I en allt mer konkurrenskraftig och snabbt föränderlig miljö måste dagens organisationer identifiera sina befintliga positioner, klargöra sina mål samt fungera mer effektivt och ändamålsenligt. Dessa premisser gäller också för icke vinstdrivande organisationer som även de behöver anpassa sig efter denna nya verklighet för att överleva. Ett prestationsmätningssystem (PMS), som sammanfattningsvis är ett redskap för att säkerställa att organisationer uppfyller sina mål och sitt syfte, kan hjälpa till att klara av dessa utmaningar. Det finns dock studier som visar att chefer och uppdragsgivare i icke vinstdrivande organisationer är allt mer oroliga över att mäta och hantera organisatoriska prestationer. Studien syftar till att förklara och bidra till en större förståelse av användningsområden och syften med PMS i icke vinstdrivande organisationer. Således blir också syftet med studien att bidra till den befintliga kunskapsbasen inom PMS. Denna kvalitativa fallstudie är utförd på Systembolaget och har primärt samlat in empiriska data genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med sju chefer från tre hierarkiska nivåer i ett av organisationens försäljningsdistrikt, men även genom dokument. Genom analys och diskussion av det empiriska materialet i förhållande till den teoretiska referensramen har vi dragit slutsatserna att ändamålet med PMS är densamma för icke vinstdrivande organisationer som för vinstdrivande organisationer. Vi har identifierat PMS som ett managementverktyg för efterlevnad och utveckling av strategier samt nå mål och visioner. Studien visar även att ett strategiskt sammanpassat PMS med fokus på icke-finansiella mått tydligt kopplade till verksamheten, kan ha betydelse för översättningen av icke vinstdrivande organisationers strategi till ett önskvärt handlingssätt och resultat. / An increasingly competitive and quickly changing environment requires today’s organizations to clarify their goals, identify their existing positions, and function more efficiently and effectively. These premises also apply to nonprofit organizations that also need to adapt to this new reality to survive. A performance measurement system (PMS) that, in short terms, is a tool for ensuring that organizations meet their goals and purposes can help to cope with these challenges. However, studies shows that measuring and managing organizational performance is an increasing concern for managers and constituents in nonprofit organizations. The purpose of the study is to explain and contribute to a greater understanding of the use and purpose of PMS in nonprofit organizations. Thus, the purpose of the study will also be to contribute to the existing knowledge base within the field of performance measurement. This qualitative case study is conducted on Systembolaget and has collected empirical data primarily through semi-structured interviews with seven managers from three hierarchical levels in one of the organization's sales districts, but also through documents. Through an analysis and discussion of our empirical findings in relation to our theoretical framework, one of the conclusions is that the purpose of PMS is the same in nonprofit organizations as for profit-making organizations. We have identified PMS as a management tool for adherence and development of strategies as well as achieving goals and visions. The study also shows that a strategically aligned PMS focusing on nonfinancial measures clearly linked to operations can be important when it comes to translation of nonprofit organization's strategy into desirable actions and results.

O termo sustentabilidade corporativa refere-se à capacidade de uma organização de sobreviver no longo prazo, mantendo-se (minimamente) lucrativa para que possa exercer suas atividades com cada vez menos impactos negativos ambientais e mais benefícios sociais. Considerando a lógica de que a empresa é aquilo que ela é capaz de mensurar, organizações sustentáveis demandam sistemas gerenciais de mensuração de desempenho que estejam alinhadas ao desenvolvimento sustentável. Assim, o presente estudo se propõe a discutir a seguinte pergunta de pesquisa: Como é inserida a sustentabilidade nos sistemas de mensuração de desempenho corporativos? Para isso, são propostos dois objetivos de pesquisa: (i) levantar os sistemas de mensuração de desempenho de sustentabilidade e explorar seus principais desafios; e (ii) explorar a importância relativa dada pelas empresas em relação aos indicadores de sustentabilidade. Para isso, a pesquisa conta com uma revisão sistemática da literatura e estudos de casos multissetoriais (um piloto e quatro exploratórios). A pesquisa traz evidências de que a temática de indicadores de sustentabilidade é ainda incipiente e pouco estruturada, com potencial de melhorar o aproveitamento da literatura já consolidada de sistemas de mensuração de desempenho. O estudo bibliométrico conta com (i) estatística descritiva, (ii) análise de redes de relacionamento (co-citação e palavras-chave) e (iii) análise de conteúdo a partir de uma amostra de artigos extraídos da base de dados ISI Web of Knowledge (Web of Science). Verifica-se que a literatura de indicadores de sustentabilidade aborda temáticas diversas, tais como vantagem competitiva, gestão de stakeholders e avaliação do ciclo de vida. Já os estudos de casos baseados em entrevistas semi-estruturadas permitiram o levantamento dos seguintes sistemas de mensuração de desempenho com incorporação de indicadores de sustentabilidade: sistema de avaliação de desempenho das áreas, sistema de avaliação de desempenho individual, indicadores para elaboração de relatórios internos e externos e sistema de avaliação inicial de projetos. Além disso, foram identificados fatores que interferem na prioridade dos indicadores de sustentabilidade: estratégia corporativa, pré-requisito; maturidade da questão e urgência. Dentre os desafios apontados pelas empresas, encontram-se a definição de indicadores para avaliar os benefícios sociais decorrentes das atividades da organização, a quantificação monetária de retorno de iniciativas ambientais e sociais e o engajamento dos colaboradores na sustentabilidade corporativa, independente da natureza das suas atividades. A pesquisa mostra que há benefícios na incorporação da sustentabilidade no sistema de mensuração de desempenho corporativo e que isso ainda tem potencial para ser abordado de forma mais sistemática, sem depender exclusivamente da iniciativa de determinados líderes. O papel desses atores para implantação de práticas sustentáveis na organização é fundamental e necessário, mas não suficiente, já que a sustentabilidade corporativa depende do engajamento de diversos stakeholders (internos e externos à organização), que podem ser influenciados pela cultura e pelos processos de negócios alinhados à lógica do desenvolvimento sustentável. / The term corporate sustainability refers to the ability of an organization to survive in the long term, keeping itself (minimally) profitable in order to conduct their activities with less negative environmental impacts and more social benefits. Whereas the logic that the company is what it is capable of measuring, sustainable organizations require performance management systems that are aligned to sustainable development. Thus, this study aims to discuss the following research question: \"How sustainability is embedded in corporate performance measurement systems?\" For this, it proposes two research objectives: (i) identify the sustainability performance measurement systems and explore their major challenges, and (ii) explore the relative importance given by companies in relation to sustainability indicators. So, the research has a systematic literature review and multisectoral exploratory case studies (one pilot and four exploratory). The research provides evidence that the theme of sustainability indicators is still incipient and unstructured, with the potential to improve the use of literature already consolidated on performance measurement systems. The bibliometric study is based on (i) descriptive statistics, (ii) analysis of extracted networks of relationships (co-citation and keywords) and (iii) content analysis of a given sample of articles extracted from ISI Web of Knowledge (Web of Science). It is found that the literature of sustainability indicators covers different topics such as competitive advantage, stakeholder management and life cycle assessment (LCA). The cases studies based on semi-structured interviews allowed the identification of the following performance measurement systems that incorporate sustainability indicators: performance evaluation of the areas; individual performance evaluation system; indicators for internal and external reports; and initial project evaluation system. In addition, factors influencing the priority of sustainability indicators have been identified: maturity of the issue, requirement, corporate strategy and urgency. Among the challenges faced by companies, there are the definition of indicators to assess the social benefits of the organization activities, the quantification of the monetary return of environmental and social initiatives and employee engagement in corporate sustainability, independently of the nature of their activities. Research shows that there are benefits in incorporating sustainability in corporate performance measurement system and it still has the potential to be addressed more systematically, without relying solely on the initiative of certain leaders. The role of these actors for implementing sustainable practices in the organization is essential and necessary, but not sufficient, since the corporate sustainability depends on the engagement of various stakeholders (internal and external to the organization), which may be influenced by the culture and the business processes aligned to the logic of sustainable development.

Scientific applications that operate on large data sets require huge amount of computation power and memory. These applications are typically run on High Performance Computing (HPC) systems that consist of multiple compute nodes, connected over an network interconnect such as InfiniBand. Each compute node has its own memory and does not share the address space with other nodes. A significant amount of work has been done in past two decades on parallelizing for distributed-memory architectures. A majority of this work was done in developing compiler technologies such as high performance Fortran (HPF) and partitioned global address space (PGAS). However, several steps involved in achieving good performance remained manual. Hence, the approach currently used to obtain the best performance is to rely on highly tuned libraries such as ScaLAPACK. The objective of this work is to improve automatic compiler and runtime support for distributed-memory clusters for regular programs. Regular programs typically use arrays as their main data structure and array accesses are affine functions of outer loop indices and program parameters. A lot of scientific applications such as linear-algebra kernels, stencils, partial differential equation solvers, data-mining applications and dynamic programming codes fall in this category. In this work, we propose techniques for finding computation mapping and data allocation when compiling regular programs for distributed-memory clusters. Techniques for transformation and detection of parallelism, relying on the polyhedral framework already exist. We propose automatic techniques to determine computation placements for identified parallelism and allocation of data. We model the problem of finding good computation placement as a graph partitioning problem with the constraints to minimize both communication volume and load imbalance for entire program. We show that our approach for computation mapping is more effective than those that can be developed using vendor-supplied libraries. Our approach for data allocation is driven by tiling of data spaces along with a compiler assisted runtime scheme to allocate and deallocate tiles on-demand and reuse them. Experimental results on some sequences of BLAS calls demonstrate a mean speedup of 1.82× over versions written with ScaLAPACK. Besides enabling weak scaling for distributed memory, data tiling also improves locality for shared-memory parallelization. Experimental results on a 32-core shared-memory SMP system shows a mean speedup of 2.67× over code that is not data tiled.

Personal Informatics (PI) are information systems that allow people to process activities with the usage of information technology, aiming to produce informational products (data) either for themselves or for others. Technologies that enable PI are becoming increasingly popular, assisting people in collecting personally relevant information about their body and their behaviour. In sports industry nowadays, a great variety of PI wearable tools offer support to athletes and training staff to improve their performance. An example of such tool is the Electronic Performance and Tracking Systems (EPTS), which are a combination of hardware and software that facilitates the collection, storage, analysis and management of professional athletes’ fitness and health data. Although significant and broadly used, EPTS have not yet received much attention from researchers and, thus, understudied. Therefore, the master’s thesis explores the perceptions of professional football athletes and training staff regarding the use of EPTS in their everyday training and work. Furthermore, the master’s thesis research explores the benefits and challenges that professional football athletes and training staff experience when using EPTS in their everyday training and work. The master’s thesis study adopts the interpretive paradigm and qualitative ethnographic approach. The research data was collectedthrough direct observations in the field and semi-structured interviews from Greek professional football athletes and Greek training staff that use wearable EPTS in their everyday training and work and was analysed thematically. A theoretical framework, which is built upon relevant literature from the informatics field and along with the theory of sensemaking, is used to understand, interpret and discuss the research findings. The research outcome of the master’s thesis shows that communication is at the core of EPTS enabling football players and training staff to improve individual and team performance. Organizing of every day starts and ends with EPTS analysis and evaluation and better organized and daily evaluated football methodology appears as key benefit for the club. Coaches and trainers are now more data driven and accurate and analysts and trainers that conduct analysisof the data provided by EPTS are new members of the training staff. Evidence provided by EPTS build trust between staff and players and in the training staff. Visualization tools for presenting insights need to be further improved with the addition of in-field monitors and 3D presentations. Furthermore, it is important for training staff members to have ethical and consistent strategy on how data derived from EPTS are used on how data are communicated.  The research complements previous research on personal informatics and adjusts them to elite team sport context and adds to the theory of sensemaking regarding how users make sense of PI tools that are related with their everyday routines at work. In addition, it offers football training staff members a model for efficient use of EPTS technology into the everyday football practices and a model of sustainable use aiming the overall improvement of team performance.

Current Intel processors implement a variety of power saving features like frequency scaling and idle states. These mechanisms limit the power draw and thereby decrease the thermal dissipation of the processors. However, they also have an impact on the achievable performance. The various mechanisms significantly differ regarding the amount of power savings, the latency of mode changes, and the associated overhead. In this paper, we describe and closely examine the so-called software controlled clock modulation mechanism for different processor generations. We present results that imply that the available documentation is not always correct and describe when this feature can be used to improve energy efficiency. We additionally compare it against the more popular feature of dynamic voltage and frequency scaling and develop a model to decide which feature should be used to optimize inter-process synchronizations on Intel Haswell-EP processors.

Bakgrund och problem: Ekonomistyrning måste anpassas till respektive företags förutsättningar. Företag kan tillämpas olika strategier i syfte att uppnå deras vision varav en strategi är outsourcing. Outsourcing innebär att en extern part kontrakteras att utföra en viss aktivitet för en annan organisations räkning. Denna form av struktur får dock inverkan på verksamhetens förmåga att skapa målkongruens eftersom det innebär att även den externa partens målsättningar måste stämma överens med organisationens målsättningar. Ytterligare problematik uppstår när outsourcing tillämpas till flertalet externa organisationer i form av agenter. Problematik i förhållandet mellan agenten och den styrande verksamheten beskrivs i teorin av fenomenet agency theory och dess underliggande antagande om att respektive part kommer att agera utefter sina egna intressen och målsättningar. Att styra en verksamhet till målkongruens under dessa förutsättningar blir därmed komplext. Syfte: Studien ämnar förklara komplexiteten i styrning när outsourcing tillämpas på en avdelning som består av agenter. Utöver detta ska studien också beskriva hur styrning implementeras och vilka styrmedel som appliceras för de olika avdelningarna inom fallföretaget i jämförelse med den outsourcade avdelningen. Studien syftar därmed till att undersöka hur styrning kan utformas för att uppnå målkongruens i en verksamhet inom husbyggnadsbranschen som har valt att tillämpa outsourcing på försäljningsavdelningen.  Metod: Studien har tagit ansats i en kvalitativ forskningsmetod och tillämpat en enfallsstudie som forskningsdesign. Vidare har insamlingen av det empiriska materialet utgått från semistrukturerade intervjuer. Slutsats: Styrning mot målkongruens när outsourcing tillämpas uppnås genom att respektive avdelnings samt individers målsättningar sammanlänkas med organisationens målsättningar, vilket också överensstämmer med vad teorin definierar som tillvägagångssätt för att uppnå målkongruens. I syfte att den externa organisationen ska tillta ett målkongruent beteende bör vinstmaximering ligga till grund för utformningen av eventuell budget och målsättning i den outsourcade verksamheten. / Background and problem: Management control must be adapted to the circumstances of each company. Companies can apply different strategies to achieve their vision, one being outsourcing. Outsourcing means that an external party is contracted to perform a certain activity on behalf of another organization. However, this form of structure has an impact on the business's ability to create target congruence because it means that the external party's objectives must be in line with the organisation's objectives. Further problems arise when outsourcing is applied to multiple external organizations in the form of agents. Problems within the relationship between the agent and the business that controls are described as the phenomenon of agency theory and its underlying assumption that each party will act according to its own interests and objectives. Controlling a business to target congruence under these conditions is thereby complex. Purpose: The study aims to explain the complexity of control when outsourcing is applied to a department that consists of agents. In addition to this, the study will also describe how control is implemented and how control mechanisms are applied to the various departments within the case company in comparison to the outsourced department. The aim of this study is thereby to investigate how control can be designed to achieve target congruence in an activity in the house construction industry that has chosen to apply outsourcing to the sales department. Method: The study has taken a qualitative research and applied a case study as a research design. Furthermore, the collection of the empirical material has been based on semi- structured interviews. Conclusion: Control towards goal congruence when outsourcing is applied is achieved by linking the objectives of each department and individuals with the goals of the organization. This is also in line with what the theory defines as the approach to achieving goal congruence. In order to achieve a goal-congruent behaviour, the external organization should use of profit maximization in every budget and objectives in the outsourced activity.

La formation continue et le roulement volontaire des ressources humaines semblent entretenir une relation confuse. Peu de recherches se sont intéressées à cette relation au niveau d’analyse de l’organisation et leurs résultats semblent ne pas présenter de conclusions probantes. La présente étude de type panel pose la question à propos de la relation entre la formation continue et le roulement volontaire des ressources humaines et vérifie l’effet modérateur d’autres pratiques de gestion des ressources humaines sur cette relation. La formulation de la problématique de cette étude a donné lieu au développement d’un cadre conceptuel puisé dans trois perspectives théoriques différentes : la théorie des organisations, la théorie du capital humain et celles des systèmes de travail à haute performance. Les tests statistiques menés pour vérifier les relations entre les variables issues de ce cadre conceptuel ont été appliqués aux données collectées par Statistique Canada, dans le cadre d’une enquête longitudinale pancanadienne, auprès d’un échantillon de plus de 4 000 entreprises appartenant à 14 secteurs d’activité économique. Les résultats dégagés par l’étude confirment que la formation continue entretient une relation positive et significative avec le roulement volontaire. Les six autres pratiques de gestion des ressources humaines introduites pour tester l’effet de modération entretiennent en majorité des relations négatives et significatives avec le roulement volontaire. Les interactions entre la formation continue et chacune des six pratiques de gestion des ressources humaines aboutissent à un seul effet significatif. La multiplication des valeurs de la rémunération alternative par celles de la formation continue agit dans le sens de la diminution du taux de roulement volontaire des ressources humaines. Malgré le fait que les cinq autres pratiques de gestion des ressources humaines entretiennent des relations significatives et négatives avec le roulement volontaire, leurs interactions avec la formation continue sont demeurées sans effets significatifs. Il ressort donc des résultats de l’étude que l’impact de la formation continue sur le taux de roulement volontaire des ressources humaines peut être contrôlé par la mise en place de la rémunération alternative. Somme toute, cette étude a affirmé l’existence d’un lien significatif et positif entre la formation continue et le roulement volontaire. Elle a aussi vérifié l’impact des effets modérateurs des pratiques de gestion des ressources humaines sur la relation ci-dessus par le biais de tests d’interaction et a expliqué la possibilité de réduire le taux de roulement volontaire en associant la formation continue à la rémunération alternative. Enfin, cette recherche a permis de faire converger trois perspectives théoriques pour dégager un nouveau cadre conceptuel, lequel a servi de base à l’opérationnalisation des variables, la programmation et la réalisation des tests statistiques à travers lesquels ont été vérifiées les relations citées ci-dessus. / The association between employee turnover and training and development seems to be ambiguous at best. Few studies have shed light on this association at the organizational or workplace level of analysis and their results do not to present clear conclusions. The study reported here raises questions about this matter and verifies the moderating effect of other human resource management practices on this relationship. This study focused on the development of a conceptual framework drawn from three different theoretical perspectives: Theory of organizations, human capital theory and high performance work systems theories. The statistical tests conducted to verify the relationship between the variables included in the research framework were applied to data collected by Statistics Canada, as part of the national longitudinal survey of a sample of more than 4000 workplaces from 14 economic sectors. The results confirm that training has a positive and significant relationship with voluntary turnover, whereas the other six human resources management practices, introduced to test their moderating effect, have mostly negative and significant effects on turnover. The interactions between ongoing training and each of the six human resource management practices lead to a single significant effect. The product term formed by multiplying the values of alternative pay by those of continuous training acts in line with the decline in the voluntary turnover rate of human resources. Despite the fact that the other five human resources management practices maintain a significant negative relationship with voluntary turnover, their interactions with continuous training remain without significant effects. Hence, the findings of the study show that the impact of continuous training on voluntary turnover rate of human resources can be controled by the implementation of alternative pay practice. In fact, the study confirms that there is a positive and a significant link between training and voluntary turnover. The study also showed the impact of the moderating effects of human resources management practices on this relation through interaction tests, and explained the possibility of reducing the voluntary turnover rate by associating continuous training to alternative pay. Finally, in this research three theoretical perspectives have been merged in order to provide a new conceptual framework, which served as the basis in making the variables operational, and in programming and conducting the statistical tests used to verify the above relationships.

With the aim of identifying the challenges and determining the extent of the effect of these challenges on the effectiveness of the performance management systems, the performance management practices of selected public universities in Ethiopia were assessed. This assessment informed the identification of workable, customised balanced scorecard measurement variables that would ensure effective implementation of performance management systems and promote institutional success in the selected public universities in Ethiopia. An exploratory sequential mixed-methods design was adopted. First, literature was reviewed to learn about major concepts and theories on performance management systems and to establish the laws and directives that regulate performance management at public universities in Ethiopia. Qualitative interviews and quantitative questionnaires were used to collect data on the practices and the challenges experienced in implementing performance management systems in public universities in Ethiopia. The main practices and challenges identified include exclusion of employees from planning activities, management bias, supervisors’ failure to give feedback on performance appraisals, lack of experience among many of the professionals in the execution of performance management systems, and high employee turnover. The study presents and recommends a hexagonal hybrid balanced scorecard measurement model (the newly added variables being leadership and stakeholders) to make Ethiopian higher education institutions effective and efficient in measuring their overall performance. / Met die oog daarop om die uitdagings te identifiseer en die omvang van die uitwerking daarvan op die doeltreffendheid van die prestasiebestuurstelsels te bepaal, is die prestasiebestuurspraktyke van uitgesoekte openbare universiteite in Etiopië geassesseer. Hierdie assessering gee aanleiding tot die identifisering van werkbare, doelgemaakte veranderlikes van gebalanseerdetelkaart-meting, wat doeltreffende implementering van prestasiebestuurstelsels sal verseker en institusionele sukses in die uitgesoekte openbare universiteite in Etiopië sal bevorder. ʼn Verkennende sekwensiële gemengdemetodeontwerp is gebruik. Eerstens is literatuur bestudeer om meer te wete te kom oor deurslaggewende konsepte en teorieë rakende prestasiebestuurstelsels, en om te bepaal watter wette en voorskrifte prestasiebestuur by openbare universiteite in Etiopië reguleer. Kwalitatiewe onderhoude en kwantitatiewe vraelyste is gebruik om data in te samel oor die uitdagings en praktyke in die implementering van prestasiebestuurstelsels by openbare universiteite in Etiopië. Die grootste uitdagings en praktyke wat geïdentifiseer is behels uitsluiting van werknemers by beplanningsaktiwiteite, bestuursvooroordeel, toesighouers wat nie terugvoer gee oor prestasiebeoordelings nie, gebrek aan ondervinding by baie van die praktisyns in die implementering van prestasiebestuurstelsels, en hoë werknemeromset. Hierdie studie bied ʼn verteenwoordiging en aanbeveling van ʼn heksagonale hibriede gebalanseerde telkaartmetingmodel (die nuutbygevoegde elemente is leierskap en belanghebbers) vir hoëronderwysinstellings in Etiopië om hul algehele prestasie doeltreffend te meet. / Ngenhloso yokuhlonza izinselele, kanye nokuthola ububanzi nobukhulu bomthelela walezo zinselele ekusebenzeni ngendlela efanele kwezinhlelo zokuphatha nokulawula ukusebenza (performance), lolu cwaningo lwahlola futhi lwacubungula izinqubo zokuphatha nokulawula ukusebenza ezisetshenziswa ngamanyuvesi omphakathi athile, futhi akhethiweyo, ase-Ethiopia. Lokhu kuhlolwa kwezikhungo kwaholela ekutheni kuhlonzwe izindlela ezisebenzisekayo zombikokusebenza osekelwe phezu kwezinkomba ezine (balanced scorecard), okuyinto eyabe izoqinizekisa ukuqaliswa nokuqhutshwa ngendlela efanele kohlelo lokuphatha nokulawula ukusebenza futhi igqugquzele ukuthi yenziwe kahle, futhi ngempumelelo, imisebenzi yamanyuvesi omphakathi athile, akhethiweyo, ase-Ethiopia. Kulolu cwaningo kwasetshenziswa izindlela zokuhlola nokucwaninga ezixubile futhi ezilandelanayo. Okokuqala, kwabukezwa imibhalo ekhona njengamanje ephathelene nalesi sihloko ngenhloso yokufunda ngemiqondo engumongo futhi enohlonze, kanye namathiyori aphathelene nezinhlelo zokuphathwa nokulawulwa kokusebenza, futhi ukuze kutholakale ulwazi olunzulu mayelana nemithetho neziqondiso ezilawula ukuphathwa nokulawulwa kokusebenza emanyuvesi omphakathi e-Ethiopia. Izindlela zocwaningo ezasetshenziswa, yindlela yokuthola ulwazi ngokuxoxisana okujulile nababambiqhaza bocwaningo (qualitative interviews) kanye namaphephamibuzo ocwaningo (quantitative questionnaires), obekuhloswe ngakho ukuqoqa idatha mayelana nezinselele kanye nezinqubo okudlulwe kuzona ngenkathi kuqhutshwa izinhlelo zokuphathwa nokulawulwa kokusebenza emanyuvesi omphakathi e-Ethiopia. Izinselele ezinkulu kanye nezinqubo ezingumongo ezihlonziwe zibandakanya ukushiywa ngaphandle kwabasebenzi ngenkathi kwenziwa imisebenzi yokuhlela, ukuchema kwabaphathi, ukuhluleka kosuphavayiza ukuhlinzeka abasebenzi ngombiko noma umphumela obonisa ukuthi baqhube kanjani ngenkathi kuhlolwa umsebenzi wabo, ukungabi nesipiliyoni noma ulwazi olufanele kweningi labasebenzi abangogoti bemikhakha ethile (professionals) ngenkathi beqhuba izinhlelo zokuphatha nokulawula ukusebenza, kanye nezinga eliphakeme lokwesula kwabasebenzi emsebenzini. Lolu cwaningo lwethula futhi lwancoma ukuthi kusetshenziswe indlela yokukala ukusebenza ebizwa nge-hexagonal hybrid balanced scorecard measurement model (izinto ezintsha ezengeziwe eziphathelene nocwaningo wubuholi kanye nababambiqhaza) ngenhloso yokulekelela iziKhungo Zemfundo Ephakeme zase-Ethiopia ukuthi zikwazi ukukala kahle, vi futhi ngempumelelo, izinga lonkana lokusebenza kwazo. / Educational Leadership and Management / D. Ed. (Education Management)

Tesis por compendio / [ES] Esta tesis doctoral tiene como objetivo general analizar la influencia de los Sistemas de Medición del Desempeño (SMD) en actividades de exploración y explotación del conocimiento en Instituciones de Educación Superior (IES) de Iberoamérica. El objeto de estudio son los SMD desde una perspectiva de gestión. La sociedad se enfrenta a cambios sin precedentes en la economía y en la gestión de las organizaciones, las cuales se basan en el conocimiento como el motor de cambio más poderoso. Constantemente se amplía y crea conocimiento que es aplicado en la producción de bienes y servicios a un ritmo cada vez más acelerado. De esta manera, el conocimiento en continua evolución cada vez más acelerada se convierte en un recurso estratégico para el desarrollo, lo que trae consigo que se exija mucho más de las universidades dada su capacidad de creación y absorción de conocimiento. Hoy en día las universidades amplían su misión tradicional basada en la docencia e investigación, convirtiéndose en centros de no sólo de creación, sino también de transferencia, transformación y distribución del conocimiento. Sin embargo, sin una adecuada gestión, el conocimiento puede quedar circunscrito solo a la exploración (la búsqueda de nuevas ideas), en lugar de llagar a tener un resultado en la explotación (transferencia de tecnologías). Para adecuarse a las demandas actuales y mejorar sus resultados en áreas tan importantes como la docencia, investigación y trasferencia de tecnología, las universidades necesitan herramientas adecuadas de gestión, entre las que se encuentran los SMD. Esta tesis analiza los SMD en las universidades para la gestión de la explotación y exploración del conocimiento a través de tres estudios. El primer estudio se titula "Ambidexterity in entrepreneurial universities and performance measurement systems" e incluye una revisión sistemática de la literatura que analiza la exploración y la explotación del conocimiento en las universidades que apoyan la innovación y el emprendimiento en su entorno. El segundo estudio, Influence of the balanced scorecard on the science and innovation performance of Latin American universities tiene como objetivo principal analizar la influencia del Cuadro de Mando Integral (CMI) sobre el desempeño de las universidades latinoamericanas en materia de investigación e innovación. El tercer estudio presentado se titula University-industry collaboration and absorption capacity in knowledge creation in Latin America. Este estudio explora las relaciones causales que condicionan la creación de conocimiento en Latinoamérica. Para finalizar se presentan las conclusiones generales de la investigación. En primer lugar, esta investigación presenta un enfoque novedoso de la evaluación del desempeño universitario al dar una visión multifacética que incluye el desempeño investigador, la transferencia tecnológica y el desempeño académico como resultados de la exploración y la explotación del conocimiento. En segundo lugar, el análisis pone de manifiesto que la colaboración U-I puede jugar un papel central en economías en vías de desarrollo, las cuales no tienen la capacidad de liderar el desarrollo tecnológico, pero al menos pueden absorber el conocimiento existente y aplicarlo en su contexto industrial y emprendedor para obtener progreso económico. En tercer lugar, el estudio describe los elementos del SMD que pueden conducir a un desempeño ambidiestro de las universidades. Los resultados sugieren que las universidades deben implementar estrategias, estructuras, sistema de indicadores y sistemas de recompensas que tenga como objetivo potenciar las actividades de exploración y explotación de manera coordinada. Este estudio enfatiza la importancia del sistema de indicadores como condición necesaria para la exploración y la explotación del conocimiento. Por lo tanto, para la ambidestreza universitaria, un sistema de indicadores que refleje medidas de exploración y explotación es de vital importancia. / [CA] Aquesta tesi doctoral té com a objectiu general analitzar la influència dels Sistemes de Mesurament de l'Acompliment (SMA) en activitats d'exploració i explotació del coneixement a Institucions d'Educació Superior (IES) d'Iberoamèrica. L'objecte d'estudi són els SMA des d'una perspectiva de gestió. La societat s'enfronta a canvis sense precedents a l'economia i a la gestió de les organitzacions, les quals es basen en el coneixement com el motor de canvi més poderós. Constantment s'amplia i crea coneixement que és aplicat a la producció de béns i serveis a un ritme cada vegada més accelerat. D'aquesta manera, el coneixement en contínua evolució cada cop més accelerada es converteix en un recurs estratègic per al desenvolupament, cosa que comporta que s'exigisca molt més de les universitats atesa la seva capacitat de creació i absorció de coneixement. Hui en dia les universitats amplien la seua missió tradicional basada en la docència i la investigació, convertint-se en centres de no només creació, sinó també de transferència, transformació i distribució del coneixement. La universitat té un paper determinant en el desenvolupament de recerques que donen suport activament als interessos de la indústria i la societat a través de la transferència tecnològica. No obstant això, sense una gestió adequada, el coneixement pot quedar circumscrit només a l'exploració (la recerca de noves idees), en lloc de arribar a tenir un resultat a l'explotació (transferència de tecnologies). Per adequar-se a les demandes actuals i millorar els seus resultats en àrees tan importants com la docència, investigació i transferència de tecnologia, les universitats necessiten eines adequades de gestió, entre les quals hi ha els SMA. Aquesta tesi analitza els SMA a les universitats per a la gestió de l'explotació i l'exploració del coneixement a través de tres estudis. El primer estudi es titula "Ambidexterity in entrepreneurial universities and performance measurement systems" i inclou una revisió sistemàtica de la literatura que analitza l'exploració i l'explotació del coneixement a les universitats que donen suport a la innovació i l'emprenedoria al seu entorn. El segon estudi, "Influence of the balanced scorecard on the science and innovation performance of Latin American universities", té com a objectiu principal analitzar la influència del Quadre de Comandament Integral (CMI) sobre l'exercici de les universitats llatinoamericanes en matèria de recerca i innovació. El tercer estudi presentat es titula "University-industry collaboration and absorption capacity in knowledge creation in Latin America". Aquest estudi explora les relacions causals que condicionen la creació de coneixement a Llatinoamèrica. Per finalitzar es presenten les conclusions generals de la investigació. En primer lloc, aquesta investigació presenta un enfocament nou de l'avaluació de l'exercici universitari en donar una visió multifacètica que inclou l'exercici investigador, la transferència tecnològica i l'exercici acadèmic com a resultats de l'exploració i l'explotació del coneixement. En segon lloc, l'anàlisi posa de manifest que la col·laboració U-I pot jugar un paper central en economies en vies de desenvolupament, les quals no tenen la capacitat de liderar el desenvolupament tecnològic, però almenys poden absorbir el coneixement existent i aplicar-lo en el context industrial i emprenedor per a obtenir progrés econòmic. En tercer lloc, l'estudi descriu els elements de l'SMA que poden conduir a un exercici ambidiestre de les universitats. Els resultats suggereixen que les universitats han d'implementar estratègies, estructures, sistema d'indicadors i sistemes de recompenses que tinga com a objectiu potenciar les activitats d'exploració i explotació de manera coordinada. Aquest estudi emfatitza la importància del sistema d'indicadors com a condició necessària per a l'exploració i l'explotació del coneixement. / [EN] The general objective of this doctoral thesis is to analyze the influence of Performance Measurement Systems (PMS) in activities of knowledge exploration and exploitation in Higher Education Institutions (HEI) in IberoAmerica. The object of study is the PMS from a management perspective. Society is facing unprecedented changes in the economy and in the management of organizations, which are based on knowledge as the most powerful engine of change. Knowledge is constantly created and expanded and is applied in the production of goods and services at an ever-accelerating rate. In this way, knowledge in continuous increasingly accelerated evolution becomes a strategic resource for development, which means that the role of universities in society gains relevancegiven their capacity to create and absorb knowledge. Today, universities are expanding their traditional mission based on teaching and research, becoming centers not only for creation, but also for the transfer, transformation and distribution of knowledge. However, without proper management, knowledge can be confined to exploration (the search for new ideas), instead of having a result in exploitation (technology transfer). To adapt to current demands and improve their results in areas as important as teaching, research and technology transfer, universities need adequate management tools, among which are the PMS. This thesis analyzes the PMS in the universities for the management of the knowledge exploitation and exploration through three studies. The first study is entitled "Ambidexterity in entrepreneurial universities and performance measurement systems" and includes a systematic review of the literature that analyzes exploration and exploitation in universities that support innovation and entrepreneurship in their environment. The second study, "Influence of the balanced scorecard on the science and innovation performance of Latin American universities", has as its main objective the analysis of the influence of the Balanced Scorecard on the performance of Latin American universities in terms of research and innovation. The third study presented is entitled "University-industry collaboration and absorption capacity in knowledge creation in Latin America". This study explores the causal relationships that condition the creation of knowledge in Latin America. Finally, the general conclusions of the research are presented. First of all, this research presents a novel approach to the evaluation of university performance by giving a multifaceted vision that includes research performance, technology transfer and academic performance as results of the exploration and exploitation of knowledge. Second, he analysis shows that U-I collaboration can play a central role in developing economies, which do not have the capacity to lead technological development, but can at least absorb existing knowledge and apply it in their industrial and entrepreneurial context to obtain economic progress. Third, the study describes the elements of PMS that can lead to an ambidextrous performance of universities. The results suggest that universities should implement strategies, structures, indicator systems and reward systems that aim to promote exploration and exploitation activities in a coordinated manner. This study emphasizes the importance of the indicators system as a necessary condition for the effective exploration and exploitation of knowledge. Therefore, for university ambidexterity, a system of indicators that reflects exploration and exploitation measures is of vital importance. / This work was supported by National Counsel of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq), Brazil [304618/2019-5]. / García Hurtado, D. (2022). Estudio comparativo de los Sistemas de Control en el contexto estratégico de las Instituciones de Educación Superior en Iberoamérica [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/185901 / TESIS / Compendio