantes são os esforços para estudar o veículo como um conjunto de caminhos de transferência entre a dinâmica dos pneus até o conforto dos passageiros. Sendo assim, o tratamento dos mecanismos que geram e propagam o ruído e vibração à cabine está avançando, graças aos testes e análises sistemáticas, fundamentadas na teoria de Análises dos Caminhos de Transferências de energia (TPA do inglês transfer path analysis). O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar um estudo de um caso de Road NVH utilizando o TPA em veículo protótipo. Neste tema, é investigado o nível de ruído de rodagem em torno de 180 Hz, semelhante ao efeito de roncar (rumble, na expressão em inglês). Este ruído permanece presente no protótipo, em diversos tipos de pista e velocidades, porém em apenas um modelo de pneu (batizado de modelo \"A\"), entre os diversos testados. Das avaliações subjetivas prévias, defini-se que o foco das investigações são as contribuições estruturais da suspensão dianteira. Usando o TPA para demonstrar os caminhos críticos na formação do rumble, aplicou-se o método da matriz inversa para o calculo das forcas, considerando os seguintes pontos: buchas do braço de controle do A-Arm e de ligação da carroceria com a parte superior da suspensão dianteira (fig. 4.6 - tipo Mc Pherson). Foram obtidas experimentalmente as vibrações dos lados ativos e passivos destes pontos, nas condições de rolagem e as funções de resposta vibracionais e acústica do ponto, no laboratório. Após a correlação do ruído interno calculado com o medido, concluiu-se que o rumble deste caso foi gerado pela baixa eficiência de isolação das vibrações radiais nas buchas anteriores e pela força lateral do pneu \"A\". Por fim, propostas de bucha e pneu são apresentadas em termos das novas forças e respostas acústicas transmitidas, para minimizar o rumble. / The road noise, vibration and harshness (Road NVH) present from 20 Hz to 1000 Hz approximately, begins from the tires vibration and acoustic propagation and their interactions with the road surfaces. In these noise sources, both structural-borne and air-borne noise contributions are relevant to vehicle refinement. The constant efforts to study the vehicle as a set of transfer paths from tires dynamic behavior to passenger comfort to the final passenger comfort perception. Thus the treatment of generation and propagation mechanisms, have being forward thanks to the systematic tests and proceedings based on the transfer path analysis theory (TPA). The purpose of this work is to present a case study of Road NVH, using TPA in prototype vehicle. On this theme, it is investigated a higher noise level around 180 Hz, on the rumble narrow band. This noise remains in the prototype during several types of tracks and speeds conditions, whenever only a tire model, named as sample A, is used, despites all tires tested. From the previous subjective evaluation, the focus of the investigation is defined to be structure-borne of the front suspension. Using TPA to demonstrate the critical paths to rumble, it was applied the matrix inversion method to force calculation, considering the follow points: A-Arm type lower control arm bushings and top mounts of front suspension (picture 4.6 - Mc Pherson type). The vibration in the active and passive side of these points during test conditions and the FRFs driving points and body sensitivity for a target microphone were obtained experimentally. After correlation between internal road noise calculated and the measured, it was concluded the Rumble of this case had been formed by low radial vibration isolation of the front bushings and due lateral forces of tire A. At last, the bushing and tire proposals are presented in terms of new transmitted forces and acoustical responses, to minimize the rumble.

Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-10-03T17:58:28Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação Diego Baretta oficial.pdf: 4294007 bytes, checksum: af5d209b7d453630ed4e62113be77952 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-10-11T19:59:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Diego Baretta oficial.pdf: 4294007 bytes, checksum: af5d209b7d453630ed4e62113be77952 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-11T19:59:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Diego Baretta oficial.pdf: 4294007 bytes, checksum: af5d209b7d453630ed4e62113be77952 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / No melhoramento de milho (Zea mays L.) a utilização de cruzamentos dialélicos visando combinações híbridas promissoras é prática comum, assim como o conhecimento da inter-relação entre rendimento de grãos e seus componentes, visando uma maior eficiência nos programas de melhoramento. Desta forma o objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a capacidade geral (CGC) e específica (CEC) de combinação, utilizando o esquema de dialelo parcial entre linhagens endogâmicas de milho, assim como estimar os coeficientes de correlações fenotípicas entre caracteres de rendimento em milho e o desdobramento em efeitos diretos e indiretos pela análise de trilha. As combinações híbridas oriundas dos dois grupos heteróticos foram avaliadas em cinco ambientes de cultivo, utilizando -se delineamento de blocos casualizados. Avaliaram-se os caracteres: altura de plantas (AP), altura de inserção de espiga (AE), rendimento de grãos de parcela (RG), diâmetro de espiga (DE) e comprimento de espiga (CE). Realizou-se a análise dialélica, seguindo o método IV, modelo I adaptado para dialelos parciais para múltiplos ambientes. Detectaram-se diferenças significativas para cruzamentos entre todos os caracteres. O ambiente revelou significância entre todos os caracteres, com exceção de DE. A interação cruzamento e ambiente foi significativa para os caracteres AP e RG. As CGC's e CEC's foram significativas para todos os caracteres, revelando importância dos efeitos aditivos (CGC) e não-aditivos (CEC) na expressão dos caracteres, revelando predominância dos efeitos não-aditivos da CEC. Os genitores que apresentaram elevados valores de CGC foram 14 e 8 (grupo I) e 6' e 7' (grupo II) para os caracteres AE e AP, assim como dos genitores 15 e 4 (grupo I) e 3' e 4' (grupo II) para os caracteres RG, DE e CE. As combinações híbridas 10x4', 2x4', 12x4', 11x4', 10x3', 7x3', 9x3', 8x3', 14x3' e 15x7' se destacaram-se para os caracteres AE e AP apresentando elevadas magnitudes de CEC. Para os caracteres RG, DE e CE evidenciou-se elevados valores de CEC entre as combinações 3x1', 4x7', 1x1', 4x6', 15x2', 15x5' e 15x8'. Para as estimativas de correlação e análise de trilha foram mensurados caracteres primários e secundários envolvidos nos componentes do rendimento de grãos em milho em cinco locais distintos. Os resultados indicaram que rendimento de grãos de parcela apresentou estimativas positivas e significativas entre os caracteres diâmetro da espiga, peso de espiga, peso de grãos e massa de cem grãos nos ambientes classificados como desfavoráveis. Da mesma forma, evidenciou-se associação significativa e positiva com prolificidade de plantas e rendimento de grãos de parcela em todos os locais analisados, e revelou elevado efeito direto positivo, indicando ser um caráter promissor via seleção indireta visando ganho genético para o rendimento de grãos na cultura. / For maize (Zea mays L.) using diallel hybrids order promising is common practice, as well as knowledge of the inter-relationship between grain yield and its components in order to achieve greater efficiency in breeding programs. Thus the aim of this study was to estimate the general (CGC) and specific (CEC), using the scheme of partial diallel among maize inbred lines as well as estimate the coefficients of correlations between traits in maize yield and unfolding direct and indirect effects in path analysis. The hybrid combinations stemming from two heterotic groups were assessed in five cultivation environments, using a randomized block design. Characters were evaluated: plant height (AP), ear insertion height (AE), grain yield plot (RG), ear diameter (DE) and ear length (CE). The intersection and environment interaction was significant for the characters AP and RG. The CGC's and CEC's were significant for all the characters, revealing the importance of additive (CGC) and non -additive (CEC) in the expression of the characters, noting the predominance of non -additive effects of CEC. The parents who had high values were CGC 14 and 8 (group I) and 6 'and 7' (group II) for AE and AP chara cters, as well as parents of 15 and 4 (group I) and 3 'and 4' (group II) for the characters RG, DE and CE. The hybrid combinations 10x4 ', 2x4' 12x4 ', 11x4', 10x3 ', 7x3', 9x3 ', 8x3' 14x3 'and 15x7' can be up to the characters AE and AP presenting high magnitudes of CEC. For characters RG, DE and CE showed up high CEC values between combinations 3x1', 4x7', 1x1', 4x6', 15x2', 15x5' and 15x8'. For the correlation coefficients and path analysis were measured characters involved in primary and secondary components of grain yield in maize in five different locations. The results indicated that grain yield plot showed positive and significant estimates between characters ear diameter, ear weight, grain weight and weight of hundred grains in environments classified as unfavorable. Likewise, there was a significant positive association with prolificacy of plants and grain yield of the plot at all sites analyzed, and showed high positive direct effect and could be a promising character through indirect selection targeting genetic gain for grain yield in culture.

Studiens syfte är att beskriva och statistiskt analysera relationen mellan styrelsens diversitet och hållbarhetsredovisningen med innovativa företag som medierande variabel. Då en hållbarhetsredovisning utgörs av flera kategorier fokuserar studien på de sociala aspekterna: produktansvar, arbetsförhållanden och arbetsvillkor, organisationens roll i samhället och mänskliga rättigheter. För att uppnå studiens syfte har en kvantitativ studie med deduktiv ansats utförts. Data har samlats in från GRIs (Global reporting initiative) databas där totalt202 multinationella företag som redovisat enligt GRIs senaste rekommendationer har hämtats och utgjort studiens urval. Data har analyserats med hjälp av en strukturell ekvationsmodell och en stiganalys. Resultatet indikerar att det finns positiva samband mellan diversitet i styrelsen, vad gäller utbildning och kön, och innovativa företag. Vidare pekar studien på samband mellan innovativa företag och redovisning av samtliga sociala aspekter utom produktansvar. De starkaste sambanden finns mellan redovisning av de olika sociala aspekterna i hållbarhetsredovisningen. Den medierande effekten av innovativa företag är lägre i studien än förväntat. / The purpose of this study is to describe and statistically analyse the relationship between the board diversity and CSD (corporate social disclosure) with innovative firms as mediating variable. As a CSD contains several categories this study focuses on the social aspects: product responsibility, labour practices and decent work, society and human rights. In order to achieve the study's purpose, a quantitative study with deductive approach has been carried out. Data have been collected from the GRI (Global reporting initiative) database in which atotal of 202 multinational firms, which have outlined their CSD according to the most recent recommendations made by GRI, have been derived and thereby formed the study's sample. Data have been analysed by means of a structural equation model and a path analysis. The result indicates that there is a positive relation between board diversity, in terms of education and gender, and innovative firms. Furthermore, the study indicates a relation between innovative firms and CSD regarding all social aspects except product responsibility. Thestrongest relation exists between the various social aspects in the CSD. The mediating effect of innovative firms is lower than expected in the study.

Getriebeheulphänomenen wird in der industriellen Praxis zum Teil noch immer ausschließlich mit Hilfe einer optimierten Verzahnungsauslegung zur Minimierung des Drehfehlers begegnet. Bei auffälligen Resonanzerscheinungen werden zudem Strukturoptimierungen am Getriebegehäuse und den Karosserieanbindungspunkten des Antriebsstrangs vorgenommen, ohne auf die internen Systemkomponenten verstärkt einzugehen. Zudem kann bisher die verlässliche Erkenntnis, dass zur Einhaltung akustischer Grenzwerte die Konstruktion nochmals überarbeitet werden muss, erst spät im Entwicklungsprozess während der akustischen Versuchsdurchführung an Prüfständen oder im Fahrzeug getroffen werden. Durch sogenannte Sekundärmaßnahmen, die typischerweise nicht unmittelbar das Anregungsverhalten oder die Dynamik des Antriebsstrangs, sondern den karosserieseitigen Transferpfad betreffen, kann eine Reduktion des Schalldruckpegels im Fahrzeuginnenraum in gewissen Grenzen erzielt werden. Dies ist zumeist weder aus ingenieurstechnischer Sicht noch aus Sicht steigender Entwicklungskosten als optimal zu bezeichnen. Basierend auf einem detaillierten Abgleich zwischen Experiment und Simulation, angefangen auf Einzelteilebene über die Baugruppenebene bis hin zur Methodenentwicklung der Validierung von nichtrotierenden Gesamtsystemen mittels künstlicher Anregung, werden in dieser Arbeit möglichst akkurate Simulationsergebnisse angestrebt, um die Auswirkung von akustischen Optimierungen innerhalb der Simulationsumgebung realitätsnah vorherzusagen. Schließlich wird ein Prozess vorgeschlagen, der eine getriebeinterne Transferpfadanalyse zur Identifikation sensitiver Körperschallpfade vorstellt. Mit dieser Methode wird aufgezeigt, dass es möglich ist, akustische Schwachstellen auf der Antriebsstrangseite vorherzusagen. Dabei kann zum einen akustisches Optimierungspotenzial des Welle-Lager-Systems abgeleitet werden, zum anderen werden auch die aktuellen Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Verfahren beleuchtet.:Inhaltsverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis Formelzeichen und Abkürzungen 1 Einleitung 2 Stand der Technik 2.1 Getriebeakustik – Einflussgrößen und Begrifflichkeiten 2.1.1 Verzahnungsanregung von unter Last stehenden Zahnrädern 2.1.2 Verzahnungsinduzierte Körper- und Luftschallweiterleitung in Fahrzeugen 2.1.3 Maßnahmen zur Reduktion von Körperschallpfaden 2.2 Strukturdynamische Analysemethoden in der Getriebeakustik 2.2.1 Numerische Modalanalyse 2.2.2 Experimentelle Modalanalyse und Betriebsschwingformanalyse 2.2.3 Unkonventionelle Methoden zur Erregung von Bauteilstrukturen 2.2.4 Computerunterstützte Modellanpassung 2.2.5 Transferpfadanalyse 2.3 Getriebesimulation 2.3.1 Getriebetypische Kontaktmodellierung 2.3.2 Finite-Element-Modellierung und Reduktionsverfahren 2.4 Fazit 3 Zielsetzung und Vorgehensweise 4 Methoden zur Analyse von Getriebekomponenten 4.1 Verzahnungsanalyse 4.2 Strukturdynamische Untersuchungen an Einzelteilen 4.3 Strukturdynamische Untersuchungen an Baugruppen 4.4 Verhalten von Wälzlagern 4.5 Fazit 5 Methode zur Gesamtsystemvalidierung 5.1 Modellierung des Getriebesystems mit Prüfstandsanbindung 5.2 Getriebeinterne Anregung mittels Zahnaktor 5.2.1 Voruntersuchungen 5.2.2 Implementierung einer torsionalen Anregung in Frontgetrieben 5.2.3 Simulative und experimentelle Untersuchungen 5.3 Fazit 6 Getriebeinterne Transferpfadanalyse 6.1 Identifikation sensibler Körperschalltransferpfade 6.2 Optimierungsansätze 6.3 Fazit 7 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 8 Literaturverzeichnis / Gear whine phenomena are typically mitigated by optimising gear design to minimise Transmission Error. Additionally, structural optimisations on the gearbox housing and on the gearbox-to-chassis mounts may be conducted most likely without a detailed consideration of internal components‘ dynamics. Moreover, it is not unusual that in the final stages of drivetrain developments when the gearbox is tested on test benches or in vehicles NVH targets are not met. The countermeasures applied often do not alter the source of excitation nor the dynamics of the drivetrain at this stage, but the vehicle transfer paths through the chassis. Thus, sound power level reduction may be exclusively limited to vehicle transfer path improvements. In most cases this is not regarded as an optimal solution neither from an engineering perspective nor from the commercial point of view due to increased development costs. Based on detailed correlation activities where simulation has been run against measurement the work strives to achieve accurate gearbox NVH predictions to forecast more realistically the effect of design optimisations. The correlation approach starts on single component level moving on to sub-assembly level and finally up to the development of a method which is able to artificially excite the entire but non-rotating drivetrain. After various successful correlation studies, a process has been elaborated which proposes a gearbox internal transfer path analysis to identify potentially critical structure-borne noise paths. The method illustrates the capability of successfully predicting weak spots at the active side of a drivetrain early in the development process. Additional room for improvement can be derived when implementing this method by considering the rotating components of a drivetrain such as gear blanks, shafts and bearings.:Inhaltsverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis Formelzeichen und Abkürzungen 1 Einleitung 2 Stand der Technik 2.1 Getriebeakustik – Einflussgrößen und Begrifflichkeiten 2.1.1 Verzahnungsanregung von unter Last stehenden Zahnrädern 2.1.2 Verzahnungsinduzierte Körper- und Luftschallweiterleitung in Fahrzeugen 2.1.3 Maßnahmen zur Reduktion von Körperschallpfaden 2.2 Strukturdynamische Analysemethoden in der Getriebeakustik 2.2.1 Numerische Modalanalyse 2.2.2 Experimentelle Modalanalyse und Betriebsschwingformanalyse 2.2.3 Unkonventionelle Methoden zur Erregung von Bauteilstrukturen 2.2.4 Computerunterstützte Modellanpassung 2.2.5 Transferpfadanalyse 2.3 Getriebesimulation 2.3.1 Getriebetypische Kontaktmodellierung 2.3.2 Finite-Element-Modellierung und Reduktionsverfahren 2.4 Fazit 3 Zielsetzung und Vorgehensweise 4 Methoden zur Analyse von Getriebekomponenten 4.1 Verzahnungsanalyse 4.2 Strukturdynamische Untersuchungen an Einzelteilen 4.3 Strukturdynamische Untersuchungen an Baugruppen 4.4 Verhalten von Wälzlagern 4.5 Fazit 5 Methode zur Gesamtsystemvalidierung 5.1 Modellierung des Getriebesystems mit Prüfstandsanbindung 5.2 Getriebeinterne Anregung mittels Zahnaktor 5.2.1 Voruntersuchungen 5.2.2 Implementierung einer torsionalen Anregung in Frontgetrieben 5.2.3 Simulative und experimentelle Untersuchungen 5.3 Fazit 6 Getriebeinterne Transferpfadanalyse 6.1 Identifikation sensibler Körperschalltransferpfade 6.2 Optimierungsansätze 6.3 Fazit 7 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 8 Literaturverzeichnis

This thesis employs the globalization and integration-demarcation cleavage theory formulated by Huttar [2014] and Kriesi [2012], conception of populism formulated by Mudde [2017] and draws on Gramscian conception of civil society and hegemony. Aim of this thesis is to build a model of causal influence of globalization on cleavage and on populism, as was suggested by Hutter [2014]. After building this model, the aim is to explore how this theoretical relationship hold's over the 30 years since 90's, when the connection between globalization and new sociocultural cleavage had been theoretically suggested. For this model I am using KOF Globalization Index, European Values Survey datasets and Authoritarian Populism Index constructed and published by Timbro in years 1990, 1999, 2008 and 2017. This model is built on a dataset containing 38 countries on European continent or being a candidate country for EU. I am elaborating Hutter's theoretical suggestion and framing it in Gramscian conception of civil society. This allows me to suggest that populists are using organic crisis in a society to attract people who feel disjointed from current hegemonical elite and to create counterhegemony. The theory is, that globalization increases the tension between winners and losers of globalization sides of cleavage...

The use of accelerators in heterogeneous systems is an established approach in designing petascale applications. Today, Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) offers a rich programming interface for GPU accelerators but requires developers to incorporate several layers of parallelism on both the CPU and the GPU. From this increasing program complexity emerges the need for sophisticated performance tools. This work contributes by analyzing hybrid MPICUDA programs for properties based on wait states, such as the critical path, a metric proven to identify application bottlenecks effectively. We developed a tool to construct a dependency graph based on an execution trace and the inherent dependencies of the programming models CUDA and Message Passing Interface (MPI). Thereafter, it detects wait states and attributes blame to responsible activities. Together with the property of being on the critical path, we can identify activities that are most viable for optimization. To evaluate the global impact of optimizations to critical activities, we predict the program execution using a graph-based performance projection. The developed approach has been demonstrated with suitable examples to be both scalable and correct. Furthermore, we establish a new categorization of CUDA inefficiency patterns ensuing from the dependencies between CUDA activities.