The diploma thesis is oriented on increase in efficiency of work processes in an organisation. Based on the analysis of present situation, it proposes measures to improve the performance and effectiveness of the work. The theoretical part contains findings from the field of management and corporate structure. The practical part analyses the present situation and proposes solutions that will lead to increase of the efficiency in work processes and improve the economic situation of an organisation.

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Title - Designing Future Sustainable Cities through a Living Labs Approach – A Case study of “Väsby Labs” Purpose - The purpose of this study is to analyze the contributions of the Living Labs research and innovation methodology to the planning process of designing future sustainable cities as well as its main shortcomings. Additionally, this study intends to provide possible solutions to improve the model in the future. The Living Labs model focuses on creating platforms for communication, innovation and long term development by inviting different stakeholders to an open planning process before public places are defined, houses built and schools developed. Interaction between developers, inhabitants, social services, and political and financial systems is the key element of this model. Research questions - What are the main contributions of the Living Labs Model to the process of designing future sustainable cities and which are its main limitations? How can these limitations be addressed to improve the process in the future? Methodology - Qualitative research consisting of a literature review and an empirical case study based on semi-structured interviews with key individuals as well as secondary data gathered from the web and from participating in workshops and exhibitions in the project’s site. Research limitations/implications – Due to time limitations this study is a mere analysis of a project being developed on a Swedish municipality and does not contemplate its final results, only the ones reached on the date of the current study. The language is also a limitation, due to some of the literature related to the case study, and the conferences and workshops being in Swedish. Originality/Value - This study is the first attempt to analyze the contribution of a methodology such as the Living Labs to the planning process of designing future sustainable cities.

Social sustainability is one of the three dimensions in the concept of sustainability and is seen as the weakest pillar of sustainable development. Previous literature concludes that social sustainability is a difficult concept to define and achieve. Therefore, the social dimension has not been addressed to the same extent and has been frequently avoided in research and practice. However the importance of the social dimension of sustainable development has been recognized from both the private and the public sector during the last decade. The social aspect of sustainability requires more attention and it is important to define the social sustainability processes that should be integrated during the planning phase of residential development projects. The purpose of this research is to contribute with knowledge about how social sustainability can be addressed in the housing industry and within the scientific fields of urban planning and project development. By looking deeper, from both the developer and municipality perspective, into how social sustainability aspects are addressed today, how cooperation regarding these aspects is working, what values a focus on social aspects can create for both parties as well as desires for the future, the research also aims to provide a recommendation of how residential developers can improve their working process. Four projects located both in Stockholm and Gothenburg have been used as a basis for the empirics in this research. Empirical information has been collected primarily through interviews but also from existing social sustainability tools. Interviews were conducted with representatives from JM AB and the municipalities of Stockholm and Gothenburg. The research has identified that concrete tools, cooperation, clear objectives, and an understanding of each other’s aims and goals are crucial for a good working process regarding social sustainability. A recommended working process has been developed with the aim of helping residential developers to address social sustainability in residential projects. The identified steps in the recommendation provide an understanding of how developers should work with social sustainability internally and in cooperation with the municipality. By working systematically with social sustainability in residential development, the research indicates that developers can become more attractive in the eyes of the municipality and thus gain a competitive advantage over their competitors as well as increase the possibility of creating shared values. / Social hållbarhet är en av tre dimensioner i begreppet hållbarhet och ses som den svagaste pelaren för hållbar utveckling. Tidigare litteratur drar slutsatsen att social hållbarhet är ett svårt begrepp att definiera och uppnå. Därför har den sociala dimensionen inte behandlats i samma utsträckning och har ofta undvikits i forskning och praktik. Däremot har betydelsen av den sociala dimensionen av hållbar utveckling uppmärksammats av både den privata och den offentliga sektorn under det senaste decenniet. Den sociala aspekten kräver mer uppmärksamhet och det är viktigt att fastställa de sociala hållbarhetsprocesser som bör integreras under planeringsfasen i bostadsutvecklingsprojekt. Syftet med denna studie är att bidra med kunskap om hur social hållbarhet kan hanteras i bostadsbranschen och inom de vetenskapliga områdena stadsplanering och  rojektutveckling. Genom att, från både bostadsutvecklarens och kommunens perspektiv, djupare undersöka hur sociala hållbarhetsaspekter behandlas i dag, hur samarbete kring dessa aspekter fungerar, vilka värden ett fokus på sociala aspekter kan skapa för båda parter samt önskemål för framtiden, syftar studien också till att ge en rekommendation för hur bostadsutvecklare kan förbättra sin arbetsprocess. Fyra projekt som ligger både i Stockholm och Göteborg har använts som underlag till empirin i denna undersökning Empirisk information har samlats in, främst genom intervjuer, men också utifrån befintliga sociala hållbarhetsverktyg. Intervjuerna genomfördes med representanter från JM AB och kommunerna Stockholm och Göteborg. Studien har identifierat att konkreta verktyg, samarbete, tydliga mål och en förståelse för varandras syften och mål är avgörande för en god arbetsprocess beträffande social hållbarhet. En rekommenderad arbetsprocess har utvecklats i syfte till att hjälpa bostadsutvecklare att adressera social hållbarhet i bostadsprojekt. De identifierade stegen i rekommendationen ger en förståelse för hur bostadsutvecklare ska arbeta med social hållbarhet internt och i samarbete med kommunen. Genom att arbeta systematiskt med social hållbarhet i bostadsutveckling, visar studien att bostadsutvecklare kan bli mer attraktiva i kommunens ögon och därmed få en konkurrensfördel gentemot sina konkurrenter, samt öka möjligheten att skapa gemensamma värden.

This study aims to contribute to a better understanding of private actors work with stakeholder dialogue in Sweden by identifying important factors that affect how an architectural firm manages participation in early stages of urban planning. The study consists of a literature study of previous research on dialogue and participation as well as a case study consisting of interviews with architects at the architectural firm and direct observations during a dialogue process carried out by the architectural firm on behalf of a property developer. A significant factor appears to be that there are no democratic principles governing how they work with participation, it is their clients. The architects say they want to involve citizens in their design process and that they have their client's support in this. In practice, however, they involve citizens and other stakeholders to a very small extent, and when they do, there is lack of representation and the way the dialogue activities are conducted also affect what information and what perspectives that appear. It appears to be more important for the architects to hold dialogue with officials at the municipality's planning department to influence the municipality's planning process, than to work for increased participation.

Purpose: the differences between projection and actual results are very common in most of the construction projects. The problems that seem to be most common appears in projection, communication, planning and documents but there are as well smaller areas to find in the study. The aim of the study is to investigate what differences can be found between the theoretical and actual time schedule and the problems that can appear in the construction industry. Method: The study is based on a literature study, two interviews and two case studies. The literature study gives an understanding of what has to be in consideration when planning a project. Detailed information about all the aspects gives a good base for the study. Two people that works with building planning were interviewed to give some better insight. First some general questions about building planning were asked to give a better understanding of the subject. Then questions were asked about the specific projects and what results they had. The case studies consist of two projects, one of them being “Nationalmuseet” and the other “Kulturhuset Stadsteatern”. Documentation about the projects were examined to evaluate the procedure and outcome. The projects were used to compare with the results from the interviews to see if there was any connection. Results: the project is presented by responses from both of the preformed interviews. Respondents describes the challenges with the design process and what kind of problems that often occurs during projects. The questions are asked regarding their design process and thoughts about time pressure, the use of programs as well as preferred forms of contracting. The interviews also provide an insight into how experience feedback and improvements addressed within the company. Conclusions: from the own study, most conclusions could be drawn regarding which factors influences the projection, what are the differences between the theoretical and actual result and how these differences can be reduced. With the help of the interview study, conclusions could be made based on experience and knowledge of which problem areas are common for construction industry at present.

The field of urban planning experiences many trends, social sustainability and density being two of them. While density has been on the agenda before, it has lately become synonymous with sustainability, the social dimension included. The relationship between social sustainability and density has however been contested by many scholars claiming that the relationship is unclear due to the vagueness and that policymakers can adapt the concept in a way that favours their intentions or the dominating urban paradigm. Thus, this thesis provides a deeper understanding of the contradictions and dilemmas of social sustainability and density, and in what way this reflects contemporary trends within urban planning in the context of ‘ordinary cities’. A thematic analysis of documents and interviews was conducted to identify how themes of social sustainability and density have been motivated, as well as the relationship between the two. With private interest being influential in urban governance, economic interests tend to define the vague, and shapeable concept of social sustainability. With that we find that dimensions of social sustainability that concern attractiveness are prioritised, while values of integration, affordability, and equity are not. Our findings contribute by linking social sustainability to the idea of a good city while at the same time allowing market interest to define social values as attractiveness and in the end sellability. In that sense, the market has become an indicator of whether the area is socially sustainable or not. Thus, it is important to define social sustainability and its incorporation in the planning process. / Det finns flera trender inom samhällsplanering, två av dem är social hållbarhet och täthet. Täthet har varit på agendan tidigare, men har under senare perioder blivit synonymt med hållbarhet och inkluderat den sociala dimensionen. Förhållandet mellan social hållbarhet och täthet har dock blivit ifrågasatt av flertalet forskare, vilka menat att förhållandet är svårtolkat i och med att det innebär en påtaglig vaghet, därför har också beslutsfattare kunnat anpassa begreppet social hållbarhet efter deras intentioner eller de dominerande paradigmen inom samhällsplanering. Därmed bidrar denna uppsats med en djupare förståelse för motsättningarna och dilemman kring social hållbarhet och täthet och hur detta reflekterar samtida trender inom samhällsplaneringen i ’ordinary cities’. En tematisk analys av dokument och intervjuer gjordes för att identifiera hur sociala hållbarhets- och täthetsteman motiveras, och hur relationen dem emellan tagit form. Då privata intressen har stort inflytande inom planering tenderar ekonomiska intressen att forma det vaga begreppet social hållbarhet. I och med det fann vi att sociala hållbarhetsdimensioner som berör attraktivitet prioriteras, medan värden som integration, bostäder åt alla och rättvisa blivit åsidosatt. Våra fynd bidrar till en bredare kunskapsbild genom att koppla ihop social hållbarhet med idén om en bra stad, där samhällsplanering riskerar att låta marknadsintressen definiera sociala värden som ’attraktivitet’ och i slutändan ’säljbarhet’. På så vis har marknaden blivit en indikator på huruvida ett område är socialt hållbart eller inte. Därför är det viktigt att inom samhällsplaneringen definiera social hållbarhet och hur konceptet används.

Regeringen överlämnade nyligen propositionen (prop. 2020/21:131) ”Privat initiativrätt – planintressentens medverkan vid detaljplaneläggning” till riksdagen med ambitionen att förenkla och förkorta planprocessen. Förslaget kommer från Januariöverenskommelsen där en av punkterna har detta som mål och förhoppning att bidra till snabbare och billigare byggande. Förslaget innebär att efter kommunen har lämnat ett positivt planbesked enligt plan- och bygglagen (SFS 2010:900) ska kommunen även redovisa vilket planeringsunderlag som sannolikt kan behövas vid detaljplaneläggningen, om planintressenten begär det. Effekterna av lagförslaget har undersökts genom metoderna multipel fallstudie samt dokument- och litteraturstudie. Projektutvecklare och kommuner har intervjuats för att höra marknadens åsikter och tankar om förslaget och hur de tror lagförslaget kommer påverka detaljplaneprocessen och arbetssättet. Som bakgrund till lagförslaget finns flera års arbete med utredningar där startpunkten handlade om översiktsplaner, som sedan vidareutvecklades till nya frågeställningar, bland annat om privat initiativrätt. Under utredningsarbetet valde utredaren att genomföra en omvärldsanalys för att se hur andra länder applicerar privat initiativrätt och utredaren kom fram till att Norges system var mest relevant för ett införande i svensk lagstiftning. Det slutliga lagförslaget från regeringen påminner lite om den norska modellen för privat initiativrätt, men det finns några väsentliga skillnader mellan ländernas lagstiftning. Det märktes att begreppet privat initiativrätt är vilseledande under intervjuerna då respondenterna hade olika uppfattning om vad begreppet betyder. Det syns också i utredningsarbeten att de haft svårt att sätta en exakt definition av begreppet. Det är många som tolkar begreppet ordagrant och då är det lätt att få uppfattningen att privat initiativrätt innebär en rätt för den enskilde att initiera ett planärende, men så är inte fallet med det lagförslag som regeringen lägger fram till riksdagen. Det handlar endast om att den enskilde har rätt att ta fram planeringsunderlag i form av utredningar till detaljplanen. Kommunen är fortfarande den som formellt initierar ett detaljplaneärende, driver processen framåt och har sista ordet om en detaljplan ska antas eller inte. Att de privata aktörerna bidrar med underlag kommer att underlätta arbetet för kommunen, däremot används detta arbetssätt hos de flesta kommuner och projektutvecklare redan idag, vilket innebär att lagförslaget blir ett förtydligande av gällande praxis. Resultatet av studien påvisar att lagförslaget om privat initiativrätt är ett förslag som inte räcker hela vägen - då det inte innebär någon direkt privat initiativrätt utan en möjlighet att bidra med planeringsunderlag och eventuellt snabba på processen en aning. I andra länder såsom Norge är privat initiativrätt betydligt mer långtgående då kommunerna är tvungna att ta ställning till ett framtaget material som förväntas antas om de uppfyller lagkraven. Någon garanti för en framtagen detaljplan med godkända utredningar finns inte, vilket kan anses få en hämmande effekt på lagförslaget. Lagförslaget är inte så ambitiöst, men är ett steg i rätt riktning. / The Government recently submitted the bill (prop. 2020/21:131) "Private initiative - the stakeholder's participation in detailed planning" to the riksdag with the ambition of simplifying and shortening the planning process. The proposal comes from the January agreement, where one of the points has this as a goal, and it is also hoped to make construction faster and cheaper. The proposal means that after the municipality has submitted a positive planning decision in accordance with the Planning and Building Act (SFS 2010: 900), the municipality must also report which planning documentation may probably be needed for the detailed planning, if the stakeholder so requests. The impact of the bill has been investigated through the methods of multiple case study and document and literature study. Project developers and municipalities have been interviewed to get the market's views and thoughts on the proposal and how they believe the proposal will affect the detailed planning process and working methods. As a background to the bill, there are several years of work with investigations where the starting point was about general plans, which then further developed into new issues, including private initiative. During the investigation, they chose to carry out an external analysis of the business environment to see how other countries apply private initiative and the investigator came to the conclusion that Norway's system was most relevant for its introduction into Swedish legislation. The final proposal from the government is somewhat reminiscent of the Norwegian model for private initiative, but there are some significant differences between the countries' legislation. It was noticed that the term private initiative is misleading during the interviews as the respondents had different views on what the term means. It can also be seen in investigative work that it has been difficult to set an exact definition of the term. There are many who interpret the term verbatim and then it is easy to get the impression that private initiative means a right for the individual to initiate a detailed plan, but this is not the case with the bill that the government submits to the riksdag. It is only a matter of the individual having the right to produce planning documentation in the form of investigations into the detailed plan. The municipality is still the one that formally initiates a detailed plan, drives the process forward and has the last word on whether a detailed plan should be adopted or not. The fact that the private actors contribute with data will facilitate the work for the municipality, however, this way of working is used by most municipalities and project developers already today, which means that the bill will be a clarification of current practice. The results of the study show that the bill on private initiative is a proposal that is not far enough - as it does not involve any direct private initiative but an opportunity to contribute with planning documents and possibly speed up the process a bit. In other countries such as Norway, private initiative is much more far-reaching as the municipalities are forced to take a position on a material produced that is expected to be adopted if they meet the legal requirements. There is no guarantee for a detailed plan with approved investigations, which can be considered to have an inhibiting effect on the bill. The bill is not so ambitious, but is a step in the right direction

Under hösten 2023 inträffade en betydande händelse i Stenungsunds kommun när stora delar av vägbanan på väg E6 kollapsade till följd av ett skred. Vid planläggning ska bebyggelse lokaliseras till mark som är lämpad för ändamålet med hänsyn till risken för naturolyckor såsom översvämning, ras, skred och erosion. En del av området som drabbades av skredet var sedan tidigare detaljplanelagt, vilket gör detaljplanen för del av fastigheten Munkeröd 1:12 m.fl. av avgörande betydelse för utredningen av händelsen. Den här uppsatsen syftar till att undersöka detaljplaneprocessen för detaljplan för del av fastigheten Munkeröd 1:2 m.fl. Syftet är samtidigt att granska kommunens planarbete utifrån äldre plan- och bygglagen (1987:10) samt att undersöka huruvida planarbetet skulle ha sett annorlunda ut om den nya plan- och bygglagen (2010:900) hade tillämpats. För att genomföra detta syftar uppsatsen även till att analysera utvecklingen av planprocessen och utvärdera hur de lagändringar som har införts har påverkat processen. Metodologiskt innefattar uppsatsen en litteraturstudie som fokuserar på den svenska lagstiftningens utveckling med fokus på planprocessen. Detta återspeglas genom granskning av lagtext, betänkanden och förarbeten. Vidare omfattar arbetet även en dokumentstudie där allmänna handlingar från Stenungsunds kommun har granskats och sammanfattats. Resultaten indikerar att Stenungsunds kommun har hanterat planärendet korrekt i enlighet med den äldre plan- och bygglagen. Beslutet att följa denna lag grundades på det faktum att planarbetet inleddes före den 2 maj 2010, då den nya plan- och bygglagen trädde i kraft. Trots lagändringarna har planprocessen inte genomgått betydande förändringar, vilket antyder att ett hypotetiskt planärende enligt den nya lagen sannolikt inte skulle ha resulterat i ett annorlunda utfall. Slutsatsen är att den specifika lagstiftningen inte nödvändigtvis är avgörande; det är snarare detaljplansspecifika omständigheter som är av betydelse. Genom att följa den nya plan- och bygglagen hade inte Stenungsunds kommun kunnat förhindra det skred som inträffade på platsen flera år senare. / In the fall of 2023, a significant event occurred in the municipality of Stenungsund when large sections of the roadway on E6 collapsed due to a landslide. When planning, built environment should be situated on land suitable for the purpose, considering the risk of natural hazards such as flooding, landslides, and erosion. A part of the area affected by the landslide had already been zoned in a detailed development plan, making the detailed development plan for part of the property Munkeröd 1:12 and others of crucial importance for the investigation of the incident. This thesis aims to investigate the detailed planning process for the Detailed development plan for part of the property Munkeröd 1:12 and others. The purpose is also to review the municipality's planning work based on the former Planning and Building Act (1987:10) and to examine whether the planning work would have been different if the new Planning and Building Act (2010:900) had been applied. To achieve this, the thesis also aims to analyze the development of the planning process and evaluate how the changes in legislation have affected the process. Methodologically, the thesis includes a literature study focusing on the development of Swedish legislation regarding the planning process. This is reflected through the review of legal texts, reports, and preparatory works. Additionally, the work includes a document study where public records from the municipality of Stenungsund have been reviewed and summarized. The results indicate that the municipality of Stenungsund has handled the planning case correctly according to the former Planning and Building Act. The decision to follow this law was based on the fact that the planning work was initiated before May 2, 2010, when the new Planning and Building Act came into force. Despite the legislative changes, the planning process has not undergone significant changes, suggesting that a hypothetical planning case under the new law would likely not have resulted in a different outcome. The conclusion is that the specific legislation is not necessarily decisive; rather, it is the particular circumstances of each detailed plan that matter. Following the new Planning and Building Act would not have enabled the municipality of Stenungsund to prevent the landslide that occurred at the site several years later.

In the beginning of the 2000s, Israeli policies in the West Bank shifted from policies of control to policies of separation, which in turn led to the Transformation of West Bank communities into isolated urban islands. Current plans prepared for Palestinian localities by Palestinian planning institutions most often address these isolated islands without taking into account the Israeli-controlled areas surrounding these localities. Palestinians envision the entire West Bank as a contiguous area that will eventually form part of the Palestinian national state. However, most Palestinian plans take the boundaries imposed by Israel as a given and plan only for areas within the Israeli-controlled areas. This dissertation is about the Palestinian planning processes in the West Bank in an attempt to assess whether these processes are or could counteract Israeli plans of separation. Upon extensive research, it was found that Palestinian planning institutions have a very limited impact in countering Israeli plans. The only counter-planning activity that can be observed is the Palestinian National Authority’s latest orientation to plan in Palestinian areas classified as Area C (found in areas under complete Israeli Control). The aforementioned lack of counter-planning activities can be attributed to the inefficiency of a legal framework, lack of vision, lack of coordination, and deficiencies within Palestinian planning institutions.