The aim of this thesis is to examine whether law reforms in the detailed planning process can be an aspect that gets in conflict with the citizens rights to participate in the Swedish planning through dialogue, and how five chosen municipalities are working with citizen participation. To be able to answer the aim of the thesis a literature study and five semi-structured interviews was performed in purpose to get wide-ranging information from municipal officials working with detailed planning handling.   Law changes that aims to make the detailed planning process more efficient has been implemented partly to satisfy the needs of dwellings since the detailed planning process among master builders seems to be slow and inefficient, which to the them means higher costs. The requirement on having a detailed planning program was taken away when the new planning law was adopted year 2011. The planning program was including a moment of citizen dialogue. The case studied municipalities have not been affected in this law change arguing that it’s still possible to bring a program if needed. 1st of January 2015 new procedures were implemented in the planning process in purpose to make the process more efficient, where most of the respondents argue that the process don’t have to be more efficient because of the reform, but that the room for citizen dialogue will probably be smaller. The best way of dialogue among municipalities is to include citizens early in the communication process. Nevertheless there are divided meanings whether how there is enough room for dialogue.

Safripol is a South African polymer company producing mainly high density polyethylene and polypropylene for the South African market. Safripol used to be part of a global chemical company Dow Chemicals. Dow Chemical's divested in South Africa in 2006 and Safripol lost all the advantages of being part of a global corporate enterprise. The company is faced with a unique situation in that it is receiving monomer from Sasol, which is also its main competitor in the polymer market. The price of monomer and its low availability is putting pressure on Safripol's product margins, with a negative effect on the company's sustainability. The above was also defined as the research problem that threatens to undermine the company's competitive edge in the polymer market. It was clear from this research study that monomer and specifically propylene was the biggest burning point for Safripol regarding the price and availability thereof. Research into the South African polymer market has shown that Safripol will lose significant market share if the company is not showing additional growth in the market. The research problem is investigated through interviews, monomer availability investigations, plant capacity increasing and potential technology partner's discussions. A specific scenario planning process was also followed to help Safripol identify potential present and future scenarios that the company can investigate. The research problem was addressed by developing a strategy for Safripol to address the research objectives. Recommendations were done regarding the following: 1) Recommendations for additional propylene supply. 2) Recommendations to increase the polypropylene plant capacity. 3) Recommendations with regards to technology partners. 4) Recommendations regarding the scenario planning process. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Development and Management Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011. (Mag eers in 2014 gepubliseer word)

Safripol is a South African polymer company producing mainly high density polyethylene and polypropylene for the South African market. Safripol used to be part of a global chemical company Dow Chemicals. Dow Chemical's divested in South Africa in 2006 and Safripol lost all the advantages of being part of a global corporate enterprise. The company is faced with a unique situation in that it is receiving monomer from Sasol, which is also its main competitor in the polymer market. The price of monomer and its low availability is putting pressure on Safripol's product margins, with a negative effect on the company's sustainability. The above was also defined as the research problem that threatens to undermine the company's competitive edge in the polymer market. It was clear from this research study that monomer and specifically propylene was the biggest burning point for Safripol regarding the price and availability thereof. Research into the South African polymer market has shown that Safripol will lose significant market share if the company is not showing additional growth in the market. The research problem is investigated through interviews, monomer availability investigations, plant capacity increasing and potential technology partner's discussions. A specific scenario planning process was also followed to help Safripol identify potential present and future scenarios that the company can investigate. The research problem was addressed by developing a strategy for Safripol to address the research objectives. Recommendations were done regarding the following: 1) Recommendations for additional propylene supply. 2) Recommendations to increase the polypropylene plant capacity. 3) Recommendations with regards to technology partners. 4) Recommendations regarding the scenario planning process. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Development and Management Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011. (Mag eers in 2014 gepubliseer word)

Title: General model and process of plannig sports events Objectives: The aim of this work is create and propose general process of plannig sports events and also construct and propose general model of planning sports events. Methods: The diploma thesis used a method of qualitative analysis and synthesis of knowledge from selected events. Results: The outputs of the thesis are the general model and the process of planning sports events, which are applicable to any sports event and serves organizers to simplify their work on preparing sports event. Keywords: planning, organization, planning model, planning process, sports event

In der Stadtplanung hat sich in der jüngeren Vergangenheit Partizipation als neues Paradigma durchgesetzt. Projektentwickler, Planer und Politiker haben erkannt, dass Bauprojekte mit großem Einfluss auf Stadtgesellschaft und Stadtentwicklung nicht mehr ohne umfassende Bürgerbeteiligung durchgeführt werden können. Vorfälle wie die Unruhen um das Bahnhofsprojekt Stuttgart 21 haben gezeigt, dass die regulären Verfahren der Bauleitplanung mit ihren Instrumenten der formalen Bürgerbeteiligung (Anzeige und Auslage von Planungsunterlagen) nicht ausreichen, um einen gesellschaftlichen Konsens zu kontroversen Projekten zu erzielen. Die Problematik lässt sich zu einem großen Teil auf das sogenannte „Planungsparadox“ zurückführen: dezidierte Meinungen und Kritik aus der Bevölkerung bilden sich oft erst, wenn das jeweilige Projekt zur Ausführung kommt und konkrete Formen annimmt – also wenn die Planungen bereits abgeschlossen sind und jegliche weitere Änderung mit erheblichen Aufwendungen verbunden ist. [... aus dem Text]

[pt] O objetivo da dissertação é desenvolver um modelo de processo de planejamento apropriado para pequenas e médias empresas - PMEs -, apoiado nos conceitos do processo de planejamento adaptativo, levando-se em conta os aspectos da filosofia da qualidade total e da abordagem sócio-técnica. A partir de uma fundamentação teórica, é desenvolvida uma análise das relações entre a abordagem de planejamento adaptativo, o enfoque sócio-técnico e a qualidade total. Como complemento à fundamentação teórica foi desenvolvido um estudo de caso, em uma pequena e outra média empresa, visando identificar aspectos práticos relevantes para o modelo a ser proposto. O modelo proposto incorpora as características de adaptação, flexibilidade, simplicidade, continuidade, integração e coordenação, identificadas nas análises teórica e prática como essenciais para que sua aplicação atinja efetivamente os resultados desejados, possibilitanto a constante reavaliação das ações planejadas. / [en] This dissertation aims at developing a model for planning process, based on concepts of adaptative planning, which integrate elements of total quality philosophy and sociotechnical systems, appropriate for small and medium size companies. From a theorical basis, the relationship between these three approaches are analized. A case study, covering two companies of the sizes here considered, was conducted, in order to identify the relevant pratical aspects of na effective planning system at this level. The proposed model was developed with the following characteristics: flexibility, simplicity and continuity, with the objective of providing the organizations that may adopt it with the proprieties of adaptation, integration and coordination, here identified, both at theorical and applied levels, as necessary to ensure na effective planning process. / [es] EL objetivo de la disertación es desarrollar un modelo de proceso de planificación apropriado para pequeñas y medianas empresas - PMEs -, apoyado en los conceptos del proceso de planificación adaptativo, llevando en cuenta los aspectos de la filosofía de la calidad total y del enfoque socio-técnico. A partir de una fundamentación teórica, se desarrolla un análisis de las relaciones entre La abordagen de planificación adaptativo, el enfoque sócio-técnico y la calidad total. Como complemento a la fundamentación teórica fue desarrollado un estudio de casos, en una pequeña y una mediana empresa, com el objetivo de identificar aspectos prácticos relevantes para el modelo. EL modelo propuesto incorpora las características de adaptación, flexibilidad, simplicidad, continuidad, integración y coordenación. El análisis teórico y práctico identifica estas características como esenciales para que la aplicación del modelo alcance efectivamente los resultados deseados, permitiendo la constante reevaluación de las acciones planificadas.

This master thesis describes the process of implementing a new system planning shifts in a production company. The Value Stream Mapping method was used to evaluate the previous system. The implementation process is split into four phases. MS Project was used to manage the project. Thanks to this process shifts planning time has been decreased by 20 %. Furthermore, the new system allows employees to work more effectively, significantly reduces the human error factor, and automatically satisfies legislative requirements.

The basic problem that this work wishes to address concerns the  unsustainable use of water resources in many places of the world. In some places, the problem leads to human suffering and death while also obstructing social and economic development. In other places, where the consequences are less severe, natural environments are seriously damaged. A significant part of the solution to this problem lies in the planning and decision-making domain. The overall aim of this thesis is therefore to contribute to the available knowledge on planning and management for the sustainable use of water resources. Planning as a process is in focus, both in itself and in the organisational and legal contexts that affect how planning processes are performed.   The main methodological approach used, and the theoretical contribution made here, is the deriving and discussion of a set of deductive criteria for the development and assessment of planning processes for the sustainable use of water resources (Papers III and IV). The criteria were derived using a multi-disciplinary approach, where the relevant literature on how to transform the concepts of ‘integration’ and ‘participation’ – both key principles for sustainable development in relation to planning – into an analytical framework of twelve criteria, was reviewed and synthesised. The derived criteria concern issues such as, how to integrate knowledge and values into the planning process and how to generate commitment, legitimacy or acceptance for the resulting plan, by democratic means. The criteria are then used to assess the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) – an extensive legal framework which will steer water planning in the EU Member States for several decades to come – and to assess the planning processes that follows on from WFD implementation in Sweden.   The analysis contained in (Paper V) showed that the WFD erects few formal barriers to good planning practices. The analysis also showed however, that the planning processes that follow on from its implementation will need to be adapted to compensate for the weak legal support in a number of important areas, namely, the use of knowledge from beyond the natural sciences, the use of methodologies for the explicit handling of values and the use of procedures for democratic participation. Several recommendations are also made in respect of how the WFD could be supplemented in order for it to become a stronger support in planning processes for the sustainable use of water.   The analysis of the ongoing water planning processes in Sweden (Paper VI) showed that knowledge of how to work with values and how to create forms and methods of participation and collaboration remain clearly underdeveloped. In consequence, the main objectives behind participation – the provision of knowledge and perspectives for the process and the creation of legitimacy, acceptance or engagement – are actually at risk. Recommendations include complementing the existing knowledge base with insights from the social sciences and the humanities, to create well informed learning systems within the new water administration and to make use of alternative methods for the handling of values.   In addition to this, two papers from the thesis (Papers I and II) concern the situation pertaining before WFD implementation in Sweden. By comparing the system for municipal land and water planning (the former main system for long-term water planning in Sweden) with WFD prescriptions, and with the organisation of the new water administration bodies, some potential implications of WFD implementation were identified. From here it followed, that the development of forms of co-operation between the concerned administrative organisations, and in respect of the democratic involvement of the public and other concerned actors, were crucial in creating an integrative, effective and democratic system for water planning in Sweden.   The thesis also illustrates the use of a tentative model for the operationalisation of ‘sustainable development’. The tentative model is described in the thesis, and it constitutes the methodological baseline for the thesis, since five of the papers contained herein use various approaches related to this model.

In der Stadtplanung hat sich in der jüngeren Vergangenheit Partizipation als neues Paradigma durchgesetzt. Projektentwickler, Planer und Politiker haben erkannt, dass Bauprojekte mit großem Einfluss auf Stadtgesellschaft und Stadtentwicklung nicht mehr ohne umfassende Bürgerbeteiligung durchgeführt werden können. Vorfälle wie die Unruhen um das Bahnhofsprojekt Stuttgart 21 haben gezeigt, dass die regulären Verfahren der Bauleitplanung mit ihren Instrumenten der formalen Bürgerbeteiligung (Anzeige und Auslage von Planungsunterlagen) nicht ausreichen, um einen gesellschaftlichen Konsens zu kontroversen Projekten zu erzielen. Die Problematik lässt sich zu einem großen Teil auf das sogenannte „Planungsparadox“ zurückführen: dezidierte Meinungen und Kritik aus der Bevölkerung bilden sich oft erst, wenn das jeweilige Projekt zur Ausführung kommt und konkrete Formen annimmt – also wenn die Planungen bereits abgeschlossen sind und jegliche weitere Änderung mit erheblichen Aufwendungen verbunden ist. [... aus dem Text]

Effektiva planprocesser är ett debatterat ämne till följd av bland annat stor tillväxt i landets storstadsregioner och ökande bostadsbrist. Debatten handlar om att det tar för lång tid att ta fram detaljplaner, där kommuner ofta skuldbeläggs. Många kommuner har svåra förutsättningar för samhällsplanering med tidspress kombinerat med tillväxt och höga målsättningar om produktion av planer. Denna studie undersöker vad effektiva planprocesser är, varför det eftersträvas och hur kommunal verksamhet kan effektiviseras. I särskilt fokus är Nacka kommun som står inför de svåra utmaningarna, men även två andra kommuner och statligt perspektiv vägs in. Metoden är kvalitativ genom litteratur-, dokument och intervjustudie. Resultatet tyder på att effektivitet inte endast handlar om tid utan även kvalitet, demokrati och genomförbarhet av en plan. De flesta samhällsmedborgare gynnas av effektiva planprocesser. Detta kan uppnås genom att kommunal verksamhet har tydlig organisation, arbetsmodeller, förmedlade prioriteringar, givande politisk process samt god relation och planering vid anlitande av konsulter. Slutsatsen är att effektiva planprocesser inte handlar om att kommuner tar fram detaljplaner snabbt eftersom långsiktighet krävs, men att effektivisering av kommunala verksamheter är möjliga. / Efficiency in the planning process is an issue for debate in Sweden resulting from, among several aspects, major growth of urban regions and increased demand for housing. The debate points at municipal planning offices and local authorities as being too slow in producing local plans. Many municipalities though operate planning under difficult circumstances with time pressure combined with growth and ambitious political goals on producing plans. This study investigates what efficient planning process is, why it is strived for and possible efficiencies in municipal planning operation. Nacka municipality is in focus as it stands before those challenges, but also two other Swedish municipalities and a national perspective are included. A qualitative method is applied with literature, document and interview studies. The result indicates that efficiency does not only include time aspects, but also quality, democracy and feasibility of a plan. Most citizens benefit from efficient planning processes. They can be achieved by municipal operations being clear in organization and working models, mediated priorities, useful political process and good relation and planning of hired consultants. The conclusion is that efficient planning process is not about municipalities producing local plans quickly since long-time perspective is required, although efficiency and streamlining of the municipal operation is possible.