The thesis is destined mainly for high school teachers and students of descriptive geometry. Above all it deals with the intersection and the construction of pyramids and prisms in projections. Students can meet with these phenomena at high schools during lessons of descriptive geometry. The constructions of the intersections of figures are demonstrated on solved tasks. The tasks are processed in graphic programmes GeoGebra and Cabri 3D prospering from the following advantages and facilities of these programmes: a stepping of the construction, a contour accentuation or a secretion of auxiliary lines etc. Besides these solved tasks, there are also some unsolved tasks for practice at the ends of chapters. The introductory chapter contains definitions and characters of common polyhedrons and regular (Platonic) figures. The thesis consists of web sites, a printed version and an enclosed printed version in .pdf format.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:58:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Apareceida Rodrigues Alves.pdf: 294294 bytes, checksum: 332da88995b99c0ff9b468033c97d416 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study proposes to investigate the metafictional strategies present in the novel A Caverna, by José Saramago, as well as to demonstrate how the author, using intertextuality, proposes sometimes either the (re)formulation or the (re) affirmation of other people's speeches, building and baring a text that remains on the threshold. To carry out this purpose, the research is organized into three chapters. In the first, entitled "Contemporary Tendencies in Portuguese Literature", we present a brief overview of contemporary Portuguese romance and its main tendencies, as well as the literary journey undertaken by Saramago. Considerations of Miguel Real and Alvaro Cardoso Gomes in the reconstruction of this Portuguese literary scene, and interviews and critical comments about his own work, made by Saramago, were essential in this chapter. In "Discourses on the threshold: between (re)affirmation and the (re)formulation," the second chapter of the study, we discuss the concept of metafiction proposed by Linda Hutcheon and commented by Gustavo Bernardo and present the metafictional strategies employed by the author in the construction of the studied novel and the effects of meaning generated by such employment. The intertextuality the resumption of popular sayings, the Bible discourse or the dialog with other unrelated texts the intratextuality and metalanguage were evidenced here. In the last chapter, "Dialogues between Saramago and Platonic caves", it s investigated the intertextual dialogue established between the novel of Saramago and the myth of Plato's cave, suggested from the very title of the work. The objective was to thus display as through the resumption of foreign texts, the Portuguese author moves between the (des)construction and (re)construction of the speeches, creating a threshold text and requiring the reader his effective participation in the creation of new meanings. The concepts of Kristeva and Jenny, regarding the intertextuality, already employed in chapter two, were quite relevant / O presente estudo tem como proposta investigar as estratégias metaficcionais presentes no romance A Caverna, de José Saramago, bem como demonstrar de que forma o autor, recorrendo à intertextualidade, propõe ora a (re)formulação, ora a (re)afirmação dos discursos alheios, construindo e desnudando um texto que permanece no limiar. Para a realização deste intento, a pesquisa está organizada em três capítulos. No primeiro, intitulado As Tendências Contemporâneas da Literatura Portuguesa , apresentamos um breve panorama do romance contemporâneo português e suas principais tendências, bem como a trajetória literária empreendida por Saramago. As considerações de Miguel Real e Álvaro Cardoso Gomes na reconstituição deste panorama literário português, e as entrevistas e comentários críticos acerca da própria obra feitos por Saramago foram essenciais na construção deste capítulo. Em Discursos no Limiar: entre a (re)Afirmação e a (re)Formulação , segundo capítulo da dissertação, discutimos o conceito de metaficção proposto por Linda Hutcheon e comentado por Gustavo Bernardo e apresentamos as estratégias metaficcionais empregadas pelo autor na construção do romance em estudo e os efeitos de sentido gerados por tal emprego. A intertextualidade seja na retomada de ditos populares, no discurso bíblico ou ainda outros textos alheios , a intratextualidade e a metalinguagem foram aqui evidenciadas. No último capítulo, Diálogos entre as Cavernas Saramaguiana e Platônica , investigamos o diálogo intertextual estabelecido entre o romance de Saramago e o mito da caverna de Platão, sugerido desde o próprio título da obra. Objetivou-se, assim, apresentar como por meio da retomada de textos alheios, o autor português transita entre a (des)construção e a (re)construção dos discursos, criando um texto do limiar, e exigindo do leitor sua participação efetiva na criação de novos sentidos. Os conceitos de Kristeva e Jenny, no tocante à intertextualidade, já empregados também no capítulo dois, foram bastante relevantes

This exegesis details an investigation into the history and evolution of certain technologies, (binary coding, Platonic cosmology, and the linear perspective system) and the extent to which these technologies have distorted or appropriated our perceptions of reality. Special attention is paid to logical inconsistencies in apparently logical systems. The investigation focuses on the purportedly utopian applications of these technologies and the discrepancies that inevitably occurred whenever these ordered systems confronted the chaotic ‘real’ world. Information gleaned from this research then informs an analysis of methods for incorporating these concepts into the author’s installation practice. An explication of recent drawing practice and its reconciliation with installation work will account for and inform a recounting of practical experimentation dealing with form and materials.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. André Ricardo Oliveira da Fonseca / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Mestrado Profissional em Matemática em Rede Nacional, 2014. / Our work aims to make a brief study on polyhedrons, focusing specially on solid platonics. First, we will present the historical moment in which this topic was discussed, as well as mention the mathematicians who contributed to the first studies about it. Then, we will explain what are regular polygons, dihedral angle and regular polyhedron. We will also discuss the reasons why there are only five solid platonics and we will demonstrate the Euler Characteristics, through induction. We will provide sample activities, which can be used in classrooms, in order to in uence positivetly the learning process of students. Therefore, such students will be able to better learn and understand the content, rather than just decorating the \formulas". We will also show an intuitive idea of calculating the area and volumes of solid platonics, which is something rarely demonstrated in textbooks. Further on, we will demonstrate how this topic is presented by the National Curriculum Parameters \Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais (PCN)", and relate it to how it is developed and and taught since the first years of schools until the second year of High School, time in which this topic is more deeply studied. There are sample questions, which can be found in national examinations, such as Saresp (São Paulo's government exam) and ENEM (Federal government exam). Throughout this work you will be able to see imagens that were taken during a project envolving students from a second High School year, which was taken place a public school.

Cette thèse de doctorat aspire à percevoir jusqu’à quel point la dynamique agonale du XVIe siècle déclenchée par la Réforme protestante provoqua des différences irréconciliables parmi les humanistes français. L’analyse prend comme point de départ la querelle sotériologique entre Érasme et Luther de 1524, considérée comme l’exemple le plus paradigmatique de l’impossibilité de trouver une compatibilité bien entendue entre les diverses manifestations de l’enthousiasme philologique, stylistique, éthique, religieux et épistémologique des humanistes. Ses oppositions fondamentales en ce qui concerne la liberté du chrétien démontrèrent que les humanistes étaient contraints d’envisager l’élan de réforme avec prudence afin d’éviter de mettre en danger leurs propres fondements épistémologiques. Par ailleurs, l’affrontement entre ces deux hommes tellement représentatifs de la Renaissance tardive peut bien inaugurer l’étude du cas français à cause de l’influence d’Érasme sur les humanistes vassaux du Roi Très-Chrétien, mais aussi à cause de l’échec de la collatio érasmienne. Le centre de gravité historique est l’événement le plus révoltant de la France du XVIe siècle, i.e., le massacre de la Saint-Barthélemy. Le choc provoqué par la tuerie fut si définitif qu’on peut, faisant attention aux participations directes des humanistes dans la polémique confessionnelle avant et après août 1572, reconstruire le socle commun de discours dont beaucoup d’eux partageaient. Nonobstant, ces dénominateurs communs encouragèrent paradoxalement des dynamiques agonales autant qu’ils permirent la survivance d’une courante irénique marquée par la tradition sceptique qui finira par être une des marques d’identification historiographique du discours humaniste. / This Ph.D. dissertation tries to measure how the violent dynamic of the 16th century, encouraged by the Reformation provoked dissention in between French Humanists. The analysis takes the debate between Erasmus and Luther of 1524 as a point of departure, considered as the paradigmatic example of the impossibility of finding some compatibility between the different versions of the philological, stylistic, ethic, religious and epistemological enthusiasm of the Humanists. Their fundamental oppositions concerning the free will showed that the Humanists were forced to take the will of reformation with caution to avoid the harm of their own epistemological fundaments. On the other hand, the clash between these men had a very large impact in France because Erasmus was one of the main influences of the French Humanism but also because of the failure of his collatio. The center of gravity of the research is the Saint-Bartholomew Night’s Massacre because it left an impression over the humanists’ consciences that the analysis of the discourses before and after the killing may allow to recover the common basis of their discourses. This common basis encouraged violent dynamics but let paradoxically survive an irenic trend marked by the skeptic tradition, which would be one of the most characteristic signs of the historiographical readings of the humanist discourse.

What is it for something to be good? Using the example of an Ebola-like microbe, I argue that a merely kind-based account of goodness is defective (Chapter 1). I offer instead an account that is both kind-based and platonic (Chapter 2). On such an account, goodness turns out to be non-natural (Chapter 3). However, non-naturalists can explain why the goodness of an individual supervenes on its natural properties, by appealing to the essence of the kind to which it belongs (Chapter 4).

The study of the phenomenon of religion is a field that has many challenges regarding what its object of study is and how to observe and interpret the different religious phenomenon in a way that reflects both its origin and how its practiced. The study is carried out through a philosophical approach. In this essay Lua Nazerian intends to address the four different theoretical perspectives: Critical Religion Theory, Cognitive Sciences of Religion, Positive Psychology and Platonic Idealism. The two former ones are well established theoretical frameworks in the study of religion, while the two latter ones are lend from the field of psychology and philosophy to test whether they could be used as analytical tools in the study of religion. Moreover the perspectives different view on the human nature in particular are further examined through the lens of the subcategories: Materialism, Conceptualism and Realism. Furthermore, by adding the two subcategories of 1) a virtuous life 2) transcendence, the essay examines whether the perspectives touches on these topics which seems to be central concepts in the majority of religious doctrine. Finally, some possible conclusions of the perspectives inherent premises impacting the understanding of religion are carefully examined and presented. Suggested further studies to be done cross-disciplines, such as religious studies, positive psychology and philosophy. Also by a combination of descriptive and prescriptive approach within religious studies.

No description available.

Há uma tradição platônica entre os grandes leitores da obra de Erasmo de Rotterdam, o Príncipe dos Humanistas, que se concentra sobre a cuidadosa síntese feita pelo mestre para superar a ruptura entre fé e razão, através da compatibilização da erudição pagã à cristã em uma mesma doutrina que significasse, na polifônica Europa renascentista, uma urgente unidade da verdade nada menos do que o componente estabilizador do amálgama grecoromano, judaico-cristão que hoje define o Ocidente. Em efeito, no Livro dos Antibárbaros, que editou em 1521, a cisão entre fé e razão provocada pelas especulações dos próprios escolásticos é superada por uma solução média entre a noção hebraica de uma divindade arbitrária e a noção grega de deuses inseridos na natureza e suas leis; as histórias grega, judaica e cristã são unificadas pela busca do Sumo Bem; as várias escolas filosóficas e correntes teológicas são reunidas em uma Philosophia Christi; o conhecimento divino e o conhecimento humano são reafirmados como pertencentes à mesma unidade, à mesma natureza e fundados na mesma razão; o conhecimento humano pode ascender gradativamente dos assuntos dos homens aos divinos; os Studia Humanitatis são necessários para a verdadeira evangelização e a correta interpretação da Bíblia e as disciplinas pagãs são assimiladas como descobertas inspiradas pela Divina Providência para a utilidade dos cristãos. No entanto, persistentes leituras da imensa obra de Erasmo abrem um horizonte onde se elevam inúmeros outros temas povoados por argumentos que podem ser agrupados em antíteses desconcertantes, o que dificulta seu tratamento ainda em termos platônicos. Já uma reflexão sobre a escrita erasmiana, a partir das concepções aristotélicas presentes na Retórica, tomadas como reconhecimento e explicação da autonomia e legitimidade da dedução retórica frente à dedução científica e dialética, permite que nos afastemos do cânon da leitura platonizante desta escrita. Como resultado, esta nova reflexão se vê livre para entendê-la não como um discurso irrefutável e imposto por longo exercício dialético, mas como um tecido de argumentos verossímeis, colhidos em uma miríade de fontes, agenciados com eloquência e capazes de constituir o que aparece como unidade totalizante, o efeito de unidade em meio à pluralidade da verdade em que de fato respiram os discursos retóricos. Escrita que almeja para seu autor a glória de obter em geral o assentimento rápido e espontâneo de seus leitores postulando um saber que é, sobretudo, uma pacificação sem armas. De fato, a solução aristotélica, ao reconhecer um status científico para a retórica e superar a complexa comparação e outras especulações indevidas, especialmente entre a retórica e a filosofia, propõe ricas e novas abordagens. Esta solução insere a arte oratória e seus efetivos discursos no quadro histórico das disputas entre os homens, que sob leis isonômicas, e em busca da glória devem agir pela palavra, e no quadro social das deliberações públicas, em que o saber retórico pode ser visto como resultado de um procedimento heurístico reiterado por gerações de retóricos e de um dinamismo uma mútua determinação entre um saber proposto pelo orador e outro detido pelo auditório e entre saberes de oradores concorrentes. Ambos os quadros convidam então a uma análise, respectivamente, da gênese e da natureza da escrita erasmiana a partir de uma perspectiva política. / There is a platonic tradition among the greatest Erasmus of Rotterdam readers, the Prince of the Humanists, that concentrates upon the careful synthesis established by him in order to overpass the detachment between Faith and Reason through the Pagan and Christian eruditions compatibility in a same doctrine capable to offer in the context of polyphonic Renaissance Europe, an urgent truth unity nothing less than the steady component from the Greek-Latin-Jewish-Christian amalgam, what defines today Western World. As a matter of fact, in his Anti-barbarian Book edited in 1521, the rift between Faith and Reason leaded by the scholastics own speculations is overcome by a middle way solution between hebraical arbitrarian divinity notion and the Greek notion of divinities inserted in nature and its laws; the Greek, Jewish and Christian history are unified by the Sumun Bonum quest; the varies of philosophical and theological schools are reunited in a Philosophia Christi; the divine and the human wisdom are reaffirmed as belongings to the same unity, to the same nature and grounded on the same reason; the human wisdom can gradually escalate from manhood to the divine matters; the Studia Humanitatis are necessary for the real evangelization and the correct Bible interpretation and the pagan disciplines are assimilated as discoveries inspired by the Divine Providence for the utility of christians. However, perseverant readings of Erasmus immense work opens a horizon where countless topics populated by arguments appeared that can be assemble in astonishing antitheses, what makes difficult its treatment at a standstill platonic terms. Yet, a reflection towards erasmian writing, from the aristotelian conceptions existing in the Rhetoric, taken as an acknowledgement and explanation of the autonomy and legitimacy of rhetorical deduction in face of scientific and dialectical deduction, allows us to take distance from the platonic reading canon of this writing. As a result, this new reflection awakes to the possibility of understanding it, not as a irrefutable discourse imposed by the enduring dialectical exercises, but as a tissue of plausible arguments, collected in a myriad of sources, articulated with eloquence and able to build what appears as a totalizing unity, the effect of unity in the middle of the truth plurality of rhetorical discourses. Writing that aims, for his author, the glory of obtaining, in general, the quick and spontaneous assertion of its readers, claiming a wisdom that is, at best, an appeasement without arms. Actually, the aristotelian solution, recognizing an epistemological status for rhetoric, and overcoming complex comparison and another inappropriate speculations, specially between Rhetoric and Philosophy, proposing riches and new questions. As a matter of fact, this solution introduces the art of eloquence, and its effective speeches, in the historical frame of struggles between men that, under isonomic laws, and in the search of glory, must act by words, and in the social frame of public deliberations in which the rhetorical wisdom can be seen as the result of a heuristically process repeated by countless rhetors generations, and as a dynamism a mutual determination between the wisdom proposed by the orator and the wisdom diffused in the auditorium; and between the wisdom of opponent orators. Both frames invites, then, to an analysis, respectively, of the genesis and the nature of erasmian writing from a political perspective.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:59:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cilene Trindade Rohr.pdf: 1344775 bytes, checksum: fa9ab60656ec3c71a7d14320cf26f7b4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-30 / Our study focused on the short story Theory of Medallion (1881), of Machado de Assis, with the aim of studying how the author articulates the use of parody understood in its double sense of parallelism and reversal in light of the theoretical foundations of Hutcheon (1995) for whom the parody is ironic "trans-contextualizing", that is, repetition with critical difference and Bakhtin (1993), which highlights the dialogical structure of parody speech: a "premeditated hybrid" between the parodied speech and the one which parodies it, without, however, destroying it. Although there are some studies in the critical fortune of this short story that go in that direction, such as: Almeida (2006) and Rego (1989), we would deal with parody under another perspective, that is, in the context of the serious-comic tradition, especially the Menippean satire, whose dialogical root is closely examined by Bakhtin as the original cell of Romanesque speech. It is under such strain which Machado was explicitly influenced by, as he has obliquely registered in a metafictional passage on Theory of Medallion: "you must not only use the irony, this movement at the corner of the mouth, full of mysteries, invented by a Greek of the decadence, contracted by Lucian, transmitted to Swift and Voltaire, common feature of the skeptical and insolent " that the subtitle "Dialogue" is materialized as a parody of a gender included in the tradition of the classical Platonic dialogues. By means of discourse analysis of the ambivalent Machadian short story, we point out the moments in which he was under a different discourse - that of The Republic of Plato - which now approached, now pushed away, in an alternate game of hiding-revealing in the manner of Machado, a reader of Lucian of Samosata. Our goal, however, was not only to unveil the parody construction within the narrative structure. We also intended, through this exemplary short story inside the short stories of the author, to reflect on the formative aspect that engenders, either at the level of gender as a hybrid of, at least, three matrices: the serious-comic of Menippean, the Platonic dialogue and the essay or "story-theory" (Bosi, 1999) or at the level of Machadian project of national literature whose cornerstone is the formation of a skillful reader capable of understanding, through an inside out reading, the critical hidden under the supposed praise of the picture of the medallion, typical successful citizen of the Brazilian society of the nineteenth century, which is nourished only of appearances / Nosso estudo centrou-se sobre o conto Teoria do Medalhão (1881), de Machado de Assis, tendo por objeto de investigação o modo como o autor articula o recurso da paródia entendida no seu duplo sentido de paralelismo e inversão à luz dos fundamentos teóricos de Hutcheon (1995), para quem a paródia é transcontextualização irônica, isto é, repetição com diferença crítica e Bakhtin (1993), que destaca a estrutura dialógica do discurso paródico: um híbrido premeditado entre o discurso parodiado e aquele que o parodia, sem, contudo, destruí-lo. Embora haja na fortuna crítica desse conto alguns estudos que caminham nessa direção, como os de: Almeida (2006) e Rego, (1989), aqui trataremos da paródia sob uma outra perspectiva, isto é, no contexto da tradição do sério-cômico, especialmente da sátira menipéia, cuja raiz dialógica é analisada rigorosamente por Bakhtin como célula originária do discurso romanesco. É no âmbito dessa linhagem - à qual Machado explicitamente se filia, conforme deixa registrado obliquamente num lance metaficcional em Teoria do Medalhão: somente não deves empregar a ironia, esse movimento ao canto da boca, cheio de mistérios, inventado por algum grego da decadência, contraído por Luciano, transmitido a Swift e Voltaire, feição própria dos céticos e desabusados. que o subtítulo Diálogo se materializa enquanto paródia de um gênero inscrito na tradição clássica dos diálogos platônicos. Por meio da análise do discurso ambivalente do conto machadiano, pudemos apontar os momentos nos quais havia sob ele um outro discurso o de A República de Platão do qual ora se aproximava, ora se distanciava, num jogo alternado de ocultar-revelar, bem ao gosto de um Machado leitor de Luciano de Samósata. Nosso objetivo, porém, não se limitou apenas ao desvelamento da construção paródica no âmbito da estrutura narrativa. Pretendemos, outrossim, por meio desse conto exemplar dentro da obra contística do autor, refletir sobre o aspecto formativo que engendra, seja em nível de gênero enquanto híbrido de, ao menos, três matrizes: o sério-cômico da menipéia, o diálogo platônico e o ensaio ou conto-teoria (Bosi, 1999) , seja em nível do projeto machadiano de literatura nacional cuja pedra de toque está na formação de um leitor capaz de perceber, por meio de uma leitura dos avessos, a crítica oculta sob o pretenso elogio da figura do medalhão, típico cidadão bem sucedido da sociedade brasileira do século XIX, que se nutria, apenas, das aparências