Fundação Araucária / A segurança é definida por alguns autores como sinônimo de certeza e ausência de riscos e ameaças; segurança é, portanto, uma representação do mundo, um ideal imaginário. Para compreender como se dão as relações entre o espaço construído público e privado e as representações de segurança, apresenta-se, neste trabalho, um conjunto de estudos que se apoiaram na literatura dos campos disciplinares da arquitetura e urbanismo e nos campos interdisciplinares da segurança e tecnologia. O condomínio fechado, artefato e produto da urbanização permeada de conceitos e preconceitos sobre segurança tornou-­‐se objeto central. O trabalho com reportagens de jornais permitiu ouvir narrativas de moradores e da imprensa sobre condomínios fechados e investigar como estas lógicas dialogam com as representações de segurança e os artefatos tecnológicos no espaço urbano. O capítulo sobre as representações de segurança contidas nos sites internet das incorporadoras anunciando condomínios fechados permitiu estudar discursos e mitos embutidos no processo de venda que influenciam na decisão das pessoas por esse tipo de moradia. As praças vizinhas a condomínios verticais foram avaliadas para buscar relações entre as características arquitetônicas do espaço livre e a efetiva ocorrência de delitos; para isso realizou-­‐se uma análise de regressão seguida por estudo de correlações. Também foram ouvidos os depoimentos dos usuários das praças e suas ideias sobre segurança. Os estudos sugeriram que as teorias que buscam relacionar o ambiente com a ocorrência de delitos são importantes ferramentas de trabalho para projetistas de edificações, mas não parecem ser aplicáveis à escala do espaço público. As conclusões mostraram que as lógicas de ocupação do solo para os espaços abertos e fechados exibem diferentes representações de segurança. / Security is defined by some authors both as a synonym of certainty and as absence of risk and threats; security is, therefore, a representation of the world, an imaginary ideal. In order to understand the nature of the relations between public and private built environment and the representations of security, this essay presents a group of studies based on the literature from the disciplinary fields of architecture and urban planning and from interdisciplinary fields of security and technology. The gated community, an artifact and produce of urban design built upon concepts and prejudices about security has become the main object of inquiry. The first study, based on newspaper reports and news, made it possible to listen to the narratives of dwellers and of the press about gated communities and investigate how these logics interact with the representations of security and the technological artifacts in urban space. The chapter on representations of security in realtor internet advertisement pages for gated communities has allowed the study of the discourse and myths embedded within the sales pitch which influence prospective buyers. Public squares neighboring residential buildings were evaluated in a search for relationships between architectural characteristics of these public spaces and the actual occurrences of crimes; this has been achieved by means of regression and correlation studies. Users of these public squares were interviewed in regard to their ideas about security. The studies suggest that the theories about the relationship between the environment and the occurrence of crime are important tools for the planning of buildings, but they don't seem applicable at the scale of public urban spaces. The conclusions show that the logic of land use for public and private spaces shows different representations of security.

Orientadores: Luiz Cesar Marques Filho, Maria Cristina Louro Berbara / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T17:34:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Azevedo_Evelyne_M.pdf: 12063793 bytes, checksum: 928c7b993703d336d31616d9f1c0281f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: A Fonte dos Quatro Rios situada na Piazza Navona, em Roma, foi projetada e construída por Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680) entre os anos 1648 e 1651. Grosso modo, ela é constituída de quatro colossos representando os quatro maiores rios da Terra, aos quais são vinculados elementos da flora e fauna respectivos das zonas geográficas às quais os rios pertencem. Sobre o conjunto, encontra-se um obelisco encimado por uma pomba levando em seu bico um ramo de oliveira. Ao projeto iconográfico da fonte vincula-se a figura do jesuíta alemão Athanasius Kircher (1602 -1680), que, em 1650, finaliza sua obra Obeliscus Pamphilius, na qual trata, dentre outras coisas, especificamente da simbologia dos animais utilizados na fonte e sua relação com a mitologia egípcia. Peça fundamental deste estudo, a tradução do texto kircheriano revela diferentes significados para o monumento berniniano, permitindo uma nova interpretação que associa ambas obras. / Abstract: The Four Rivers Fountain is located at the Piazza Navona, in Rome and it was projected and constructed by Gian Lorenzo Bernini between 1648 and 1651. It is formed by four colossi representing the greatest rivers of each continent known at that time. Above them an obelisk was erected having on its top a dove with an olive branch. The iconographic project is associated to the german Jesuit Athanasius Kircher which published in 1650 the Obeliscus Pamphilius. This book reveals the simbology of the animals used in the fountain and its relation with the egyptian mythology. The translation from the latin of this text shows differents meanings for the monument, which permits a knew interpretation for Bernini's fountain. / Mestrado / Historia da Arte / Mestre em História

No processo histórico de urbanização de Campo Grande, MS e dos seus espaços livres públicos de recreação e conservação, alguns aspectos como a pequena receptividade da população e um uso incipiente desses espaços públicos, contribuíram para desencadear um questionamento sobre os procedimentos adotados e a atuação profissional no campo do planejamento, na elaboração de projetos e sobre o processo de construção desses espaços livres urbanos. A partir da identificação de que falta uma interpretação integrada para uma adequada compreensão da cidade, a tese se desenvolve com uma visão sistêmica como princípio de análise, considerando a cidade como um conjunto de elementos físicos e imateriais que interagem no espaço. Há em geral um jogo de forças, interesses, que promovem as mudanças na paisagem e na realidade urbana. O objetivo da tese é avaliar as ações desenvolvidas na atividade de planejamento, projeto e gestão do sistema de espaços livres públicos em Campo Grande, MS que proporcionam a adequada preservação da natureza e a realização das atividades recreativas, esportivas, culturais, propiciando o encontro e o relacionamento social. O método baseia-se na análise de fontes documentais primárias (mapas, dados cartográficos, acervos de projetos, registros fotográficos, originais de leis) e secundárias (revisão bibliográfica e entrevistas com técnicos e administradores) sobre o último século. A avaliação geral sobre o sistema de espaços livres públicos de recreação e de conservação de Campo Grande mostra que ele possui alguns aspectos dominantes e que o caracteriza: observa-se que a população mais abastada busca suprir a recreação individualmente, nos lotes e por isso, não demanda esse tipo de soluções nas praças, onde predominam as ajardinadas. A contradição aparece na região ocupada pela população mais carente habitante de lotes menores e que, portanto, demanda mais infra-estrutura de recreação. Entretanto, as áreas públicas nessa região caracterizam-se pelo uso indevido e a implantação de equipamentos nos lotes vagos. Apesar disso, a aplicação da legislação urbana associada à ação de algumas administrações municipais favoreceu a constituição de um sistema rico e demarcado pela construção de lugares públicos singulares, que servem de referencial para as cidades médias brasileiras. / In the historic urbanization process of recreational and conservational open spaces in Campo Grande, MS some issues as the low acceptance by its inhabitants and lack of use of these spaces, contributed to develop a questioning process about the procedures adopted and the professional acting on planning, design process and on construction process of these urban open spaces. This study began when it was identified a lack of an integrated interpretation of the city to get a adequate comprehension about its relationships. So, the thesis is developed with a systemic view as an analysis principle, considering the city as a group of joined-up elements, those are physical and immaterial and they interact in various types of relationships. There are tendencies and interests that promote the changes in the landscape and in the urban reality. This work aims to evaluate the actions developed in planning, design and management activities of public open spaces in Campo Grande, MS that provide an adequate environmental preservation and the implementation of recreational, sportive, cultural activities, creating opportunities to meeting and social relationships. The method is based on the primary sources documents analysis (maps, cartographic data, projects archive, photographic archive, original laws) and secondary sources (bibliography review and interviews with administrators and technicians) about the last century. The evaluation of Campo Grandes recreational and conservational public open spaces system shows that it has some dominant aspects: the richer population solves the necessity of recreation individually in their private areas and because of that, do not demand this type of solutions in near local urban plazas, where the predominant type is the plaza with gardens. The contradiction is in more poor areas, where the population lives in small areas and demand more recreational infrastructure. But, the public spaces in this region frequently are used in a bad way and the equipments are built in private but non occupied areas. Despite these issues, the application of urban legislation associated to some municipalities actions made possible the constitution of a rich system characterized by the construction of unique public places that are references to medium Brazilian cities.

El presente proyecto titulado Mercado Ferial San José en la ciudad de Juliaca, nace frente a la necesidad de mejorar la infraestructura del corazón comercial de la provincia de San Román, considerado como el punto comercial más importante de la región de Puno. La infraestructura del mercado San José de Juliaca se presenta de manera insuficiente e inapropiada, lo que causa caos y desorden, e inclusive riesgo de accidentes. Por ello, propongo hacer una renovación al mercado San José que plantea una nueva perspectiva del espacio comercial, que irá más allá del intercambio comercial, sino se enfoca en ofrecer espacios como un punto de encuentro en la ciudad. Además, se propone amplios espacios de interacción comercial, patio de comidas, restaurantes y otros servicios, de esta manera repotenciar el comercio y mejorar la experiencia gastronómica. Por consiguiente, se tiene planteado un diseño arquitectónico organizado por un eje comercial conformado por plazas, estas mismas son para generar diferentes actividades dentro del mercado, asimismo permitirá originar nuevos recorridos comerciales e incentivar actividades comerciales a todo nivel, respondiendo a las necesidades comerciales de la ciudad de Juliaca. Se concluye que es necesario renovar mercados complementándolos con las necesidades comerciales que necesita y reflejando la estrecha relación entre establecimiento comercial y el espacio público para así repotenciar el comercio existente teniendo en cuenta que es el principal rubro en la ciudad. El contenido del presente documento está constituido por una secuencia de capítulos, los cuales describen los diversos aspectos del proyecto. / The following project entitled “San José” Fair Market- Juliaca, was created in response to the necessity to improve the commercial heart of the province of San Roman’s infrastructure, which is considered the most important commercial area in Puno region. “San José” Fair Market- Juliaca’s infrastructure is shown in an insufficient and inappropriate way, which causes chaos, disorder, and even risk of accidents. Therefore, I propose to make a renovation of San Jose market that brings a new perspective of commercial infrastructure, which, not only will meet the needs of commercial exchange, but also will focus on offering spaces as a meeting point in the city. In addition, the project will include wide spaces for commercial interaction, food court, restaurants and other services. In this way, it will boost the commerce and will improve the gastronomic experience. To that end, the project proposes an architectural design which will be organized by a commercial axis composed of squares. These squares will encourage different activities within the market, and will enable new commercial routes and encourage commercial activities at all levels, adressing Juliaca city’s commercial needs. In conclusion, it is necessary to renew markets, complementing them with commercial needs and reflecting the close relationship between commercial establishment and public space in order to boost the existing commerce, considering that it is the main activity in the city. The content of this document is composed of a sequence of chapters, which describe the various aspects of the project. / Tesis

En 1533 los españoles conquistadores encontraron una ciudad equiparable al paraíso llena de riquezas que fue fundada como la primera capital del Perú: Jauja. Sin embargo, solo tuvo un periodo de un año como capital; por eso, con la llegada del proceso migratorio, la ciudad pasó inmediatamente a una etapa de declive y despoblamiento. Pese a ello, lo único que ha mantenido viva a la ciudad son sus principales tradiciones como la feria y la fiesta, festividades de principal importancia en la época incaica y colonial que se mantienen hasta la actualidad y que son el mayor potencial para el desarrollo de la ciudad. La feria continua realizándose en las mismas calles tres días a la semana durante todo el año de forma ininterrumpida, convirtiéndolo en un punto de intercambio fundamental entre selva y costa. Mientras que la principal festividad es el baile de la Tunantada, baile declarado patrimonio de la nación que atrae a miles de visitantes durante el mes de enero. No obstante, a pesar de que las actividades pasaron de estar dispersas a establecerse en un entorno urbano como plazas y calles principales; la informalidad estancada, el equipamiento disperso y la ineficiencia del espacio público no dejan que la ciudad prospere. Por ello, el presente trabajo plantea la estrategia de reutilizar la vieja infraestructura ferroviaria como punto de encuentro para restructurar el espacio público y reorganizar las actividades de Jauja a partir del uso de módulos temporales y un pabellón que configura una nueva plaza para revitalizar el tan añorado País de Jauja, como en sus mejores épocas de apogeo colonial.

Actualmente la Plaza Mayor de Chimbote es el espacio más significativo de la ciudad pues desde su creación, hace 14 décadas, hasta el 2018 fue escenario de los principales eventos culturales multitudinarios, entre ellos la Fiesta de San Pedro, declarada patrimonio cultural de la nación. Pese a su importancia, hace dos años estas celebraciones y recorridos tradicionales han tenido que migrar a otros lugares en Chimbote. Esto ocurrió debido al trazado de la ciudad y la plaza que fueron concebidas desde una visión de industrialización, auto-centrista y genérica y ya no son capaces de responder a los usos contemporáneos de sus habitantes. Por otro lado, la ciudad tiene un déficit de equipamiento cultural, con solo un centro para más de 200 000 habitantes. ¿Cómo reconfigurar esta plaza a las prácticas culturales contemporáneas y tradicionales de Chimbote? La tesis plantea recuperar esta actividad a través de dos intervenciones principales: la reconfiguración y flexibilización del vacío de la Plaza Mayor; y la implementación de una nueva infraestructura cultural en su frente sur, que incluye la intervención de un edificio moderno en estado de abandono: el Cine Chavín. A partir de la exploración de los conceptos de flexibilidad, el reciclaje de edificios, y la partida de entender la ciudad y el espacio público como plataforma cultural; se plantea un proyecto que entiende la plaza como el principal escenario de la ciudad, por lo que la flexibiliza para volver a acoger los usos culturales perdidos, mejorar las condiciones de los usos actuales y además abrirla a nuevas posibilidades. Esto, se logra tomando como oportunidad el valor social, histórico y arquitectónico del cine Chavín y partiendo de su relación espacial con la Plaza para configurar el nuevo frente- infraestructura.

The location for the project is in the downtown area of Staunton, Virginia, a small town in the Shenandoah Valley. The site is a parking lot with a wall of nineteenth century warehouse buildings on one side that suggest the completion of a public square. The means by which l tried to find a resolution to this architectural suggestion involve a historical search for connection as well as a vision for the future. The circumstantial demands of place and occasion allow the project to materialize between the archetype and the ideal. / Master of Architecture

Traffic safety has been considered one of the most important issues in the transportation field. Crashes have caused extensive human and economic losses. With the objective of reducing crash occurrence and alleviating crash injury severity, major efforts have been dedicated to reveal the hazardous factors that affect crash occurrence. With these consistent efforts, both fatalities and fatality rates from road traffic crashes in many countries have been steadily declining over the last ten years. Nevertheless, according to the World Health Organization, the world still lost 1.24 million lives from road traffic crashes in the year of 2013. And without action, traffic crashes on the roads network are predicted to result in deaths of around 1.9 million people, and up to 50 million more people suffer non-fatal injuries annually, with many incurring a disability as a result of their injury by the year 2020. To meet the transportation needs, the use of expressways (toll roads) has risen dramatically in many countries in the past decade. In fact, freeways and expressways are considered an important part of any successful transportation system. These facilities carry the majority of daily trips on the transportation network. Although expressways offer high level of service, and are considered the safest among other types of roads, traditional toll collection systems may have both safety and operational challenges. The traditional toll plazas still experience many crashes, many of which are severe. Therefore, it becomes more important to evaluate the traffic safety impacts of using different tolling systems. The main focus of the research in this dissertation is to provide an up-to-date safety impact of using different toll collection systems, as well as providing safety guidelines for these facilities to promote safety and enhance mobility on expressways. In this study, an extensive data collection was conducted that included one hundred mainline toll plazas located on approximately 750 miles of expressways in Florida. Multiple sources of data available online maintained by Florida Department of Transportation were utilized to identify traffic, geometric and geographic characteristics of the locations as well as investigating and determination of the most complete and accurate data. Different methods of observational before-after and Cross-Sectional techniques were used to evaluate the safety effectiveness of applying different treatments on expressways. The Before-After method includes Naive Before-After, Before-After with Comparison Group, and Before-After with Empirical Bayesian. A set of Safety Performance Functions (SPFs) which predict crash frequency as a function of explanatory variables were developed at the aggregate level using crash data and the corresponding exposure and risk factors. Results of the aggregate traffic safety analysis can be used to identify the hazardous locations (hot spots) such as traditional toll plazas, and also to predict crash frequency for untreated sites in the after period in the Before-After with EB method or derive Crash Modification Factors (CMF) for the treatment using the Cross-Sectional method. This type of analysis is usually used to improve geometric characteristics and mainly focus on discovering the risk factors that are related to the total crash frequency, specific crash type, and/or different crash severity levels. Both simple SPFs (with traffic volume only as an explanatory variable) and full SPFs (with traffic volume and additional explanatory variable(s)) were used to estimate the CMFs and only CMFs with lower standard error were recommended. The results of this study proved that safety effectiveness was significantly improved across all locations that were upgraded from Traditional Mainline Toll Plazas (TMTP) to the Hybrid Mainline Toll Plazas (HMTP) system. This treatment significantly reduced total, Fatal-and-Injury (F+I), and Rear-End crashes by 47, 46 and 65 percent, respectively. Moreover, this study examined the traffic safety impact of using different designs, and diverge-and-merge areas of the HMTP. This design combines either express Open Road Tolling (ORT) lanes on the mainline and separate traditional toll collection to the side (design-1), or traditional toll collection on the mainline and separate ORT lanes to the side (design-2). It was also proven that there is a significant difference between these designs, and there is an indication that design-1 is safer and the majority of crashes occurred at diverge-and-merge areas before and after these facilities. However, design-2 could be a good temporary design at locations that have low prepaid transponder (Electronic Toll Collection (ETC)) users. In other words, it is dependent upon the percentage of the ETC users. As this percentage increases, more traffic will need to diverge and merge; thus, this design becomes riskier. In addition, the results indicated significant relationships between the crash frequency and toll plaza types, annual average daily traffic, and drivers* age. The analysis showed that the conversion from TMTP to the All-Electronic Toll Collection (AETC) system resulted in an average reduction of 77, 76, and 67 percent for total, F+I, and Property Damage Only (PDO) crashes, respectively; for rear end and Lane Change Related (LCR) crashes the average reductions were 81 and 75 percent, respectively. The conversion from HMTP to AETC system enhanced traffic safety by reducing crashes by an average of 23, 29 and 19 percent for total, F+I, and PDO crashes; also, for rear end and LCR crashes, the average reductions were 15 and 21 percent, respectively. Based on these results, the use of AETC system changed toll plazas from the highest risk sections on Expressways to be similar to regular segments. Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of AETC system was proven to be an excellent solution to several traffic operations as well as environmental and economic problems. For those agencies that cannot adopt the HMTP and the AETC systems, improving traffic safety at traditional toll plazas should take a priority. This study also evaluates the safety effectiveness of the implementation of High-Occupancy Toll lanes (HOT Lanes) as well as adding roadway lighting to expressways. The results showed that there were no significant impact of the implementation of HOT lanes on the roadway segment as a whole (HOT and Regular Lanes combined). But there was a significant difference between the regular lanes and the HOT lanes at the same roadway segment; the crash count increased at the regular lanes and decreased at the HOT lanes. It was found that the total and F+I crashes were reduced at the HOT lanes by an average of 25 and 45 percent, respectively. This may be attributable to the fact that the HOT lanes became a highway within a highway. Moreover adding roadway lighting has significantly improved traffic safety on the expressways by reducing the night crashes by approximately 35 percent. Overall, the proposed analyses of the safety effectiveness of using different toll collection systems are useful in providing expressway authorities with detailed information on where countermeasures must be implemented. This study provided for the first time an up-to-date safety impact of using different toll collection systems, also developed safety guidelines for these systems which would be useful for practitioners and roadway users.

There is a phenomenon of placelessness. Cities have look-alike landscapes. This sameness leads to a lack of significant places and a loss of sense of place. In addition to that, with the suburban sprawl and downtown deterioration, there is an increasing need for downtown revitalization. Cities call for vibrant and pleasant places with characters.In a world where most cities are getting more similar with each other and where people can't tell whom they are and where they come from, placemaking actions should be welcomed. Placemaking respects the genius of the place and finds links between traditions and our present experience of life.This thesis presents an overview of placemaking including its definition, history, categories, functions, principles and actions. Its purpose is to apply placemaking into the design of a city plaza in downtown Muncie to make a place that links people to history, to culture, and to other people. By doing that, this creative project tries to illustrate that placemaking is a valuable strategy in urban regeneration. / Department of Landscape Architecture

[ES] El objeto de estudio de la presente tesis es la plaza urbana en el contexto de la ciudad histórica, entendida como espacio urbano históricamente configurado y aceptado socialmente como tal. El estudio se centra en la plaza como elemento estructurante de la ciudad, relacionada con su constitución, origen y principios organizadores. Se analizan las intervenciones planificadoras sobre la ciudad histórica tratando de descubrir criterios de intervención en el patrimonio urbanístico aplicables al ejercicio y la práctica profesional, en un estudio centrado en los límites administrativos de la Comunidad de Murcia. La práctica del urbanismo se considera en el marco de este estudio, como una actividad necesitada de criterios de actuación al margen de las determinaciones legales y reglamentarias de obligado cumplimiento. No se trata de expedir recetas, sino de encontrar principios y fundamentos para una práctica urbanística responsable. Esta tesis quiere servir también para divulgar los valores del patrimonio artístico, maltratado muchas veces por actuaciones incontroladas de la administración, a quien compete poner en marcha programas de recuperación de espacios públicos como piezas significativas de la ciudad histórica, al tiempo que se potencia una "cultura espacial" que contribuya a enriquecer estéticamente nuestro entorno urbano. / [EN] The subject of this thesis is the urban square in the context of the historic city, understood as an urban space historically configured and socially accepted as such. The study focuses on the square as a structuring element of the city, related to its constitution, origin and organizing principles. The planning interventions on the historic city are analyzed trying to discover criteria of intervention in the urban heritage applicable to the exercise and professional practice, with a focus on the administrative limits of the Community of Murcia. The practice of urban planning is considered within the framework of this study as an activity in need of performance criteria outside the legal and regulatory determinations of mandatory compliance. It is not about using pre-made formulas, but about finding principles and foundations for a responsible urban practice. This thesis also wants to serve to spread the values ​​of artistic heritage, mistreated many times by uncontrolled actions of the government administration, which is responsible for launching recovery programs for public spaces as significant pieces of the historic city, while promoting a "spatial culture" that contributes to aesthetically enriching our urban environment. / Ródenas Cañada, JM. (1994). La plaza en la ciudad histórica. Análisis tipológico de la plaza histórica en la Región de Murcia. Criterios de intervención [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/182559 / TESIS