The relation between place attachment and pro-environmental behaviour has not been thoroughly examined. Of the few studies to have investigated this, findings conflict (Uzzell, Pol, & Badenas, 2002; Vaske & Kobrin, 2001). Possibly, these inconsistencies relate to the definition of place attachment. The current study distinguished two dimensions of place attachment: social-symbolic (civic), and physical-natural. Data were collected from 104 community members in two proximate towns. Participants indicated their levels of natural and civic attachment, evaluated the current and future local environmental quality, and reported their pro-environmental behaviours. Greater place attachment was associated with more positive current evaluations in Trail. Surprisingly, environmental evaluations did not predict pro-environmental behaviour in either town. Both types of place attachment predicted pro-environmental behaviour in Nelson, but in Trail, only natural attachment was significant. Thus, for different cities, different types of place attachment will predict pro-environmental behaviour. Implications and directions for further research are discussed.

Although youth tourism is an increasingly relevant subject little research have been done regarding the segment’s own perception of their impacts. A consumer perspective was assumed to examine in what ways youth tourism impact places. This study adopts a deductive approach reviewing existing literature regarding youth tourism, impact and place. A case study concerning how youth travellers perceive and evaluate their own impacts was conducted using mixed-methods. Data sources include a survey and in-depth interviews concerning sociocultural, economic, and environmental items. The study concludes that what impacts youth tourism has on places are subject to the place’s current state and ability to host youth travellers. The number of youth travellers and their behaviour determines the local and global sociocultural, economic and environmental impacts that youth tourism has on places. This paper is considered a pre-study that contributes to the development of theory regarding youth tourism.

This paper examines some processes behind the creation of place identity and place attachment using a broad theoretical framework. The framework is structured around the creation of space and place, followed by theories and models on how places are given identity and finally some possible effects of place identity. These theories are then used to examine place identity formation among residents and real estate agents in Hammarby Sjöstad, a newly developed urban residential area in Stockholm, Sweden. A total of 5 in depth interviews were carried out with local residents in different parts of the residential area, as well as 3 in depth interviews with real estate agents active in different parts of the area. The interviews were transcribed and analysed in relation to the theoretical framework as well as documents relating to the planning of the area. The study shows that there has formed a local identity in Hammarby Sjöstad, not defined by the administrative borders of the area. The perceived extent of the area most probably stem from that the lake Hammarby Sjö acts as a physical barrier between the area and the rest of the inner city. This might be the reason to the evolution of a defined perceived community there. The effects of this could be a contributing factor in the segregation that is evident in urban areas, which calls for attention to the possible effects of place identity in urban planning.

Denna studie menar att det i arkitekturens mellanrum, där vardagslivet tar plats, sker intressanta handlingar som sätter sin prägel på staden och dess invånare. Med ett fokus på urban konst och främst konstfestivaler i det urbana rummet undersöks den offentliga konstens olika ingrepp på platsen och de sociala gemenskaperna i målet att skapa en socialt hållbar stad. Offentlig konst kan i många fall ses som ett estetiskt och vackert inslag i områden. Denna uppsats hävdar dock att den offentliga konsten kan tillskrivas ytterligare ett värde, nämligen det instrumentella.  Urbana konstfestivaler är ett återkommande fenomen och används ofta som ett verktyg i främjandet av en socialt hållbar stad. Ur ett stadsbyggnads- och socialt investeringsperspektiv ska konsten, vare sig det är muralmålningar, skulpturer eller mosaikplattor, göra staden mer sammanlänkad, öka gemenskapen mellan invånare och förhöja känslan av tillhörighet. Den konst som fyller de urbana rummen tillskrivs därför både ett socialt och instrumentellt värde. Genom att studera konstfestivalen Hammarkullen Urban Art 2017 undersöks just denna relation mellan det samhälleliga målet om en socialt hållbar stadsutveckling och de urbana konstverken. Studien menar att det i denna förbindelse uppstår en rad dilemman rörande platsidentitet, platsskapande och platsautenticitet. Frågan som ställs är om urban konst är ett verktyg som är väl lämpat för att nå en sammanlänkad och socialt hållbar stad med högt deltagande? Studien är byggd på empiriskt material insamlat genom en fallstudie av Hammarkullen Urban Art 2017. Genom kvalitativa forskningsintervjuer har personer direkt länkade till konstfestivalen blivit hörda. Då festivalen ägde rum under 2017 har dessa intervjuer i kombination med dokumentanalyser och fältanalyser gett oss en förståelse att urbana konstfestivaler kan bidra med stärkt social hållbarhet. Dock kan nyttjandet av konsten i detta avseende bära med sig dilemman rörande platsers säregna kvalitéer. Avslutningsvis visar studien att urbana konstfestivaler har en inneboende motstridighet. Trots att den urbana konsten tenderar att vara ett demokratiserande verktyg för att öppna upp staden rum, syns även spår av marknadens intrång. Den offentliga konsten har blivit ett verktyg för städer och områden att profilera sig på. Detta går även att se i studiens fokusområde Hammarkullen. I och med inkorporerandet av Hammarkullen Urban Art 2017:s konstverk i stadsbilden förstärks bilden av området som kulturellt nav. / With a focus on urban art, and especially street art festivals, this study examines the various impacts public art can have on urban spaces and the social communities. This study suggests that, in the interspaces of urban architecture, interesting phenomena connected to urban art makes its mark on the city and its inhabitants. Public art can in many cases be seen as an aesthetic and beautiful element. However, the authors behind this work claim that public art can be attributed another value, namely the instrumental. From an urban planning perspective, art should make the city more interlinked, increase fellowship between residents and increase the sense of belonging. Moreover, it also increases welfare, profit and health. The question asked is whether urban art and street art festivals are a tool that is well suited to reach an interconnected and socially sustainable city?  The study is based on empirical material collected through a case study of Hammar- kullen Urban Art 2017. Through qualitative research interviews, the voices of people with a connection to the street art festival have been collected through interviews. As the festival took place in 2017, these interviews in combination with analyses of documents and field studies gave the study a reliable result on how urban art festivals can contribute to strengthening social sustainability. However, with the use of art in this aspect, dilemmas can follow concerning the peculiar qualities of places. Street art festivals are often used as a tool in the promotion of a socially sustainable city. By studying the street art festival Hammarkullen Urban Art 2017 the relationship between the societal goal of a socially sustainable city and the urban works of art is examined. Public art has become a tool for cities and areas to profile themselves in a different way from their previous image. The study claims that a number of dilemmas arise in the context between the societal goal and the urban art regarding place identity, placemaking and authenticity.  The study concludes that street art festivals have an inherent contradiction and are rather a tool for cities to promote themselves to fulfil the dominant culture’s desire for authenticity than a means to beautify the urban spaces. This position can also be seen in the Hammarkullen area as the incorporation of Hammarkullen Urban Art 2017’s artwork strengthens its identity as a cultural hub.

The master thesis deals with the study of the relation between man and his surroundings. The thesis solves the issue of the place identity and the process of identification with the example of the Prague housing estate Solidarita. It analyses the surroundings from the perspective of a concept of identity which has a multidimensional character. For this reason, the case study approach has been chosen to allow a comprehensive study of space from a variety of perspectives. It deals with the history of the housing estate, its residents, social connections and the perception of space. Because of the presence of green vegetation and public facilities, the Solidarita housing estate is presented as a place which provides a high-quality space and supports the production of social interactions. Surrounding of Solidarita housing estate respects human scale and provides stronger social interactions. The thesis also accents the importance of sociological and anthropological research of a space, that should be a part of urban processes. Key words Architecture, Identity, Housing Estate, Neighborhood, Place, Place Attachment, Place Identity, Solidarita Housing Estate, Space, Urbanism

Our societies are changing towards more privatization and exclusion; issues of social life in public spaces and the relation of urban form vis-à-vis social life has not been given too much attention in urban planning and design, especially including issues of environmental psychology. However, the importance of public life is not deniable. High qualified public spaces are prerequisite for cities to become further inviting and more sustainable. This thesis raises the questions of if our public places are created by their physical setting or by social relation. It addresses the socio-physical characteristics of public spaces (squares) from human perspective. The aim of the work is to understand how it might be possible to improve social life and behavior in public spaces, where not only the center of attraction are the people but also the urban form that surrounds it. The study investigates sociability of the two squares in Stockholm, Norrmalmstorg and Nytorget, and analysis the contribution of physical and social attributes in creating sense of place and enriching social behavior. It draws from theories about environmental psychology, place identity and sense of place, likewise socio-physical elements of public spaces. Qualitative approach has been applied for data collection of case studies through combination of empirical methods such as observation, interviews and conceptual mapping. Through analysis of results, it is argued that strong sense of community at Nytorget is the consequence of people’s involvement in urban environment; whereas the lack of people’s engagement in urban setting at Norrmalmstorg, which is the result of place identity, affects the sense of attachment and social interaction in the square accordingly. The thesis debates that it is crucial to evaluate sociability of an urban environment by initiating human perspective and revealing the relationship between physical attributes and social activities. / Urban Form and Social Behaviour Research Project

Denna studie har undersökt spårvägsprojektet i Lund utifrån fokuset platsmarknadsföring, tillgänglighet, tillväxt och hållbar utveckling. Den har även fokuserat på motiven bakom spårvägen. Studien gör detta genom en kvalitativ forskningsmetod, där en textanalys har utförts av Lunds kommuns planeringsdokument. Resultaten av textanalysen identifierar de ovan nämnda perspektiven och deras relation till spårvägen.  Studien drar slutsatsen att medan spårvägen främst agerar som ett transportmedel, används den även som ett verktyg för platsmarknadsföring och varumärkesbyggande för att skapa en attraktiv stadsmiljö. Den attraktiva stadsmiljön eftersträvas eftersom den attraherar människor och investeringar. Införandet av spårvägen innebär dock både positiva och negativa effekter. Även ifall spårvägen uppmuntrar markvärdeshöjningar och ekonomisk tillväxt, kan det även leda till försämrade sociala förutsättningar där bostäder blir mindre överkomliga. Den tidigare forskningen förtydligar att det finns avvägande intressen mellan ekonomiska vinster och allmännyttan. Därutöver föreställs perspektiven om tillgänglighet och platsmarknadsföring, med ett fokus på att förstärka varumärket snarare än att tillgodose invånarnas behov. Samtidigt är spårvägens potential att förbättra tillgänglighet och miljökvalitet erkänd, men farhågor kring social rättvisa lyfts fram. Studien bygger på begränsad information, det föreslås därför att alternativa metoder och perspektiv på Lunds spårväg används för att vidare bidra till en mer holistisk bild av ämnesområdet. För att återge en sammanfattande syn så belyser studien vikten av att planeringen av spårvägar balanserar ekonomiska, sociala och miljömässiga effekter. / From the vantage points of place marketing, accessibility, growth, and sustainable development, this study looked at the Lund tram project. It has also concentrated on the tramway's goals. The study used a qualitative research methodology, and planning documents from the municipality of Lund were subjected to text analysis. The text analysis's findings reveal the perspectives mentioned above and how they relate to the tramway.   According to the study's findings, the tram serves primarily as a mode of transportation but is also employed as a tool for place marketing and branding to create a pleasing urban environment. A desirable urban environment appeals to both people and investments. However, the tramway's embodiment calls for both favourable and unfavourable outcomes. The tramway promotes economic growth and increases in real estate values, but it can also exacerbate social conditions by making houses more expensive. There are trade-offs between economic advantages and the public interest, according to earlier studies. In addition, rather than emphasizing resident requirements, the perspectives of accessibility and location marketing are envisioned as strengthening the brand. While acknowledging the tramway's potential to increase accessibility and environmental quality, social justice problems are also brought up. Since the study is based on limited data, it is advised that different approaches and viewpoints on Lund's tramway be taken to contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the topic. The study emphasizes the significance of balancing economic, social, and environmental aspects in the planning of tramways in order to present a summarized view.

This research investigates two neighbourhoods around the train and S-train Ny Ellebjerg in South of Valby, which is a part of Copenhagen. The area, which is a post-industrial area, includes several old factory buildings renovated as office- and workspaces. The research aims to investigate the identity transformation in the area and the influence of the recent development plans in the identity. Therefore, the research questions are: How has the place identity of Ny Ellebjerg changed from being industrial to a densely built neighbourhood and what do the plans indicate for the future? How has the development plans and local plans contributed to the place identity transformation of the Ny Ellebjerg area? The thesis will answer these questions with a triangulation between a content analysis on the involved development plans, local plans and municipal plans, and expert interviews as well as walk-along interviews with residents from the area. The findings of the thesis showed that identity of Ny Ellebjerg has changed from being mainly industrial into a city environment inspired by the forms of the industrial constructions, but with a lot of the buildings perceived as very similar to other areas standardized architecture. The plans for the future indicate that it is necessary to plan with more focus on the residents living in the area. The findings of this thesis showed connections between the wish to preserve the area and turn it into a post-modern, post-industrial area with close ties to its past. The aims of the local plan were not realised fully, since the Følager development was only half built and much of the green areas shown in the illustrations was also found to have not been made, due to it not being directly stated in units in the plans.

The foundation Stora Sköndal is currently planning a city development programme with a focus on creation of a modern, socially sustainable urban district. The programme is called “Framtidens Stora Sköndal”. With close collaboration with the city planning office in Stockholm and with the aim to contribute to the goals that the City of Stockholm has set for a development of a coherent and socially sustainable city, the foundation aims to build “an inclusive area, characterized by empathy and an open-minded attitude” where people from different backgrounds, different origins, with different economical, physical, and psychological abilities can meet and live together. The programme plan encompasses new housing for approximately 10,000 additional dwellers and thousands of new workplaces. It also includes for example, six character areas and six principles for urban planning that have been developed for the programme to support the goals of creating a socially sustainable urban district of Sköndal. The programme is planned to be implemented by 2035 hence, within this study it will not be possible to draw any conclusions on the final result. Rather, this study is a descriptive study that discusses theory, visions, programme documents and the process behind the programme and the different actors involved. The study has showed that the programme for Framtidens Stora Sköndal has a potential to deliver at least some part of the visions and goals they aiming at. However, the process and the implantation of a socially sustainable district can meet challenges along the way. The individuals have been shown to play an important role in the development and implementation of the programme. Furthermore, the steering effects of economy seems to trump even strong ideas and visions. Politics are other factors that have been showed being a game changer.

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