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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Plasmodium berghei : characterization of protein components by affinity chromatography, elisa and immunization

Castilla Garcia, Martha Mercedes January 1984 (has links)
No description available.
22

Function and regulation of a serine protease implicated in malaria parasite remodelling and egress / Activité et régulation d'une protéase à serine impliquée dans la maturation et la libération des mérozoïtes de Plasmodium, agent du paludisme

Suárez, Catherine 19 December 2012 (has links)
Le paludisme demeure une des maladies infectieuses les plus meurtrières au monde. Propagé par la piqûre d’un moustique femelle du genre Anopheles, le parasite du paludisme (Plasmodium) migre dans la circulation sanguine et infecte les cellules hépatiques de la victime. Dans le foie, le parasite se différencie et se reproduit par schizogonie à l’intérieur d’une vacuole parasitophore pour compléter la production de plusieurs milliers de mérozoïtes par cellule hépatique infectée. Ces mérozoïtes sont par la suite libérés dans la circulation sanguine où ils infectent les érythrocytes circulants dans lesquels le parasite subit des cycles d’infection, réplication et libération (processus de sortie actif provoqué par le parasite). Ces cycles répétitifs dans le sang sont à l’origine des symptômes cliniques de la maladie.Des études sur Plasmodium falciparum ont montré que P. falciparum SUB1 (PfSUB1), une protéase à sérine de la famille des subtilisines, est relâchée à l’intérieur de la vacuole parasitophore peu avant la libération des mérozoïtes des hématies. A l’intérieur de cette vacuole, la protéase intervient dans la maturation de protéines membres de la famille des SERA (famille de protéines du type papaïne) ainsi qu’un certain nombre de protéines de surface du mérozoïte (famille des MSP). Un grand intérêt a été porté sur cette protéase, car l’inhibition pharmacologique de l’activité de PfSUB1 bloque le processus de sortie et d’invasion des mérozoïtes dans le stade érythrocytaire du parasite in vitro.Le stade hépatique du parasite est une cible idéale pour le développement de traitements prophylactiques antipaludiques, car il précède la phase symptomatique de la maladie. En conséquence, il est important de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de fonctionnement du parasite à ce stade. Le présent projet avait pour but principal d’effectuer une étude du rôle de SUB1 dans le stade hépatique de Plasmodium. Pour ce faire, ce travail s’est effectué sur l’orthologue de PfSUB1 chez le parasite murin P. berghei. Dans un premier temps, l’expression de PbSUB1 dans les stades hépatiques du parasite a été confirmée en utilisant des anticorps spécifiques et en générant une lignée mutante de P. berghei exprimant la protéine endogène fusionnée à un marqueur hémagglutinine. Par la suite, l’enzyme a été exprimée sous forme recombinante et sa fonction et spécificité ont été partiellement caractérisées. Ce travail confirma que la protéase est capable de cliver des peptides basés sur les séquences de PbMSP1 et PbSERA3, substrats potentiels exprimés dans les stades hépatiques du parasite. Finalement, afin de mieux caractériser la fonction de PbSUB1, deux approches récentes permettant d’effectuer un knock-out conditionnel chez P. berghei ont été testées: le système Tet et la mutagenèse conditionnelle Flp/FRT. Afin d’utiliser cette dernière approche, une nouvelle méthode pour insérer des sites de reconnaissances Flp (sites FRT) dans les régions intergéniques de clones (dans ce cas, un clone comprenant pbsub1 et gènes voisins) provenant d’une bibliothèque génomique de P. berghei a été développée. Pour ce faire, plusieurs techniques d’ingénierie moléculaire ont été utilisées. Ces techniques, basées sur les systèmes de recombinaison de la levure (recombinase Flp) et de phages (recombineering) similaire à ceux utilisés par le projet PlasmoGEM (Pfander et al., 2012), surmontent les problèmes rencontrés par les méthodes conventionnelles pour le placement des sites FRT et sont aussi applicables aux longues séquences codantes. Avec ces nouveaux outils, un knock-out conditionnel de pbsub1 a été généré avec succès in vivo où la délétion du gène est accompagnée de l’expression d’un gène rapporteur (GFP) afin de faciliter l’identification des parasites ayant perdu le gène d’intérêt. A la fin de ce travail, une analyse préliminaire de ces parasites déficients en PbSUB1 suggère un rôle essentiel de cette protéase dans le développement de la phase hépatique du parasite. / Malaria remains one of the deadliest infectious diseases in the world. Propagated by the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito, the malaria parasite (Plasmodium) enters the bloodstream and infects hepatocytes. In the liver, the parasite differentiates and reproduces by schizogony within a membrane-bound parasitophorous vacuole (PV) resulting in the production of several thousands of merozoites per infected hepatic cell. These parasites are subsequently released into the blood stream where they infect circulating red blood cells and undergo repetitive cycles of infection, replication, and egress (active release of parasites) which are responsible for the clinical symptoms of the disease.Work on P. falciparum, has shown that P. falciparum SUB1 (PfSUB1), a serine protease of the subtilisin-like family, is discharged into the PV just prior to egress from the erythrocyte and mediates the proteolytic maturation of members of the SERA family (a family of papain-like proteins) as well as a number of merozoite surface proteins (MSPs). Pharmacological inhibition of PfSUB1 activity inhibits both egress and invasion of released merozoites in blood stages in vitro.The liver stage of the parasite is an ideal target for development of prophylactic anti-malarial drugs, as it is clinically silent. It is thus of importance to gain more detailed knowledge about parasite development in this stage. The main aim of this project was to study the role of SUB1 in the liver stage of the parasite life cycle. The work was performed on the orthologue of PfSUB1 in the murine malaria species P. berghei. Initially, expression of PbSUB1 in liver stages was confirmed using specific antibodies and by generating a transgenic P. berghei clone expressing epitope-tagged PbSUB1. Next, recombinant enzymatically-active PbSUB1 was expressed in insect cells and partially characterised with respect to its function and substrate specificity. This confirmed that the protease is able to process substrates based on PbMSP1 and PbSERA3, two putative substrates expressed in late hepatic stages of the parasite.Finally, to further study PbSUB1 function, two conditional gene knock-out approaches were applied to study the phenotypic consequences of loss of PbSUB1 expression. Working from a ~10 kb genomic DNA library clone comprising pbsub1 and flanking genes, a method to insert Flp recombinase recognition (FRT) sites into intergenic regions was developed. This was achieved by combining inducible Flp activation in E. coli with recombinase mediated engineering techniques similar to those that underlie the PlasmoGEM project (Pfander et al., 2012). This strategy overcomes challenges of existing techniques and is also suitable for flanking large genes with FRT sites. With these newly generated tools, an inducible knock-out of pbsub1 was successfully generated in vivo, in which stage-specific excision of the gene was accompanied by concomitant induction of GFP expression, facilitating identification of the knock-out parasites. A preliminary analysis of these PbSUB1-deficient parasites suggests an essential role for the protease in the development of liver stage schizonts.
23

Avaliação dos mecanismos imunopatológicos envolvidos na lesão pulmonar aguda na malária experimental / Evaluation of the immunopathological mechanisms involved in acute lung injury in experimental malaria

Sercundes, Michelle Klein 04 February 2015 (has links)
A malária é um problema de saúde global, que hoje acomete aproximadamente 207 milhões de pessoas, e que levou ao óbito cerca de 607.000 indíviduos apenas no ano de 2013. No Brasil, 99% dos casos concentram-se na Amazônia Legal onde infecções por Plasmodium vivax são as principais causas da doença e podem ser fatais. Infecções por Plasmodium spp. podem levar à um quadro respiratório grave, com complicações pulmonares denominadas lesão pulmonar aguda (LPA) e síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo (SDRA). A LPA/SDRA é caracterizada pela lesão dos alvéolos e do parênquima pulmonar, com perda da função da barreira epitelial do alvéolo e do capilar pulmonar de células endoteliais e, consequentemente, presença de edema pulmonar de origem não-cardiogênica. A diminuição da capacidade de trocas gasosas, aumento da atividade leucocitária e de mediadores inflamatórios nos pulmões resultam em insuficiência respiratória. A dificuldade em se estudar a doença em humanos associado ao desconhecimento dos fatores envolvidos na síndrome faz com que essa disfunção pulmonar torne-se mal compreendida e leve cada vez mais pessoas a óbito. O objetivo central do presente trabalho foi reconhecer e caracterizar o perfil leucocitário pulmonar, os fatores inflamatórios e a morte celular que contribuem para o desenvolvimento da LPA/SDRA associada a malária. Neste trabalho foi utilizado como modelo experimental a associação entre camundongos da linhagem DBA/2 e o parasita murino Plasmodium berghei ANKA. Neste modelo 30-75% dos camundongos desenvolvem sintomas pulmonares agudos (LPA/SDRA) e os demais morrem tardiamente com hiperparasitemia (HP). Desenvolvemos a partir dos parâmetros respiratórios e da parasitemia um modelo preditivo para classificação dos animais em LPA/SDRA ou HP antes do momento da morte com alta sensibilidade e especificidade. Nossos resultados mostram que os macrófagos alveolares e os neutrófilos estão aumentados de maneira significativa nos animais classificados como LPA/SDRA e que a depleção dessas populações promove a sobrevida dos animais e o não desenvolvimento da síndrome. Verificamos também que as células TCD4+ e TCD8+ produzem grandes quantidades de IFN-? nos animais LPA/SDRA, contudo o sistema imunológico desses animais produz grandes quantidades de IL-10 como forma de regular a resposta inflamatória. Em nosso estudo mensuramos a apoptose no tecido pulmonar e verificamos que os animais com LPA/SDRA possuem um número maior de células morrendo em relação aos animais HP. Vimos também que a apoptose de neutrófilos e células dendríticas ocorrem de maneira significativa no lavado broncoalveolar dos animais LPA/SDRA. O estudo da expressão de genes pró e anti-apoptóticos mostrou que há o aumento da expressão de Casp-3, Casp-9, Bad, Bid, Bak, FADD, CAD e Ripk-1 nos animais LPA/SDRA, enquanto que Bcl-XL e Bcl2 estão mais expressos nos animais HP. / Malaria is a global health problem that now affects approximately 207 million people, and led to the deaths of about 607,000 individuals only in 2013. In Brazil, 99% of the cases are concentrated in the Amazon where infections by Plasmodium vivax are the major cause of morbidity and which can also be fatal. Infections with Plasmodium spp. can lead to a serious respiratory condition including pulmonary complications named as acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). ALI /ARDS is characterized by damage to the alveoli and the lung parenchyma, loss of epithelial barrier function of the alveoli and pulmonary capillary endothelial cells and, consequently, pulmonary edema noncardiogenic origin. Decreased capacity for gas exchange, increased leukocyte activity and inflammatory mediators in the lungs resulting in respiratory failure. The difficulty in studying human disease associated with lack of knowledge of factors involved in the syndrome and makes the pulmonary dysfunction become misunderstood and take more people to death. The central objective of this study was to determine and characterize the lung leukocytes profile, inflammatory factors and cell death that contribute to the development of ALI / ARDS associated with malaria. In this work was used as an experimental model the association between DBA/2 mice strain and the Plasmodium berghei ANKA murine parasite. In this model, 30-75% of mice develop acute pulmonary symptoms (ALI/ARDS) and the others died too late with hyperparasitaemia (HP). Developed from the respiratory parameters and parasitaemia a predictive model for classification of animals in ALI/ARDS or HP before the moment of death with high sensitivity and specificity. Our results show that alveolar macrophages and neutrophils were increased significantly in animals classified as ALI/ARDS and the depletion of these populations promotes the survival of the animals and not development of the syndrome. We also observed that CD4+ and CD8+ T cells produce large amounts of IFN-? in animals ALI/ARDS, however the immune system of these animals produce large amounts of IL-10 in order to regulate the inflammatory response. In our study we measured apoptosis in lung tissue and found that animals with ALI/ARDS have a larger number of cells dying compared to HP animals. We also saw that apoptosis of neutrophils and dendritic cells occur significantly in BAL of animals ALI/ARDS. The study of the expression of pro and anti-apoptotic genes showed that there is increased expression of Casp-3, Casp-9, Bad, Bid, Bak, FADD, and Ripk CAD-1 in animals ALI/ARDS, as that Bcl XL and Bcl2 are more expressed in HP animals.
24

Avaliação dos mecanismos imunopatológicos envolvidos na lesão pulmonar aguda na malária experimental / Evaluation of the immunopathological mechanisms involved in acute lung injury in experimental malaria

Michelle Klein Sercundes 04 February 2015 (has links)
A malária é um problema de saúde global, que hoje acomete aproximadamente 207 milhões de pessoas, e que levou ao óbito cerca de 607.000 indíviduos apenas no ano de 2013. No Brasil, 99% dos casos concentram-se na Amazônia Legal onde infecções por Plasmodium vivax são as principais causas da doença e podem ser fatais. Infecções por Plasmodium spp. podem levar à um quadro respiratório grave, com complicações pulmonares denominadas lesão pulmonar aguda (LPA) e síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo (SDRA). A LPA/SDRA é caracterizada pela lesão dos alvéolos e do parênquima pulmonar, com perda da função da barreira epitelial do alvéolo e do capilar pulmonar de células endoteliais e, consequentemente, presença de edema pulmonar de origem não-cardiogênica. A diminuição da capacidade de trocas gasosas, aumento da atividade leucocitária e de mediadores inflamatórios nos pulmões resultam em insuficiência respiratória. A dificuldade em se estudar a doença em humanos associado ao desconhecimento dos fatores envolvidos na síndrome faz com que essa disfunção pulmonar torne-se mal compreendida e leve cada vez mais pessoas a óbito. O objetivo central do presente trabalho foi reconhecer e caracterizar o perfil leucocitário pulmonar, os fatores inflamatórios e a morte celular que contribuem para o desenvolvimento da LPA/SDRA associada a malária. Neste trabalho foi utilizado como modelo experimental a associação entre camundongos da linhagem DBA/2 e o parasita murino Plasmodium berghei ANKA. Neste modelo 30-75% dos camundongos desenvolvem sintomas pulmonares agudos (LPA/SDRA) e os demais morrem tardiamente com hiperparasitemia (HP). Desenvolvemos a partir dos parâmetros respiratórios e da parasitemia um modelo preditivo para classificação dos animais em LPA/SDRA ou HP antes do momento da morte com alta sensibilidade e especificidade. Nossos resultados mostram que os macrófagos alveolares e os neutrófilos estão aumentados de maneira significativa nos animais classificados como LPA/SDRA e que a depleção dessas populações promove a sobrevida dos animais e o não desenvolvimento da síndrome. Verificamos também que as células TCD4+ e TCD8+ produzem grandes quantidades de IFN-? nos animais LPA/SDRA, contudo o sistema imunológico desses animais produz grandes quantidades de IL-10 como forma de regular a resposta inflamatória. Em nosso estudo mensuramos a apoptose no tecido pulmonar e verificamos que os animais com LPA/SDRA possuem um número maior de células morrendo em relação aos animais HP. Vimos também que a apoptose de neutrófilos e células dendríticas ocorrem de maneira significativa no lavado broncoalveolar dos animais LPA/SDRA. O estudo da expressão de genes pró e anti-apoptóticos mostrou que há o aumento da expressão de Casp-3, Casp-9, Bad, Bid, Bak, FADD, CAD e Ripk-1 nos animais LPA/SDRA, enquanto que Bcl-XL e Bcl2 estão mais expressos nos animais HP. / Malaria is a global health problem that now affects approximately 207 million people, and led to the deaths of about 607,000 individuals only in 2013. In Brazil, 99% of the cases are concentrated in the Amazon where infections by Plasmodium vivax are the major cause of morbidity and which can also be fatal. Infections with Plasmodium spp. can lead to a serious respiratory condition including pulmonary complications named as acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). ALI /ARDS is characterized by damage to the alveoli and the lung parenchyma, loss of epithelial barrier function of the alveoli and pulmonary capillary endothelial cells and, consequently, pulmonary edema noncardiogenic origin. Decreased capacity for gas exchange, increased leukocyte activity and inflammatory mediators in the lungs resulting in respiratory failure. The difficulty in studying human disease associated with lack of knowledge of factors involved in the syndrome and makes the pulmonary dysfunction become misunderstood and take more people to death. The central objective of this study was to determine and characterize the lung leukocytes profile, inflammatory factors and cell death that contribute to the development of ALI / ARDS associated with malaria. In this work was used as an experimental model the association between DBA/2 mice strain and the Plasmodium berghei ANKA murine parasite. In this model, 30-75% of mice develop acute pulmonary symptoms (ALI/ARDS) and the others died too late with hyperparasitaemia (HP). Developed from the respiratory parameters and parasitaemia a predictive model for classification of animals in ALI/ARDS or HP before the moment of death with high sensitivity and specificity. Our results show that alveolar macrophages and neutrophils were increased significantly in animals classified as ALI/ARDS and the depletion of these populations promotes the survival of the animals and not development of the syndrome. We also observed that CD4+ and CD8+ T cells produce large amounts of IFN-? in animals ALI/ARDS, however the immune system of these animals produce large amounts of IL-10 in order to regulate the inflammatory response. In our study we measured apoptosis in lung tissue and found that animals with ALI/ARDS have a larger number of cells dying compared to HP animals. We also saw that apoptosis of neutrophils and dendritic cells occur significantly in BAL of animals ALI/ARDS. The study of the expression of pro and anti-apoptotic genes showed that there is increased expression of Casp-3, Casp-9, Bad, Bid, Bak, FADD, and Ripk CAD-1 in animals ALI/ARDS, as that Bcl XL and Bcl2 are more expressed in HP animals.
25

Indução de imunidade com extrato proteico de Plasmodium berghei NK65 contra o desenvolvimento de malária cerebral por Plasmodium berghei ANKA em modelo murino

Carpinter, Bárbara Albuquerque 28 February 2018 (has links)
Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2018-09-20T13:42:20Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-10-16T11:34:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-16T11:34:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-02-28 / Devido à ampla distribuição da malária entre os continentes e ao elevado número de casos clínicos e óbitos registrados anualmente, o desenvolvimento de uma vacina antimalárica segura e eficaz contra a doença ainda é de extrema importância. Dentre os vários modelos propostos até o momento, aquelas compostas por parasitos vivos ou por extrato proteico têm sido as mais promissoras no desenvolvimento de imunidade antimalárica. Entretanto, ainda não claro se imunizações com cepas com baixo potencial de virulência seriam capazes de prevenir ou amenizar os sintomas associados à malária grave. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar se camundongos imunizados com extrato proteico de Plasmodium berghei NK65, cepa de baixa virulência e não indutora de malária cerebral nesse modelo, são protegidos contra o desenvolvimento de malária cerebral induzida pela cepa ANKA de Plasmodium berghei (PbA). Para isto, foram realizados dois ciclos de imunização utilizando extrato proteico de Plasmodium berghei associado ao adjuvante CPG-ODN, com intervalo de 21 dias, em camundongos fêmeas C57BL/6, com idade entre 6 e 8 semanas. Após 30 dias da última imunização foi realizado o desafio experimental utilizando a cepa ANKA de P. berghei e iniciado o acompanhamento diário dos animais para avaliação do seu quadro clínico e da carga parasitária. Diante da presença de sinais neurológicos (escore clínico < 5), os animais foram pesados e eutanasiados para realização da coleta de sangue, baço e cérebro, enquanto animais sem esses sinais continuaram por ser acompanhados diariamente e, então, sacrificados a partir do 13º dia. A partir das amostras coletadas, foram determinados os níveis de anticorpos sorológicos, a frequência da população celular esplênica (células T CD4+ e CD8+, e linfócitos B), níveis de citocinas teciduais e análise histopatológica do tecido nervoso. Observouse que 46% dos animais imunizados com extrato de PbN e 69% dos animais imunizados com extrato de PbA foram protegidos do desenvolvimento de malária cerebral e tiveram sua taxa de sobrevivência prolongada, entretanto, estes animais desenvolveram hiperparasitemia sanguínea, com níveis de até 38% de parasitos circulantes. Estes animais não apresentaram sinais clínicos neurológicos, o que foi confirmado macroscopicamente pela ausência de hemorragia e reduzida inflamação no cérebro em relação aos animais que evoluíram para malária cerebral. Histopatologicamente, os animais com hiperparasitemia apresentaram poucos leucócitos aderidos ao endotélio vascular e ausência de vasos obstruídos. Em relação aos níveis de citocinas (IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-) e número de linfócitos esplênicos (T CD4+ e CD8+, e linfócitos B), estes estiveram significativamente reduzidos nos animais que desenvolveram hiperparasitemia em relação aos que desenvolveram malária cerebral. Interessantemente, os animais imunizados foram capazes de reconhecer tanto antígenos homólogos quanto heterólogos ao utilizado durante o processo de imunização, porém, esses anticorpos pareceram não influenciar o padrão clínico apresentado pelos animais. Portanto, nosso estudo demonstra que imunizações com parasitos de baixa virulência podem induzir imunidade capaz de proteger contra cepas altamente virulentas, mas os fatores que medeiam essa proteção ainda precisam ser melhor investigados. / The broad distribution of malaria around of the globe and the large number of clinical cases/deaths attributed to this disease turns the discovery of a safe and effective malaria vaccine an essential tool to halt the spread of the disease. Vaccines focused on the use of live parasites and crude parasites antigens have shown good results on the induction of antimalarial immunity, although it is still not clear if immunizations with low virulent strains are capable to prevent the development of symptoms of cerebral malaria. This research aim to investigate if immunizations with crude antigen of Plasmodium berghei NK65 (PbN), a low virulence strain noninductive of cerebral malaria in C57BL/6 mice, are able to protect the animals against the development of cerebral malaria after challenge with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA). Mice were immunized twice with crude antigen associated to CPG-ODN adjuvant. Thirty days after the second immunization animals were challenged with 105 red blood cells infected with P. berghei ANKA. Animals were daily monitored to evaluate the clinical score and parasitaemia levels. If the presence of neurological signs (score < 5) were detected, animals were euthanized and blood samples, spleen and brain were collected; animals without neurological commitment were followed daily until the 14 day post-infection. Antibodies and cytokines levels, splenic cellular population (T CD4+, T CD8+ and B lymphocytes) and histopathological analysis were performed. The results showed that 46% of the animals immunized with crude antigen of PbN and 69% of the animals immunized with crude antigen of PbA were protected from the development of cerebral malaria and had their survival rate prolonged, however, these animals developed hyperparasitaemia, with levels up to 38% of circulating parasites. These animals did not present neurological signs which were confirmed macroscopically by the absence of hemorrhage and reduce brain inflammation in relation to the animals that evolved to cerebral malaria. Histopathologically, the animals with hyperparasitaemia presented few adhered leukocytes in the vascular endothelium and absence of obstructed vessels. In relation to cytokine levels and number of splenic lymphocytes, these were significantly reduced in animals that developed hyperparasitism in comparison with those who developed cerebral malaria. Interestingly, the immunized animals were able to recognize both homologous and heterologous antigens used during the immunization process, however, these antibodies did not appear to influence at the clinical condition presented by the animals. Therefore, our study demonstrates that immunizations with low virulence parasites may induce immunity capable of protecting against highly virulent strains, but the factors that mediate this protection still need to be better investigated.
26

Atrofia tímica induzida por Plamodium berghei : análise da expressão e atividade de metaloproteinases e seus inibidores / Thimic atrophy induced by Plamodium berghei : analisis of expression and activity of metelloproteinases and their inhibitors

Dionete, Alliny Carolina, 1987- 23 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Liana Maria Cardoso Verinaud / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T07:43:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dionete_AllinyCarolina_M.pdf: 7519445 bytes, checksum: 4e7fd1c1acc58852052f9bc4765da65b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O timo é um órgão linfóide primário localizado no mediastino anterior cuja função principal é o desenvolvimento das células T. Os precursores imaturos dos linfócitos T oriundos da medula óssea chegam ao timo através da junção córtico-medular e são denominados de timócitos. Estes timócitos passam por estágio denominados duplo-negativos (DN), não expressando os co-receptores CD4 e CD8, duplo positivos, expressando estes dois receptores e simples positivo, expressando somente um dos receptores. Desta forma, o completo desenvolvimento de células T torna-se dependente da constante migração dos precursores hematopoiéticos através do microambiente tímico que é composto por componentes linfóides e não linfóides. Já está bem documentada na literatura a importância que a matriz extracelular (MEC) exerce nos processos de migração dos timócitos. Durante todo este processo, os timócitos interagem com os componentes do microambiente tímico composto pela rede tridimensional formada por células epiteliais tímicas (TEC), macrófagos, células dendríticas, fibroblastos e componentes da matriz extracelular. Contudo, esta rede tridimensional pode ser remodelada pela ação de enzimas denominadas metaloproteinases de matriz (MMPs) que são capazes de degradar componentes da MEC revelando sítios de ligação para diversas integrinas e liberando fatores de crescimento e quimiocinas interligadas a esta rede. No timo já foram descritos vários membros da família das MMPs, como a MMP-2, 9, 14, 19 e ADAM 10, 17 e 28. Contudo, pouco se sabe sobre a atuação destas moléculas nos processos intratímicos . Estudos recentes do nosso grupo mostraram que a atrofia tímica induzida por P. berghei, um protozoário transmitido através da picada de um mosquito do gênero anófeles, leva a numerosas alterações no ambiente tímico. Assim, no presente trabalho pretende-se avaliar, quantitativamente e funcionalmente, possíveis alterações nas metaloproteinases MMP-2, 9, bem como nos seus inibidores TIMP-1, TIMP-2 durante a atrofia tímica observada após infecção pelo Plasmodium berghei NK65 / Abstract: The primary function of the thymus is to develop immature T-cells into cells that will be able to carry out immune functions. So, alterations in its microenvironment may disrupt intrathymic processes leading to an altered exportation of T cell to the periphery. We have recently showed that experimentally Plasmodium berghei-infected mice present severe thymic alterations characterized by atrophy with depletion of double-positive thymocytes, histological alterations with loss of delimitation between cortical and medullar regions, and altered expression of cytokines and its respective receptors. Besides, it was also observed that such alterations, conjunctively, are able to promote increase of thymocyte migratory activity. Considering that MMPs also have a crucial role in thymocyte migration, in this study we investigated alterations in the expression pattern and activity of matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2, 9, 14, 19 and ADAM-28, as well as in tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases TIMP-1, TIMP-2 and RECK, by using the same experimental model. Our results show differential expression pattern of MMPs and TIMPs mRNAs among infected and non-infected mice. Besides, an imbalance between MMPs and their inhibitors those results in altered proteolytic activity were observed in thymus from infected mice. We hypothesize that disturbed MMP and TIMP expression and activity have also a role in the altered thymocyte migration through intrathymic microenvironments observed during plasmodium infection / Mestrado / Imunologia / Mestre em Genética e Biologia Molecular
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Protein trafficking and host cell remodeling in malaria parasite infection / Le trafic des protéines et le remodelage de la cellule hôte dans l'infection par le parasite du paludisme

Curra, Chiara 05 July 2010 (has links)
Pour assurer ses besoins de croissance, multiplication, et survie, Plasmodium modifie sa cellule hôte, l'érythrocyte, après l'invasion. Le parasite met en place ainsi un système d'échanges (import/export) avec sa cellule hôte et le milieu extérieur. Nous avons identifié dans la base de données de Plasmodium berghei, le parasite de rongeurs, une famille de gènes, sep, correspondant à la famille etramp chez Plasmodium falciparum. Cette famille de gènes code pour des petites protéines exportées, et conservées dans tout le genre Plasmodium. Les protéines SEP (13?16 kDa) contiennent en N-terminal un peptide signal prédit, un domaine hydrophobe interne, et elles diffèrent au niveau des régions C-terminal et 3' UTR. Toutefois, les protéines SEP sont exprimées à différents moments du cycle de Plasmodium. Durant le cycle érythrocytaire, PbSEP1 et PbSEP3 sont exprimées à partir du stade trophozoïte, et la même quantité de protéine est détectée au stade schizonte et gamétocyte, pendant que PbSEP3 est hautement détectée dans les trophozoïtes mûrs et les gamétocytes. Chez le moustique, PbSEP1 et PbSEP3 sont détectées seulement chez les ookinètes, alors que PbSEP2 est très abondante dans les ookinètes, oocystes, et sporozoïtes des glandes salivaires. Les protéines SEP ont également des localisations différentes. Dans l'érythrocyte, PbSEP1 est localisée dans la membrane de la vacuole parasitophore, alors que PbSEP2 et PbSEP3 sont exportées au-delà de cette vacuole, et sont ainsi localisées dans la cellule hôte, en association avec des structures vésiculaires. Dans cette étude, nous avons identifié les signaux d'adressage des protéines SEP dans la vacuole parasitophore et dans la cellule hôte, chez Plasmodium berghei. L'autre partie du travail, effectuée à l'Université de Montpellier II, a consisté à étudier la localisation de deux protéines du squelette sous- membranaire de l'érythrocyte, la dématine, et l'adducine, durant le développement intra-érythrocytaire de Plasmodium falciparum. Le but de cette étude étant d'identifier un mécanisme potentiel d'internalisation des composants du squelette sous-membranaire de l'érythrocyte dans le parasite. Des études d'immuno-localisation ont montré que la dématine et l'adducine sont internalisées à partir du stade trophozoïte, et sont localisées probablement à la vacuole parasitophore (membrane et/ou lumière). Cette internalisation a été confirmée par des études de fractionnement cellulaire et d'accessibilité à la protéinase K, montrant que la dématine est totalement internalisée, alors l'adducine ne l'est que partiellement, suggérant une localisation de la protéine à la périphérie du parasite. / Plasmodium endurance depends on the ability of the parasite to reorganize the cytosol of the erythrocyte, a terminally differentiated cell, and remodel its skeleton membrane immediately after invasion. In this way the parasite can organize the import/export of the molecules necessary to its survival. The comprehension of cellular trafficking mechanisms which occur during Plasmodium infection is a very important step and fundamental contribute to understand the biology of the malaria parasite.We identified in database of the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei the gene family sep, corresponding to etramp in P. falciparum, encoding small exported proteins conserved in the genus Plasmodium. SEP proteins (13?16 kDa) contain a predicted signal peptide at the NH2-terminus, an internal hydrophobic region while they differ in their C-terminal region; the genes share the upstream regulative region while differ in the 3' UTR. Despite this, we showed that SEPs have a different timing of expression and a different localization: in the erythrocytic cycle PbSEP1 and PbSEP3 start to be expressed at trophozoite and the same amount of protein is detected also in schizonts and gametocytes, while PbSEP2 is highly detected in mature trophozoites and even more in gametocytes. In mosquitoes stages PbSEP1 and PbSEP3 are expressed only in ookinetes, while PbSEP2 is very abundant in ookinetes, oocysts and in sporozoites of the salivary glands. SEPs also have a different localization in the iRBC: PbSEP1 is targeted to the membrane of the parasitophorous vacuole, while PbSEP2 and 3 are exported beyond the parasite membrane and translocated to the host cell compartment in association with vesicle-like structures. In this study we identified the specific signals necessary for the correct timing of expression and to direct SEP proteins to the vacuolar membrane and to the host cell compartments.The second part of the work was carried out in Montpellier II University and aims to identify the localization of two RBC membrane skeleton components, dematin and adducin, during Plasmodium falciparum infection. Our purpose is to recognize a possible mechanism of internalization of host cytoskeleton components to the parasite compartments. In fact, IFA experiments carried on iRBCs showed that dematin and adducin start to be internalized at trophozoite stage and localize at the periphery of the parasite, most probably at the parasitophoruos vacuole (PV) membrane/lumen. Dematin and adducin internalization during Plasmodium infection is also demonstrated by subcellular fractionation and proteinase K assay: while dematin is fully internalized, adducin is partially protected and suggesting a localization of the protein at the periphery of the parasite where it can be exposed to PK degradation.
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Estudo dos mecanismos imunológicos envolvidos na recrudescência da malária experimental durante a gravidez. / Study of the immunologic mechanisms involved in the recrudescence of experimental malaria during pregnancy.

Pereira, Keitty Raquel Benevides 14 May 2012 (has links)
Neste trabalho, usamos um modelo murino de recrudescência da malária associada à gravidez, com camundongos BALB/c infectados por Plasmodium berghei ANKAGFP com o objetivo de avaliar a resposta imune associada ao recrudescimento da infecção. Observando as populações de células do baço por citometria de fluxo notou-se um aumento no percentual de células CD4+, CD19+, TCR <font face=\"Symbol\">g<font face=\"Symbol\">d+, GR1+ nos animais infectados, em relação aos controles não infectados. Não foram observadas diferenças no percentual de leucócitos placentários. Além disso, nossos resultados mostraram que no baço, linfócitos TCD4+ e TCD8+ estão mais ativados em fêmeas recrudescentes, enquanto que na placenta, estes animais apresentaram um aumento na ativação de células TCD4+. A relação IgG2a/IgG1 em animais ecrudescentes e não recrudescentes indicou um aumento de 3 vezes na produção de IgG2a que indica um padrão Th1 de resposta imune. A análise de qRT-PCR concomitantemente à citometria de fluxo evidenciou que células dendríticas são os reservatórios do parasita durante o estágio crônico da doença, que antecede o recrudescimento. Juntos, esses dados sugerem que a recrudescência durante a gestação está diretamente ligada ao dano tecidual, provavelmente relacionado a uma exacerbada resposta Th1 na placenta. / In this work, we used a murine model of recrudescence of malaria associated with pregnancy, consisting of BALB / c mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKAGFP to evaluate the immune response associated with the recrudescence of the disease. Observing the spleen cell populations by flow cytometry, an increase in the percentage of CD4+, CD19+, TCR <font face=\"Symbol\">g<font face=\"Symbol\">d+, GR1+ cells was observed in the infected animals, compared to the uninfected controls. No differences were observed in the percentage of placental leukocytes. Furthermore, our results showed that in the spleen, CD4+ and CD8+ cells were in a more active state in recrudescent females, while in the placenta, these animals exhibited an increase in CD4+ T cell activation. The ratio IgG2a/IgG1 in recrudescent vs non-recrudescent animals showed a 3-fold increase in the production of IgG2a indicating a Th1 immune response. qRT-PCR analysis, together with flow cytometry, showed that dendritic cells were the reservoirs of the parasite during the chronic stage of the disease, preceding the recrudescence. Together, these data suggest that recrudescence during pregnancy is directly linked to tissue damage, probably related to an exacerbated Th1 response in the placenta.
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Semi-síntese de derivados da elipticina e atividade antimalárica de isolados e infusões de Aspidosperma vargasii

Montoia, Andreia 08 March 2013 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-22T22:01:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andreia Montoia.pdf: 3824551 bytes, checksum: 75e621941cc5f0f5383f36e0472f3ec2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-08 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The growing number of cases of resistance to the common antimalarials chloroquine and the ACTs (artemisinin-based combined therapy) favors the search for new substances with antiplasmodial activity. In 2007, the Amazonian Active Principles Laboratory (LAPAAM) at the National Institute for Amazon Research (INPA) discovered the in vitro antimalarial activity of the indole alkaloid ellipticine (10) against Plasmodium falciparum. A bibliographic search revealed that many indole alkaloids of relatively simple structure exhibited in vitro and in vivo antimalarial activity. In the present study, substances that are structurally related to 10 were obtained by isolation or semi-synthesis and their in vitro antimalarial activity was investigated. 10 and 2-methyl-1, 2, 3 ,4-tetrahydroellipticine (12) were isolated from the alkaline extracts of the bark of carapanaúba (Aspidosperma vargasii, Apocynaceae) by column chromatography. UPLC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 10 and 12 in an infusion of A. vargasii bark. Nitration (HNO3/AcOH) and bromination (Br2/CHCl3) reactions using 10 as starting material formed electrophilic aromatic substitution products 7-nitroellipticine (20, new substance) and a 3:1 mixture of 7,9-dibromoellipticine (17, a new substance) and 9-bromoellipticine (18), respectively. All substances inhibited the K1 strain of P. falciparum in vitro as evidenced by IC50 values 0,19 (10), 1,10 (12), 0,43 (20) and 0,30 (17+18) μg/mL. Compounds 10, 12, 17, 18 and 20 were not cytotoxic to human fibroblasts (IC50 > 50 μg/mL). 10 administered by mouth was highly active in the 4 day suppressive test against Plasmodium berghei in mice and inhibited parasitemia by 92% on the 5th day at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day. In the future, 17, 18 and 20 will be prepared in larger quantity and evaluated for in vivo antimalarial activity. / O aumento de casos de resistência aos antimaláricos comuns cloroquina e TCA (Tratamentos Combinados baseados na Artemisinina) favorece a busca por novas substâncias com atividade antiplasmodial. Em 2007, o Laboratório de Princípios Ativos da Amazônia (LAPAAM) do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa da Amazônia (INPA) descobriu a atividade antimalárica in vitro contra Plasmodium falciparum do alcaloide indólico elipticina (10). Um levantamento bibliográfico revelou que diversos alcaloides indólicos de estruturas relativamente simples possuem atividade antimalárica in vitro e in vivo. No presente estudo, substâncias relacionadas estruturalmente a 10 foram obtidas por isolamento ou semi-sintése e sua atividade antimalárica in vitro foi investigada. 10 e 2-metil-1, 2, 3, 4-tetraidroelipticina (12) foram isoladas a partir dos extratos alcalinos das cascas de carapanaúba (Aspidosperma vargasii, Apocynaceae) por cromatografia em coluna. Análise por UPLC-ESI-MS revelou a presença de 10 e 12 em uma infusão das cascas de A. vargasii. As reações de nitração (HNO3/HOAc) e bromação (Br2/CHCl3) utilizando 10 como material de partida levou à formação dos produtos de substituição eletrofílica aromática 7-nitroelipticina (20, substância inédita) e uma mistura 3:1 de 7,9- dibromoelipticina (17, substância inédita) e 9-bromoelipticina (18), respectivamente. Todas as substâncias inibiram a cepa K1 de P. falciparum in vitro apresentando valores de IC50 de 0,19 (10); 1,10 (12); 0,43 (20) e 0,30 (17+18) μg/mL. As substâncias 10, 12, 17, 18 e 20 não exibiram toxicidade para fibroblastos humanos (IC50 > 50 μg/mL). 10 via oral exibiu elevada atividade in vivo no teste de supressão de 4 dias contra P. berghei em camundongos e inibiu em 92 % a parasitemia no quinto dia na dose de 10 mg/kg/dia. Futuramente, 17, 18 e 20 deverão ser preparados em maior quantidade e avaliados para atividade antimalárica in vivo.
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Efeito do tratamento da malaria cerebral com celulas da medula ossea em camundongos infectados pelo Plasmodium berghei ANKA / Effect of tratment of cerebral with bone marrow cells in mice infected by Plasmodium berghei ANKA

Pinto, Helen Cupertino Silva 14 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Ana Maria Aparecida Guaraldo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T15:15:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pinto_HelenCupertinoSilva_M.pdf: 1411655 bytes, checksum: 74209c9aaeedc867a4d0f783be898b27 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: A malária cerebral humana é a manifestação mais grave do Plasmodium falciparum que ocorre em 1% das infecções, sendo responsável por mais de dois milhões de mortes anuais entre crianças abaixo de cinco anos. O modelo experimental mais aceito da malária cerebral é o camundongo C57BL/6 infectado pelo Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA). A administração da fração mononuclear da medula óssea, contendo principalmente células tronco mesenquimais e hematopoiéticas, constitui uma estratégia promissora no tratamento de danos neurais causados por acidente vascular cerebral. Neste estudo, foi avaliado o efeito de células da medula óssea de camundongos transgênicos C57BL/6 GFP HET transplantadas em C57BL/6JUnib infectados com 106 hemácias parasitadas pelo PbA. Resumidamente, células perfundidas da medula do fêmur e tíbia de C57BL/6 GFP HET foram purificadas por gradiente de Ficoll (Histopaque) a 1000 x g por 15 minutos. Após duas lavagens em meio RPMI, as células foram ressuspensas em NaCl 0,15 M. No segundo dia após a infecção (dai) pelo PbA, foram injetadas 3,0 x 106 a 4,6 x 107 células de medula óssea (CMO) no plexo oftálmico dos camundongos devidamente anestesiados com ketamina/xylasina (protocolo 1078-1 CEEA/Unicamp). Alguns camundongos receberam apenas a injeção de células totais da medula óssea (CTMO), sem a purificação pelo gradiente de Ficoll. Foi avaliada a integridade da barreira hemato-encefálica, mediante a injeção de azul de Evans 1% no plexo oftálmico em camundongos transplantados e não transplantados com células mononucleares da medula óssea (CMoMO) no 2º dai. Após 3 e 4 dias do transplante, não houve proteção da barreira hemato-encefálica. Para constatação da presença das células de medula óssea no cérebro, outro grupo de camundongos infectados pelo PbA recebeu no 2º dai, 4,6 x 107 CMoMO provenientes de camundongos GFP. Após a manifestação de sinais clínicos da MC os camundongos foram sacrificados para remoção do cérebro e preparo de cortes em criostato. Foi possível observar, sob microscópio de fluorescência, a presença de células da medula no bulbo olfatório de camundongos com MC+. Também foram avaliadas a sobrevivência, a parasitemia e a ação coadjuvante do tratamento com cloroquina (0,8 mg/dia/animal). Todos os 38 animais do grupo controle morreram até o 7º dia de infecção pelo PbA (13,16% no 5º dia, 68,42% no 6º dia e 18,42 % no 7º dai). A injeção de células da medula óssea não interferiu na parasitemia dos animais. Apesar dos animais que superaram a fase aguda da malária cerebral morrerem em decorrência de hiperparasitismo e anemia, o tratamento com células da medula óssea (fração mononuclear ou células totais) mostrou-se capaz de ampliar a sobrevivência em 10 a 21 dias, resultados considerados promissores. As células da medula óssea promoveram a melhora clínica do quadro neurológico da malária cerebral. / Abstract: The cerebral malaria (CM) is the most serious complication of Plasmodium falciparum occurring in 1% of infections, and is responsible for more than two million of annual deaths among children under five years old. The experimental model for brain malaria currently used is the C57BL/6 mice infected by Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA). Administration of mononuclear population from bone marrow containing mainly mesenchymal stem cells and haematopoietic stem cells, is a promising strategy to treat neural damages caused by stroke. In this study was evaluated the effect of bone marrow mononuclear cells of transgenic mice C57BL/6 GFP HET transplanted into C57BL/6JUnib, infected by 106 parasitized erythrocyte PbA. Briefly, bone marrow mononuclear cells flushed from femur and tibia of C57BL/6 GFP HET were purified through Ficoll (Histopaque) gradient at 1000xg during 15 minutes. After two washes with RPMI medium, the cells were resuspended in NaCl 0,15M. On the second day after infection (DAI) by PbA, were injected into mice orbital plexus 3x10 6 to 4.6x107 cells of after anaesthesia with Ketamine/Xylazine (protocol nº 1078-1 CEEA/UNICAMP). Some mice received only injection of total bone marrow cells without purification on Ficoll gradient. The injection of bone marrow mononuclear cells on the second day of infection by PbA was unable in recovering the brain blood barrier after three or four days. In order to confirm the presence of bone marrow cells in the brain, another group of infected C57BL/6JUnib received on the second day after infection 4.6 x 107 bone marrow mononuclear cells from GFP mice. They were sacrificed between 6th and 8th day after onset of clinical signs of the CM. After removal and preparation of the brain for criostate cuts, was possible to observe, under fluorescence microscope, the presence of GFP bone marrow cells in the olfactory bulb on CM+ mice. It was evaluated survival, parasitemia and action of the adjuvant treatment of chloroquine (0.8 mg/day/animal) as well. All the 38 animals from control group died until 7th DAI. (13.16% at 5th DAI,68.42% at 6th DAI and 18.42% at 7th DAI). The transplantation of bone marrow cells did not affect the parasitemia. The bone marrow cells therapy infected mice by PbA was able to revert the clinical signs of cerebral malaria, increasing the survival up to 21 days. / Mestrado / Parasitologia / Mestre em Parasitologia

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