<p>The paper investigates the challenges of consolidating beneficiary participation in the planning and implementation of projects, the effects on project outcomes and the implications for community based development. It examines one of such projects in Sekondi- Takoradi Metropolis of Ghana by assessing the entire planning and implementation of the project, the participatory mechanisms used and the current state of the project in terms of its sustainability. The paper critically investigates a broad arena of literature relating to the evolution of the participatory concept and its relation to development planning and management. It further explores some of the critiques leveled against the concept. The paper argues further that beneficiary participation in Community Based Development Projects (CBDPs) in Ghana is a challenge because of the internal rigidities associated with the use of the concept. It explains through evidence from the analyzed data that understanding the strategies for the participatory process as well as the socio dynamics of the beneficiaries involved is important in ensuring positive project outcomes.</p>

In 1996, the artillery regiment, A4, in Östersund was disbanded. Their former premises underwent remodelling to serve as the new campus for the Mid Sweden University. The express intention was that the new occupiers would be allowed to take part in the planning process. During 1997 the company Vasallen became the owner of the premises, by direction of the Ministry of Finance. Vasallen was charged with the management of former military premises and increasing their value with the aim of selling the property. Thanks to their well-defined mission and good financial resources, Vasallen became a new actor on the property market. In the same year, a number of architectural firms were invited to take part in a competition. At the beginning of 1998, SWECO FFNS was chosen as the winner, and the planning process started immediately. The new campus was inaugurated on September 6, 2002 with the Swedish Prime Minister, Göran Persson, in attendance. The aim of this study was to monitor how well the demands of the new occupiers regarding quality and environment were met, and how these demands were managed during the construction process. My ambition was to study the process as a case study in order to better understand and reflect on what actually happens in the communication between partners. The material on which the study is based was gathered by participation in planning meetings and by following the construction process. The Campus Östersund project was unique in many ways. In the first place, the existing buildings form a sound basis as they were intentionally designed with the needs and well-being of the individual in mind. Many qualities were thus already incorporated into the buildings on the site. The strict regulations imposed by the fact that these were classed as historical buildings set certain limitations, while at the same time posing a challenge to be overcome. The stark contrast between a military regiment and the activities of a modern university placed high demands on those involved in the project. The user’s wishes and demands, working environment factors, structural issues and demands on comfort always have a tendency to take second place after financial factors. In this case, however, the owner’s and user’s joint ambition led to the reconsideration of priorities concerning, for example, the working environment. Finally, the project was unique as a fully comprehensive view of the process and final product was adopted by the two main partners. This includes, for example, observing environmental assets throughout the whole project. In 1996, the artillery regiment, A4, in Östersund was disbanded. Their former premises underwent remodelling to serve as the new campus for the Mid Sweden University. The express intention was that the new occupiers would be allowed to take part in the planning process. During 1997 the company Vasallen became the owner of the premises, by direction of the Ministry of Finance. Vasallen was charged with the management of former military premises and increasing their value with the aim of selling the property. Thanks to their well-defined mission and good financial resources, Vasallen became a new actor on the property market. In the same year, a number of architectural firms were invited to take part in a competition. At the beginning of 1998, SWECO FFNS was chosen as the winner, and the planning process started immediately. The new campus was inaugurated on September 6, 2002 with the Swedish Prime Minister, Göran Persson, in attendance. The aim of this study was to monitor how well the demands of the new occupiers regarding quality and environment were met, and how these demands were managed during the construction process. My ambition was to study the process as a case study in order to better understand and reflect on what actually happens in the communication between partners. The material on which the study is based was gathered by participation in planning meetings and by following the construction process. The Campus Östersund project was unique in many ways. In the first place, the existing buildings form a sound basis as they were intentionally designed with the needs and well-being of the individual in mind. Many qualities were thus already incorporated into the buildings on the site. The strict regulations imposed by the fact that these were classed as historical buildings set certain limitations, while at the same time posing a challenge to be overcome. The stark contrast between a military regiment and the activities of a modern university placed high demands on those involved in the project. The user’s wishes and demands, working environment factors, structural issues and demands on comfort always have a tendency to take second place after financial factors. In this case, however, the owner’s and user’s joint ambition led to the reconsideration of priorities concerning, for example, the working environment. Finally, the project was unique as a fully comprehensive view of the process and final product was adopted by the two main partners. This includes, for example, observing environmental assets throughout the whole project. Brukarmedverkan i byggprocessen –en fallstudie 12 Building the “right product” is an important argument for including the end user in the project. By initiating a planning process in which the user’s demands and wishes are considered, one not only initiates the actual building process, but also a process in the client’s organisation. The capacity to participate in such a process within the organisation is, however, not always good. Clarity and respect for the processes initiated were not always particularly pronounced in this case. Lack of clarity sometimes led to confusion, which in turn led to complications in communication and thus delay in the project. The internal process in an organisation should, if possible, progress simultaneously with, and be firmly established before, meetings with the consultants. Theoretical studies have confirmed the importance of utilizing the process of change in internal organisational development in order to achieve a positive attitude among employees. Participation of the end user in a large organisation is often based on representatives in working parties. These representatives should be motivated, be given the time required within the framework of their job, and have the confidence of their colleagues. The opportunity to influence decisions is great in the initial stages. The user should have knowledge concerning the various phases of construction, the financial and legal framework, and the rules and regulations governing the project. Being able to participate in creating one’s own working environment elicits various degrees of commitment and levels of expectation in the user organisation. Both the occupants and the consultants should have the capacity for this kind of development, especially the latter as they constitute the “front line”. The user should understand the relation between desires and possible financial effects. The price tag for alternative demands/wishes and the effects these will have on the final rent should be clearly visible. It is an advantage if this is made clear very early on in the project. The dialogue between the parties should thus be supplemented by the architect explaining to the new occupiers where limitations and opportunities lie in the project. The parties involved must have a certain degree of pedagogical competence in order to explain and manage the project to everyone’s satisfaction. A good environment is seldom described in terms of formulated concepts outside the architectural community. Projects in which the end user is involved thus provide a unique opportunity to start building up a bank of knowledge including expressions used by non-experts to describe concepts of space. Difficulties are encountered when all these views are to be accepted and implemented in the building process through descriptions and drawings. Words are replaced by numbers, and more and more actors are involved, for example, engineering consultants. We simply do not have all the necessary tools with which to express wishes concerning the physical environment. We can, however, bridge the communication gap between users and consultants by using computer-aided information systems. The ideas expressed by the user can be transformed into three-dimensional video sequences, and thus be confirmed as being, “just what we meant”. It was apparent quite early on in this research that the technical terms available were not adequate to describe the events of this case. The end user’s feeling of not being able to keep up with the consultants’ technical concepts may lead them to feel that they are at a disadvantage, which certainly will not benefit the process. Here, the role of the architect as a pedagogue is important in leading the various participants into the planning process. One of the actors should perhaps have some kind of skills in behavioural science and Brukarmedverkan i byggprocessen –en fallstudie education. Perhaps changes should be made in the training of architects and other consultants. Respect for the common process is perhaps the most important factor for its success, together with clarity and openness. These are terms not traditionally used in construction projects. The interpretation of the customer’s wishes, explaining the opportunities and limitations of the building, and planning for future expansion are the responsibility of the architect. Does a single actor have a reasonable chance of coping with this in a large-scale project? All the participants should gain broad insight into each other’s jobs and roles early on in the project. Respect for the responsibilities and roles of others can be built up by concentrated efforts to exchange knowledge through dialogue early in the process. The incentive for participating varies from one actor to another. Theoretical studies, for example, give clear advice that each actor’s interests in the project be clarified. Trust is one of the most important mainstays in establishing good communication. Feelings of suspicion and unreliability can be disastrous in this kind of project. The development of legal issues and forms concerning contractors and their work is also desirable in order to aid the process. When the owner sees the opportunity to take an active part in the management of the premises, this leads to a continuous dialogue and process during and after the planning and construction phases. These studies have given me a greater respect for processes involving the end user, from planning to management. One of my most important personal  reflections, and a partly new realisation, is that the involvement of the user in the process has such a large influence on the building project. Communication and continuous information are essential in projects in which the user is involved. Communication can also be made easier if the parties regard each other as fellow partners and not opposing partners. The period spent in education and training is the most important in laying the foundation for these attitudes among professionals. A great deal of responsibility thus lies with teachers to ensure that end users have increased opportunity to participate in and influence the building process. There is no short cut to customer-focused working methods.

Global urbanisation trends and pressing issues around sustainability pose great challenges for cities. The smart city concept has been developed as a strategy for working with cities as they become systematically more complex through interconnected frameworks, and increasingly rely on the use of Information and Communication Technology to meet the needs of their citizens. This thesis explores the concept of smart cities as a potential urban construct that can address the social and ecological sustainability challenges which society faces. Smart cities are defined as cities where investments in human and social capital, and traditional and modern communication infrastructure fuel sustainable economic growth and a high quality of life, with a wise management of natural resources, through participatory governance. Through structured interviews with smart city practitioners and sustainability experts, the strengths and limitations of the smart city concept are identified and organised through the Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development (FSSD). Then, a Strategic Sustainable Development (SSD) approach is applied as a method to maximise the benefits of the concept, and to mitigate any identified limitations. This thesis recommends a planning guide, informed by an SSD approach, to help smart cities move strategically towards their smart city vision and also move society towards sustainability. / Den praktiska tillämpningen av detta projekt riktar sig till stadsplanerare som idag använder sig av the smart city concept men också till stadsplanerare som vill börja arbeta aktivt med att göra sina städer mer hållbara genom att minska resursanvändningen och optimera stadsaktiviteter. Det blir alltmer uppenbart att stora förändringar måste ske i världen idag för att förbättra utsikterna för vår framtid och framtiden för kommande generationer. Ett effektivt sätt att angripa en stor bidragande orsak till både miljöproblem och sociala problem är att rikta fokus mot utvecklingen av städer och försöka bedriva utvecklingen på ett mer långsiktigt hållbart sätt.Detta projekt analyserar the smart city concept, förstärker dess hållbara påverkan genom rekommendationer och tillhandahåller stadsplanerare med en strategisk beslutsprocess för hållbara smarta städer som guidar planerare igenom processen och stödjer dem i deras beslut i syfte att optimera den hållbara utvecklingen av städer. / <p>Sonya Frey: +45 53 35 80 51</p>

Den 1 januari 2015 trädde en del ändringar i plan- och bygglagen i kraft. Detta då den dåvarande regeringen ville uppnå en effektivare planprocess, för att öka bebyggandet i riket. Lagändringen påverkade planprocessen samt förutsättningarna till upprättandet av genomförandeavtal. Genom övergångsbestämmelserna lades dock ett förbehåll in, för att reglera i vilka situationer äldre lagstiftning skulle användas. Detta förbehåll är att en detaljplan ska vara ”påbörjad” innan 1 januari 2015. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka när en detaljplan är ”påbörjad”.  Studien grundar sig på att nu gällande plan- och bygglag (fortsatt kallat PBL) samt tillämpningen av denna undersöks utifrån olika metoder. För att tolka juridiken kring begreppet, har ett rättsdogmatiskt förhållningssätt använts genom olika tolkningsmetoder. För att få en förståelse för hur juridiken tillämpas har ett rättssociologiskt förhållningssätt nyttjats. Detta har skett genom att en enkätundersökning utförts, där Sveriges samtliga kommuner tillfrågats hur de tolkar begreppet.  Undersökningen har påvisat att begreppet ”påbörjats” är oklart. I PBL regleras inte vad en ”påbörjad” detaljplan är. De definitioner som Boverket och regeringen har tagit fram är oklart formulerade. Den enkätundersökning som skickades ut till alla Sveriges kommuner gav ett varierande resultat som styrker teorin om att begreppet ”påbörjad” detaljplan är oklart. De befintliga definitionerna är i behov av förtydligande, för att likrikta kommuners tillämpning av dessa övergångsregler. Enkätundersökningen visade att 67 % av kommunerna tolkat begreppet ”påbörjad” efter de definitioner som Boverket samt regeringen utformat. Det som också framkommit genom studien är att skillnaderna i PBL innan och efter 1 januari 2015 är stora, vilket bland annat innebär att kommunens förutsättningar att upprätta detaljplaner och exploateringsavtal har förändrats. / 1st of January 2015 some changes were made in the Planning and Building Act. This was made because of the Swedish government wanted to make the planning process easier. The law changes include the planning process and the development contracts for detailed development plans. The transitional provisions, however, made a reservation to regulate the situations in which older legislation would be used. The regulation is that older legislation should be used if the detailed development plan were initiated prior to 1 January 2015. The purpose of this study is to investigate when a detailed development plan is initiated.  The study is based on current legislation and its application, this will be investigated using various methods. To interpret the law about the concept, legal dignity approach has been used through different interpretation methods. In order to gain an understanding of how the law is applied, a legal sociological approach has been used. This was done by conducting a questionnaire survey, where all the municipalities in Sweden were asked how they interpret the concept.  This has shown that the term is unclearly defined, as evidenced by the varying answers received from the municipalities in the survey. However, the majority of municipalities interpret the concept "initiate" according to the definitions that the National Board of Housing, Building and Planning and the government have formulated. What is also evident from the study is that the differences in the different legislation are large and that the municipality's conditions change significantly depending on when a detailed plan is "initiated". The study also shows that the units within the municipality interpret the term in a generally similar manner. The result of the legal interpretation and compilation of the survey shows that National Board of Housing, Building and Planning and the government's definitions of "initiated" detailed development plan are unclear. And that the existing definitions are in need of clarification for the application of these transitional rules by similar municipalities.

Zur Errichtung und Inbetriebnahme von Anlagen der Leit- und Sicherungstechnik (LST), zu denen beispielsweise Elektronische Stellwerke (ESTW) gehören, sind unter anderem definierte Planungs-, Begutachtungs- und Freigabeschritte zu durchlaufen. Die vorliegende Arbeit thematisiert den LST-Planungsprozess hinsichtlich seiner erforderlichen Abläufe und Komplexität im Vergleich der bisherigen Regelwerksvorgaben mit praktischen Umsetzungen. Auf den Analyseergebnissen einschließlich herausgearbeiteter Probleme aufbauend, werden unter Berücksichtigung aktueller Erkenntnisse aus dem Forschungsprojekt „PlanPro - Durchgängige elektronische Datenhaltung im ESTW-Planungsprozess“ Vorschläge für einen zukünftigen LST-Planungsprozess vorgestellt und wissenschaftlich aufbereitet. Dabei sollen durch den verstärkten Einsatz IT-gestützter Verfahren die Planungsqualität erhöht und die Prozesse insgesamt beschleunigt werden. In der Arbeit werden auch grundlegende Neuerungen mit PlanPro dargestellt, ebenso wie Anforderungen an die LST-Datenbank, die zukünftig eine zentrale Rolle für das Abspeichern und Weitergeben von Planungs- und Bestandsdaten einnehmen wird. Erläuterungen zu einem denkbaren Einführungskonzept sowie eine Schlussbetrachtung runden diese Dissertation ab. / For installation and commissioning of railway signalling equipment, which may include computer-based interlocking (CBI), defined tasks for planning, assess-ment and approval have to be executed. This dissertation analyses the planning process of the railway signalling equipment with regard to its necessary processes and complexity. Additionally, it compares existing legal requirements with their practical realisation. Based on the results of this analysis and their identified problems, proposals for a future planning process for railway signalling equipment will be scientifically prepared and presented. They are taking into account the latest results from the research project "PlanPro - Integrated electronic data storage in electronic interlocking planning process". By the progressive use of IT-based processes, planning quality will be increased and the processes can be accelerated altogether. Thereupon, fundamental changes based on PlanPro are presented. This applies to requirements for the database of railways signalling equipment, which will play a key role for the storage and sharing of planning and inventory data in the future, too. An explanation of a possible introduction concept as well as a conclusion complete this disserta-tion.

Masters in Public Administration - MPA / The paper investigates the challenges of consolidating beneficiary participation in the planning and implementation of projects, the effects on project outcomes and the implications for community based development. It examines one of such projects in Sekondi- Takoradi Metropolis of Ghana by assessing the entire planning and implementation of the project, the participatory mechanisms used and the current state of the project in terms of its sustainability. The paper critically investigates a broad arena of literature relating to the evolution of the participatory concept and its relation to development planning and management. It further explores some of the critiques leveled against the concept. The paper argues further that beneficiary participation in Community Based Development Projects (CBDPs) in Ghana is a challenge because of the internal rigidities associated with the use of the concept. It explains through evidence from the analyzed data that understanding the strategies for the participatory process as well as the socio dynamics of the beneficiaries involved is important in ensuring positive project outcomes. / South Africa

This thesis discusses strategic management in sport. There are two main parts in the thesis. First part includes theory about strategic management, strategic management in sport and strategic planning process. In the second part there is a research which analyzes Czech hanball club HC Dukla Prague. The research is qualitive and done by personal interviews with managers, players and spectators of the club. The main purpose of the thesis is to find out how the club works with the strategy and what are the differences between theory of strategy and real actions of the club. In the end there are some recommendations for the club how to improve their strategic planning process.

Increasing competitive pressures on most markets force companies to continuously review the effectiveness and efficiencies of their operations. Traditional approach to business planning is becoming insufficient to cope with growing requirements on operational excellence. Concept of Integrated Business Planning (IBP) -- constituting the latest development stage of well-known Sales and Operations Planning (S&OP) -- is proposed as the right response on how to master the challenges of globalized economy in this field. The thesis combines theoretical analysis of inefficiencies of traditional S&OP with applied research realized on the case from real business environment. Microeconomic optimization models are employed to demonstrate the sub-optimal outcomes resulting from the lack of cross-functional integration and potentially antagonistic incentives in business planning. Overview of latest best practices in this area further complements the theoretical part of the thesis. Empirical part of the study summarizes author's experience from leading the large scale implementation of IBP concept in the multinational company. Theoretical assumptions of financial benefits of IBP implementation are tested against empirical observations via usage of statistical apparatus. This part may also be viewed as detailed guideline describing the project of IBP implementation. As a result, integrated approach to business planning proves to bring measurable financial as well as non-financial improvements for the company.

I Malmö stads översiktsplan fastslås en ambition om att i högre grad involvera medborgare i planeringen för att göra staden mer jämlik och socialt hållbar, samtidigt som planeringen kan bli mer effektiv när planer kan förankras genom att involvera medborgare i ett tidigt skede. Men för att involvera medborgare i planeringen, i ett tidigt stadie, krävs det att det görs ansatser som går utöver de lagliga krav som Plan- och Bygglagen ställer på planförfarandet om medborgerligt demokratiskt inflytande. Denna ansats benämner Malmö stad som fördjupad delaktighet. Men vad som ingår i de ansatser som går utöver lagens krav och möjligheterna för hur medborgare kan påverka planeringen, kan variera från en planprocess till en annan. Hur Malmö stad arbetar med att involvera medborgare med metoder som går utöver lagens krav ämnar denna studie studera. Detta har undersökts med en fallstudie som har studerat ett aktivt planeringsprojekt i Bunkeflostrand i Malmö. Fallstudien har kompletterats med en dokumentstudie samt en intervju som har genomförs med en nyckelaktör i planeringsprojektet, med ansvar för medborgardialog. Denna inhämtade information har sedan analyserats med hjälp av teorier som har sin grund i deliberativ demokratiteori, medborgarmakt, demokratiska innovationer och kommunikativ planeringsteori. Genom denna analys har vi identifierat att medborgare ges en större möjlighet att delta i planprocessen, men att detta inte översätts till att medborgare ges en medbestämmanderätt. Hur medborgares åsikter överförs till planarbetet försvåras av planutformningens teknokratiska natur, vilket innebär att det medborgerliga inflytandet kräver stöd från andra aktörer för att kunna förverkligas. / Malmö municipality’s general plan states an ambition to involve citizens, to a higher degree, in city planning to make the city more equitable and socially sustainable. By involving citizens in planning, it can become more effective when plans are thoroughly anchored with citizens at an early stage. But in order to involve citizens at an early stage in planning, it is necessary for city planning to make efforts that go beyond the legal requirements that Plan- och Bygglagen imposes on the planning procedure for civic democratic influence. This effort is defined in Malmö Municipality’s’ general plan as deepened participation. But what is included in the efforts that go beyond the requirements of the law and the possibilities for how citizens can influence planning can vary from one planning process to another. The purpose of this study is to understand how Malmö Municipality works to involve citizens with methods that go beyond the requirements of the law. This has been investigated with a case study that has examined an active planning project in Bunkeflostrand in Malmö Municipality. The case study has been supplemented by a document study as well as an interview conducted with a key employee in the planning project, responsible for citizen dialogue. This information has then been analyzed with the help of theories based on deliberative democracy theory, citizen power, democratic innovations, and communicative planning theory. Through this analysis, we have identified that citizens are given a greater opportunity to participate in the planning process, but that this is not translated into giving citizens a right of co-decision. How citizens' opinions are transferred to planning work is complicated by the technocratic nature of plan making, which means that civic influence requires support from other stakeholders to be realized.

Der europarechtlich vorgeprägte und national stark ausdifferenzierte Bedarfsplanungs- und Genehmigungsablauf für Hoch- und Höchstspannungsleitungsvorhaben ist durch ein umfassendes Beteiligungsregime zu Gunsten der Öffentlichkeit ausgestaltet. Im Rahmen der gegenständlichen Arbeit wurden sowohl die formellen als auch die informellen Beteiligungsmöglichkeiten der Öffentlichkeit analysiert, klassifiziert, kritisch hinterfragt und hinsichtlich der verschiedentlich anwendbaren normativen Vorgaben miteinander verglichen. Hierbei haben unter anderem europarechtlich das Vierte Energiebinnenmarktpaket aus den Jahren 2018 und 2019, national das Gesetz zur Beschleunigung des Energieleitungsausbaus aus dem Jahr 2019 und das Planungssicherstellungsgesetz aus dem Jahr 2020 sowie föderal das Umweltverwaltungsgesetz aus dem Jahr 2014 besondere Berücksichtigung gefunden. Insgesamt konnte die aktuelle Gesetzeslage, Rechtsprechung und Literatur bis Ende Juni 2020 in die vorliegende Untersuchung eingearbeitet werden.:Teil 1: Einführung Teil 2: Grundlagen der Öffentlichkeitsbeteiligung im Netzausbau Teil 3: Öffentlichkeitsbeteiligung im Rahmen der Bedarfsplanung Teil 4: Öffentlichkeitsbeteiligung im Rahmen der Korridor- und Trassenplanung Teil 5: (Temporäre) Wirkungen des PlanSiG auf die Öffentlichkeitsbeteiligung Teil 6: Gesamtbetrachtung zur Verbesserung des Beteiligungsregimes / The planning and approval process for high and extra high voltage power line pro- jects, which is predefined by European law and differentiated by German law, is designed in favour of the public through a comprehensive participation regime. In the context of this work, both the formal and the informal opportunities for public participation were analysed, classified, critically questioned and compared with one another in terms of the various normative requirements. Among other things, the Fourth European Internal Energy Market Package from 2018 and 2019, the national law to accelerate the expansion of power lines from 2019, and the law to ensure proper planning and approval procedures from 2020 as well as the federal law to standardise environmental administration law and to strengthen public participation in the environmental field from 2014 have been given special consideration. Overall, the current legal situation, the case law and the literature until the end of June 2020 have been incorporated into the present study.:Teil 1: Einführung Teil 2: Grundlagen der Öffentlichkeitsbeteiligung im Netzausbau Teil 3: Öffentlichkeitsbeteiligung im Rahmen der Bedarfsplanung Teil 4: Öffentlichkeitsbeteiligung im Rahmen der Korridor- und Trassenplanung Teil 5: (Temporäre) Wirkungen des PlanSiG auf die Öffentlichkeitsbeteiligung Teil 6: Gesamtbetrachtung zur Verbesserung des Beteiligungsregimes