L’école a longtemps ignoré les langues et cultures maternelles des élèves.Une exploration des apports de la recherche en didactique d’apprentissage des langues, avec notamment les approches plurielles, montre comment la didactisation du contact de langue permet de construire une réflexion métalinguistique favorisant de nouveaux apprentissages en langue vivante étrangère ou dans la langue de scolarisation. Une étude de l’évolution historique des programmes scolaires français laisse enfin entrevoir la perspective d’ouvrir l’école au plurilinguisme, en adéquation avec les préconisations des Institutions Européennes. L’intercompréhension entre langues apparentées, apparaît comme une modalité d’apprentissage favorisant la compréhension et le fonctionnement de plusieurs langues, d’autant plus si l’apprentissage organise l’intégration des langues entre elles. Nous décrirons le fonctionnement et les enjeux de l’intercompréhension intégrée en langues romanes.Une expérimentation fut menée sur deux classes de CM1-CM2 lors des apprentissages scientifiques en intercompréhension intégrée à l’aide du manuel Euromania. Dans une classe, cette expérimentation était couplée à l’approche interculturelle Comparons nos langues. Il s’agissait d’observer de quelle manière cette expérimentation contribuait à l’évolution des représentations linguistiques des élèves, au développement de compétences linguistiques ainsi qu’à l’élaboration de stratégies de compréhension. Nous observerons les bénéfices apportés par l’intercompréhension intégrée et les approches interculturelles, aux apprentissages linguistiques et discipinaires, au plurilinguisme, à une meilleure réussite et à un plus grand épanouissement des élèves. / For a long time, primary education has overlooked the students' languages and cultures of origin. An exploration of the conclusions of research in the field of language didactics, and more specifically pluralistic approaches establishes that the didactisation of language interaction/language contact helps in building a metalinguistic reflection that can facilitate fresh learning in a foreign language or in the language in which the child is being educated. At last, a study of the evolution ofFrench school curricula can show us the way for opening schools to multilingualism, in conformity with European Union directives. Intercomprehension between related languages is shown to be a modality of learning that facilitates the comprehension and the way different languages work, especially if the learning process organizes the integration of these languages. We will describe the methodology and the stakes of integrated intercomprehension in romance languages. An experiment has been conducted with two classes of CM1-CM2/last grades of Middle School during science classes, using integrated intercomprehension with the help of the schoolbook Euromania, as well as, in one of the classes, the intercultural-approach based Comparons nos langues. The goal was to observe to which direction this experiment contributed to the evolution of the students' linguistic representations, to the development of linguistic competence and to the invention of strategies of understanding. We will present the benefits of integrated intercomprehension and intercultural approaches to language learning and to learning in other subjects, to multilingualism, and to the well-being of learners, conducive to more successfullearning.

Cette thèse en stratégie vise à comprendre comment les organisations pluralistes, qui combinent une pluralité de logiques d’action, peuvent conduire la transformation délibérée de leurs doctrines. Elle développe une approche originale du travail politico-stratégique dans les organisations pluralistes, approche qui s’appuie sur les théories pragmatistes de la rationalité et des institutions. Les résultats qu’elle présente sont issus d’une recherche de terrain (ethnographie et intervention) réalisée au sein d’une grande mutuelle d’assurance française, la Macif, qui est un acteur référent dans le champ de l’économie sociale. Le premier volet de la recherche a permis d’identifier et d’analyser les obstacles que rencontrent les organisations pluralistes lorsqu’elles cherchent à transformer leurs doctrines. Le second volet a permis de conceptualiser et d’expérimenter les modalités sous lesquelles elles peuvent parvenir à opérer la transformation souhaitée. La thèse présente pour finir un certain nombre de propositions visant à guider l’élaboration de la stratégie des organisations pluralistes / This doctoral research aims at understanding how pluralistic organizations that combine multiple institutional logics can engage in their deliberate transformation. It draws on pragmatist theories of rationality and of institutions to develop a novel perspective on strategy practices and processes in pluralistic organizations. Its results rely on fieldwork (ethnography and research-action) conducted within a French mutual insurance company, Macif, which is a key actor in the field of social economy. Firstly, this research identifies and analyzes the major obstacles that prevent pluralistic organizations from conducting such a transformation. Secondly, it conceptualizes and experiments ways to do so. Finally, this research suggests some methods for strategizing and organizing in pluralistic contexts

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:19:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniel Soza.pdf: 1362204 bytes, checksum: 7b36762fc06e3ba4b9a4e96348aec07b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-12 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O objetivo central desta pesquisa é desvendar possibilidades no estabelecimento de prováveis eixos básicos de uma cristologia pluralista da libertação, a partir das reflexões teológicas de Jon Sobrino (1938-) e Jacques Dupuis (1923-2004). Para tanto, se reconhecem cotidianamente os entrecruzamentos de sinais dos tempos, como as diferenças religiosas e as violações de direitos e injustiças sociais. A partir desta problemática, toma-se como hipótese a necessidade de se demonstrar a articulação em andamento entre perspectivas das teologias da libertação com perspectivas das teologias cristãs do pluralismo religioso, sinalizando um novo modo de fazer teologia. O trabalho aqui desenvolvido dialoga com os estudos culturais, especialmente com os conceitos de Homi Bhabha, o referencial teórico desta pesquisa, que possibilitou, criticamente, o entrelaçamento das perspectivas de Jacques Dupuis e Jon Sobrino. Para a construção desta cristologia, seguiu-se um tripé metodológico: revisão, reconstrução e reinvenção. O trabalho buscou revisar os discursos teológicos apresentados por Jon Sobrino e Jacques Dupuis; reconstruir as reflexões teológicas elaboradas por estes autores; e reinventar uma cristologia que se mostre como um terceiro espaço, um entrelugar discursivo, uma cristologia pluralista da libertação, que não é nem o um (a cristologia da libertação) nem o outro (a teologia cristã do pluralismo religioso), mas algo a mais, uma fala híbrida elaborada a partir de determinadas zonas de contato entre os autores. A pesquisa apresenta como eixos: (i) uma cristologia integral: vivenciada nos espaços cotidianos, com uma reflexão a partir das vítimas e do espírito das testemunhas; (ii) uma cristologia trinitária: refletida a partir d@ outr@ e centrada no mistério inesgotável, na humanização do divino e na força do Espírito; e (iii) uma cristologia reinoteocêntrica: vocacionada ao reino de Deus, numa tensão entre a parcialidade com as vítimas e a universalidade da ação de Deus, numa elaboração nas vias da mística e em um discurso cristológico estruturado na (des)missão. Tais eixos possuem implicações políticas, uma vez que esta cristologia se constrói como uma dupla função: é objeto de estudo e é espaço para a atuação política, reconhecendo que novos discursos e linguagens relacionam-se com novas atuações e mobilizações sociais.

本研究旨呈現繪本在文化工業的運作中，當涉及多元家庭繪本─特別是同性婚姻主題時，成人及幼兒雙方會展現何種相互作用的權力關係。 研究者使用民族誌的研究方法深入田野，記錄成人及幼兒對繪本的想法與行動。本研究關注「產製端」─成人的兒童觀及意識形態如何影響產製行動，以半結構式訪談蒐集產製者的想法；並關心「閱聽端」─幼兒作為主動的閱聽者將如何詮釋文本，以綜合參與式觀察及半結構式訪談來蒐集兒童的行動與言說。透過雙方的回應，探究文化工業中多元的行動樣貌。 主要有四項結論如下： 1.審視社會的集體焦慮：創作者的積極作為與幼兒的主動詮釋 不同於多數焦慮的成人，有一群產製者對閱聽眾如何詮釋文本抱持樂觀態度，運用各式策略開創此類主題「可見的」社會空間。另一方面，過去被認為需要保護的幼兒，談論的內容也遠比成人預想的還要複雜和成熟。當成人願意放下成見，採互為對等的態度與幼兒進行談論時，能夠創造更多可能性，降低社會的集體焦慮。 2.兒童沒有想像中脆弱：詮釋必然發生在脈絡之中 幼兒的詮釋具多種樣態，他們藉由舊經驗發展出柔軟與堅實的視角，在分享歷程中直率地表達自己的想法，也不輕易受他人訊息洗腦，有別於「成人集團」庸人自擾的想像。因為影響幼兒回應的因素複雜，所以詮釋勢必動態展現在脈絡之中，藉由持續討論這些議題，才能構築兒童的詮釋樣貌。 3.以創造機會取代告知：傳遞應避免不平等的再製 產製者不斷強調，成人重要的行動核心是以創造機會取代告知，在行動中尤需留意自身的態度，避免淪為再製不平等的另一種操弄手段。 4.矛盾與率直的拉鋸戰：主動的施為者vs.被動的載體 產製及閱聽兩端真實樣貌與行動的對照，交織出文化工業中的無限活力。文化工業的運作關係應延伸至「主動施為者」與「被動載體」的拉鋸戰，成人群體間的差異會產生不同行動，幼兒也並非永遠是被動的承受者，雙方產生相互的連帶影響。唯有透過認清運作邏輯，才能夠看清產製結構並思考己身的行動。 研究者認為成人及幼兒的相處，最重要的關鍵是回歸雙方的「尊重」。由於過去仍普遍忽略兒童的聲音，因此特別需要學者投入與兒童相關的實證研究。若能增加成人對幼兒的理解，並降低自身的矛盾，相信兩者的互動關係必定能有所轉化，創造更多新的可能性。 / Related to the experience of reading, the power relationship between adults and children is unequal, because generally, children are passively received the information from adults. Adults use their own viewpoints to shape children and make decisions for them. In the context of the operation of cultural industries, this study wants to understand how the adults produce the childhood images based on their viewpoints, and to explore how the children response to the pre-selected picture books about same-sex marriage. One of the objectives of this research is to point out the logic of production about picture books, especially controversial issues, such as same-sex marriage. The other objective is to remind adults that children’s personal opinions and their original personality should be valued. In particular, children are usually stronger than we think in common sense. This study uses ethnographic methods, including gathering the natural response from children’s narratives and face-to-face interview with children. In addition, this study also interviews some relevant workers related to picture books production and marketing. The result will show the logic of producing the picture books, and also show the discrepancy between the children’s real reaction and what adults traditionally anticipate, helping adults to set aside their own values and really look at how the young children think. There are four main findings from this study as follows: 1.Examine the collective anxiety of society: Different from the anxious adults in the society, those who related to picture books production show positive action. The interpretation made by children is also more complex than adults expected. 2.Children are not fragile as adult's imagination: The children are stronger and more mature than we expected when it comes to talking about same-sex marriage. The interpretation must take place in the context, because it is built by a number of factors. 3.To create opportunities and not to instill knowledge: The adults should be aware of actions to avoid making another system of inequality. 4.The “tug-of-war” between contradictory person and straightforward person: The adults and the children are playing “active giver” and “passive carrier” at the same times, and creating infinite vitality of the operation in the cultural industry. This study hopes that adults will in turn rethink their social roles, attitudes and methods of education and teaching, by, for example, respecting and listening to children more than prescribing their behavior and thinking. The research aims to provide evidence that kindergarten children are mature enough to learn about homosexuality and to transform Taiwan’s value system to be more open attitude about same-sex marriage.

The literature falls short in examining talent management (TM) and knowledge management (KM) in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). In response to this research gap, a case study was motivated to explore how SMEs perform TM and KM activities. As this master thesis had the rare opportunity of conducting interviewees with all the employees and the CEO of a mature small firm located in Sweden, the purpose of this study became to investigate the applicability of existing TM and KM frameworks and identify additional perspectives to adapt the frameworks to the context of mature small firms. The methodology of this case study involved interviews with the CEO and employees of the mature small firm (the case company) and utilised existing TM and KM frameworks as the underlying structure for the interview questions and analysis. The empirical findings were presented in terms of themes, strengths and weaknesses, and issues with respect to TM and KM. The findings were further analysed and compared to previous research in the discussion, as well as recommended focus areas were derived to create a more holistic guidance of TM and KM for mature small firms. In conclusion, the findings of this master thesis corroborated existing literature and did not refute any previous research directly. However, as the empirical findings presented aspects of TM and KM not previously mentioned in literature, additional TM and KM perspectives for mature small firms were suggested to expand and refine the TM and KM frameworks utilised in this study. Additionally, this study has provided more exploration to TM and KM issues in SMEs, which is largely absent in previous research. This master thesis has also contributed guidance for firms (in particular mature small firms) to approach challenges with respect to TM and KM, as well as contributed to the literature with empirical research about TM and KM in SMEs. / Den befintliga litteraturen brister i att undersöka talanghantering (eng. "talent management", TM) och kunskapshantering (eng. "knowledge management", KM) i små och medelstora företag (eng. "small and medium-sized enterprises", SMEs). Som svar på denna forskningslucka motiverades en fallstudie för att undersöka hur SMEs genomför TM- och KM-aktiviteter. Eftersom denna master uppsats hade den sällsynta möjligheten att genomföra intervjuer med samtliga anställda och VD:n för ett moget småföretag beläget i Sverige, blev syftet med denna studie att undersöka tillämpligheten hos befintliga TM- och KM-ramverk samt identifiera ytterligare perspektiv för att anpassa ramverken till kontexten för mogna småföretag. Metodologin för denna fallstudie involverade intervjuer med VD:n och de anställda på det mogna småföretaget (fallföretaget) och utnyttjade befintliga TM- och KM-ramverk som underliggande struktur för intervjufrågor och analys. De empiriska resultaten presenterades med avseende på teman, styrkor och svagheter, samt utmaningar relaterade till TM och KM. Resultaten analyserades vidare och jämfördes med tidigareforskning i diskussionen, och rekommenderade fokusområden identifierades för att skapa en mer holistisk vägledning i TM och KM för mogna småföretag. Sammanfattningsvis bekräftade resultaten av denna master uppsats befintlig litteratur och motsade inte direkt någon tidigare forskning. Dock presenterade de empiriska resultaten aspekter av TM och KM som inte tidigare nämnts i litteraturen, vilket ledde till att ytterligare TM- och KM-perspektiv för mogna småföretag föreslogs för att utvidga och förbättra de TM- och KM-ramverk som använts i denna studie. Dessutom har denna studie bidragit med ytterligare forskning av TM- och KM-utmaningar i SMEs, vilket i stor utsträckning saknas i tidigare forskning. Denna uppsats har också bidragit med vägledning för företag (särskilt mogna småföretag) i att hantera utmaningar med avseende på TM och KM, samt bidragit till litteraturen med empirisk forskning om TM och KM i SMEs.

I denna undersökning har sju lärare som undervisar i teknik- och fysikämnena i årskurs 7-9 intervjuats i syfte att undersöka deras syn på lärande för hållbar utveckling inom sina ämnen. Frågorna som ställts i uppsatsen har haft för avsikt att ge insikt om vilka faktorer som påverkar hur hållbar utveckling implementeras i skolämnen. Studien visar att läraren strävar efter att eleverna inte bara ska ta emot information, utan också agera själva utifrån grundläggande demokratiska värderingar. Däremot har det visat sig vara svårt för lärare att involvera hållbar utveckling i deras undervisning när det gäller ämnet fysik eller teknik. I studien har lärarens syn på hur hållbar utveckling ska involveras i ämnen analyserats utifrån de tre traditionerna; faktabaserad, normativ- och pluralistisk vilka genomsyrar undervisningen för hållbar utveckling. Studien visar att lärarnas undervisning har intentionen att utveckla olika förmågor och kunskaper hos eleverna. Till exempel framhåller lärarna vikten av att samla in och utvärdera information självständigt, kunna diskutera och samarbeta, lösa problem och använda kritiskt tänkande samt planera för långsiktiga mål. Ett viktigt perspektiv i lärarnas undervisning är att eleverna ska förstå helheten och sambandet mellan olika vardagliga områden. Dessutom visar studien att skolledningen spelar en viktig roll genom att ge tydligt stöd i de olika skolsaktiviteter som kopplas till hållbar utveckling. Det gör undervisningen för hållbar utveckling mer meningsfull och effektiv. / In this review, seven teachers who teach technology and physics subjects in grades 7-9 have been interviewed in order to investigate their views on learning for sustainable development in their subjects. The questions asked in the study were intended to provide insight into which factors influence how sustainable development is implemented in school subjects. The study shows that the teacher strives for the students not only to receive information, but also to act themselves based on basic democratic values. However, it has proven difficult for teachers to involve sustainable development in their teaching when it comes to the subject of physics or technology. In the study, the teacher's view of how sustainable development should be involved in subjects has been analyzed based on the three traditions; fact-based, normative and pluralistic which permeate the teaching for sustainable development. The study shows that the teachers' teaching has the intention of developing different abilities and knowledge in the students. For example, the teachers emphasize the importance of collecting and evaluating information independently, being able to discuss and collaborate, solve problems and use critical thinking, and plan for long-term goals. An important perspective in the teachers' teaching is that the students should understand the bigger picture and the connection between different everyday areas. In addition, the study shows that school management plays an important role by providing clear support in the various school activities linked to sustainable development. It makes teaching for sustainable development more meaningful and effective.

La thèse examine les liens entre la vision pluraliste de la science et l’éthique de la médecine tibétaine et les nouvelles pratiques en médecine occidentale, soit la longévité et la recherche sur la génétique amélioratrice. Elle cherche à cerner l’apport que la médecine tibétaine peut apporter aux recherches occidentales sur la longévité et la génétique humaine amélioratrice. Elle traite donc d’un enjeu social clé et du débat qui s’y rattache. La découverte et la description sont centrales à la méthodologie et informent l’analyse. Nous avons examiné dans un premier temps, les travaux de recherche sur la longévité reliée à la génétique amélioratrice (mémoire et muscles). Nous nous sommes penchés également sur les fondements de la médecine tibétaine en tant que système intégré. Pour ce faire, nous avons traité des notions telles que la santé, l’identité, la perfection et l’immortalité. Notre cadre conceptuel repose sur la théorie bouddhiste de l’interdépendance qui se caractérise par la formulation de catégories qui ensuite sont synthétisées dans l’essence; les deux niveaux d’interprétation de la théorie sont décrits en détail avant de passer à une comparaison avec la notion de complexité occidentale. La médecine tibétaine de fait présente un système où l’éthique et la science sont intégrées et se prête bien à une comparaison avec la vision pluraliste de la science à partir d’une perspective éthique/bioéthique. Les commentaires recueillis auprès des experts nous ont permis de cerner comment la science, l’éthique et l’amélioration de la longévité sont définies au sein des deux paradigmes de l’Est et de l’Ouest. Nos résultats montrent six points qui se dégagent au terme de cette recherche permettent de jeter un pont sur la vision pluraliste de ces paradigmes. Ceux-ci transcendent les points de vue doctrinaux individuels de religions ainsi que du monde scientifique occidental. Plus que tout, ils laissent entrevoir un cadre de références novatrices qui contribuera à la prise de décision à l’égard de questionnements bioéthiques. / This thesis identified and examined the links between the pluralist vision of Western science and the ethical studies of Tibetan medicine, and sought to determine how the bridging of pluralistic visions with Tibetan medicine might contribute to Western research on longevity and human genetic enhancement. The investigation focused on the current debate in these latter two fields. Discovery and description were central to the methodology and informed the analysis. Initially, we examined the research on longevity related to human genetic enhancement (memory and muscle), which addresses the limitation of the physical body, and explored its ramifications through such concepts as healthism, identity, perfection and immortality. Then examining the foundation of Tibetan medicine as an integrated system, we contrasted contemporary longevity research with the Eastern model, in which individual existence and experience escape limitations. We further addressed brain science research and the Tibetan medicine continuum, the unique quality of the latter being that the mind is used as a tool and is philosophically linked with Buddhism. Finally, utilizing the Buddhist conceptual framework of the interdependent theory, which is characterized by formulating categories of phenomena that are then synthesized into their essence, the theory’s two levels of the interpretation of phenomenal reality were described in detail before moving to a comparison with notions of Western complexity. Tibetan medicine employs an integrated system in which ethics and science are interwoven, providing the base for a comparison with the pluralist vision of science from an ethics/bioethics perspective. The insights gathered from interviews with experts in various fields highlighted how science, ethics and longevity enhancement can be addressed within these two paradigms. The research findings led to six points that bridge both the Eastern and Western paradigms by transcending the doctrinal standpoints of individual religions, ethical systems and sciences, and laying the basis for an innovative framework by providing concrete reference elements for decision-making in regard to bioethical questionings.

La reconnaissance du pluralisme du système de santé, et donc des interdépendances unissant l’État aux acteurs participant à l’offre des services de santé, pose non seulement la question de la capacité de l’État à gouverner selon ses objectifs, mais aussi celle de la forme des interventions entreprises à cette fin. Cette thèse vise à comprendre comment se développe la participation de l’État à la gouverne d’un secteur de services de santé, et plus particulièrement comment ses interactions avec les acteurs impliqués dans l’offre des services affectent, au fil du temps, les possibilités d’actions étatiques sous-jacentes à la sélection d’instruments de gouverne spécifiques. Elle propose pour ce faire un modèle théorique qui s’inspire de la littérature traitant des instruments de gouverne ainsi que de la théorie de la pratique (Bourdieu). La participation de l’État à la gouverne y est conçue comme le résultat d’un processus historique évolutif, marqué alternativement par des périodes de stabilité et de changement en regard des instruments mobilisés, qui se succèdent selon l’articulation des interactions et des contextes affectant les possibilités d’action que les acteurs perçoivent avoir. Ce modèle a été appliqué dans le cadre d’une étude de cas portant sur le secteur génétique québécois (1969-2010). Cette étude a impliqué l’analyse processuelle et interprétative de données provenant de sources documentaires et d’entrevues réalisées auprès de représentants du ministère de la Santé et des Services sociaux ainsi que de médecins et chercheurs œuvrant dans le secteur de la génétique. Ces analyses font émerger quatre périodes de stabilité en regard des instruments de gouverne mobilisés, entrecoupées de périodes de transition au cours desquelles le Ministère opère une hybridation entre les instruments jusque là employés et les nouvelles modalités d’intervention envisagées. Ces résultats révèlent également que l’efficacité de ces instruments - c’est-à-dire la convergence entre les résultats attendus et produits par ceux-ci - perçue par le Ministère constitue un facteur de première importance au regard de la stabilisation et du changement des modalités de sa participation à la gouverne de ce secteur. En effet, lorsque les instruments mobilisés conduisent les médecins et chercheurs composant le secteur de la génétique à agir et interagir de manière à répondre aux attentes du Ministère, les interventions ministérielles tendent à se stabiliser autour de certains patterns de gouverne. À l’inverse, le Ministère tend à modifier ses modes d’intervention lorsque ses interactions avec ces médecins et chercheurs le conduisent à remettre en cause l’efficacité de ces patterns. On note cependant que ces changements sont étroitement liés à une évolution particulière du contexte, amenant une modification des possibilités d’action dont disposent les acteurs. Ces résultats révèlent enfin certaines conditions permettant au Ministère de rencontrer ses objectifs concernant la gouverne du secteur de la génétique. Les instruments qui impliquent fortement les médecins et chercheurs et qui s’appuient sur des expertises qu’ils considèrent légitimes semblent plus susceptibles d’amener ces derniers à agir dans le sens des objectifs ministériels. L’utilisation de tels instruments suppose néanmoins que le Ministère reconnaisse sa propre dépendance vis-à-vis de ces médecins et chercheurs. / The recognition of a pluralistic healthcare system based on the interdependency between the State and other healthcare providers raises the question on how the State can manage according its own goals and what are the necessary actions to achieve those. The current thesis aims at understanding how can the State participate in governing the healthcare sector. More precisely, it intends to accurately look at how the State’s interaction with several health care providers impacts over time its action capacities to select specific governance instruments. To achieve these objectives, the thesis uses a theoretical framework based on literature about governance instruments as well as Bourdieu’s practice theory. The State’s participation in governance is conceived as an evolving historical process with periods of stability and change over instruments in use. They alternate according the interaction dynamic and the context influencing an actor’s perception of action possibilities. This framework is applied on a case study: Quebec’s genetic sector (1969-2010). This study involves processes and interpretative analysis of data originating from bibliographical sources and interviews conducted amongst representatives of the Ministère de la Santé et des Services Sociaux (hereafter: the ministry), as well as physicians and researchers working in genetics. The analysis outlines four periods of stability in regards to the mobilization of governance instruments, intertwined by periods of transition during which the ministry operates hybridization between instruments used and new intervention modes considered. These results show that the efficiency of these instruments – meaning the convergence between expected results and actual outcomes – perceived by the ministry is a prime factor in terms of stabilization and change in its participation in the governance of the field. Thus, when used instruments lead physicians and researchers in genetics to act and interact in a way responding to the ministry expectations, its interventions tend to gravitate towards a certain governance pattern. On the other hand, the ministry tends to modify its methods of intervention when its interactions with the physicians and researchers shed doubts on the efficiency of those patterns. It was noticed that these changes are closely linked to a particular evolution of the context, bringing a modification to possible actions available to actors. Finally, results show certain factors allowing the ministry to achieve its objectives in regards to the governance of the genetics sector. The instruments strongly involving physicians and researchers and based on expertise considered to be legitimate appear more likely to bring a favorable action from those specialists in the view of the ministry’s objectives. Nevertheless, using such instruments supposes that the ministry recognizes its own dependence towards these physicians and researchers.

Cette thèse a pour objectif de comprendre la façon dont se fabrique la stratégie dans un contexte pluraliste. Dans ce cadre, nous nous appuyons sur la littérature du pluralisme identitaire (Dutton & Dukerich, 1991; Gioia & Chittepeddi, 1991; Ashforth & Mael, 1996; Golden-Biddle & Rao, 1997; Hatch & Schultz, 1997; Silva, 2010) et sur l'approche pratique de la stratégie (Whittington, 2003; Jarzabkowsky, 2003, 2004; Golsorkhi & al., 2010; Johnson & al., 2010). Ce travail de recherche est né d'un manque dans la littérature qui examine la relation entre la multiplicité des identités organisationnelles et la fabrication des stratégies. Nous avons ainsi opté pour un design de recherche interprétativiste et pour une étude de cas unique: le Conseil Economique et Social du Liban. Cette institution constitutionnelle abrite deux identités organisationnelles: l'identité d'un lieu de négociation et l'identité d'un lieu d'expertise. Etant donné la nouveauté du terrain et du contexte traité, nous adoptons la méthodologie de la théorie enracinée préconisée par Glaser et Strauss. Nous montrons que le pluralisme influence la fabrication des stratégies de trois façons: 1) par la "référentialisation" qui consiste à "opérationnaliser" les systèmes des valeurs à travers "une stratégie d'initiation" et "de renforcement", 2) par la "régulation" identitaire qui consiste à gérer les identités organisationnelles pour des fins stratégiques à travers "une stratégie de légitimation" et 3) la "négociation" identitaire suite à une crise institutionnelle et qui aboutit à "une stratégie de survie". Nous avons également conclu que cette influence évolue avec l'évolution du contexte institutionnel de l'organisation: nous avons identifié un couplage faible entre la multiplicité des identités organisationnelles et la fabrication des stratégies dans la phase de naissance de l'organisation mais qui croit avec la croissance de l'organisation, surtout dans les périodes de "perturbation". Ces périodes entrainent une rupture dans la pratique des praticiens: si cette rupture n'est pas assez significative, la gestion des IO devient une pratique stratégique, si la rupture est significative mettant en cause la survie de l'organisation, les IO deviennent des lentilles perceptuelles à travers lesquelles les praticiens perçoivent les capacités fondamentales de l'organisation ce qui influence ainsi sur leur choix et leur pratique stratégique. / The objective of this thesis is to understand strategizing in pluralistic contexts. Our research is based on the literature of pluralistic organizations (Dutton & Dukerich, 1991; Gioia & Chittepeddi, 1991; Golden-Biddle & Rao, 1997, Ashforth & Mael, 1996; Hatch & Schultz, 1997; Silva, 2010) and the strategy-as-practice approach (Whittington, 2003; Jarzabkowsky, 2003, 2004; Golsorkhi & al., 2010; Johnson & al., 2010). This research addresses the gap in the literature discussing the relationship between the multiplicity of organizational identities and strategizing. Thus, our thesis operates an interpretativist research design and conducts a one case study: the Economic and Social Council of Lebanon. This institutional constitution has two organizational identities: the identity of a negotiation place and the identity of an expertise one. Due to the novelty of the research field and the context studied, we have chosen to apply the grounded theory methodology advocated by Glaser and Strauss. We show that the pluralism influence strategizing in three ways: 1) by the "referentialization" which means the operationalization of the system of values through an "initiation" and "reinforcement strategy", 2) by the identity "regulation" which consists of managing organizational identities for strategic purposes through a "legitimation strategy" and 3) by the identity "negociation" following an institutional crisis and which leads to a "survival strategy". We have also concluded the evolution of this influence with the evolution of the institutional context of the organization: it is weak at the initiation phase (birth) but increases with the growth of the organization and especially in periods of "perturbation". These periods lead to a breakdown in the praxis of practitioners: if the breakdown is weak, the management of organizational identities become a strategic practice, if the breakdown is significant, the organizational identities become lenses trough which practitioners craft their particular definitions of the organizational core capabilities which influence their strategic choice and praxis.

<p>Based on current research in historical and cognitive linguistics this thesis examines the German semantic field <fromm> (<pious>), partly contrasting it with its Swedish correspondent <from>. Starting at the time of Old High German the analysis follows the historical development of word and concept, exploring how attitudes to the Christian religion are verbalised in different ages. One important assumption is that ideas and attitudes are accessible to us through the lexicalised items of a language.</p><p>The thesis is part of the interlingual research project “Ethical concepts and mental cultures”, which, by applying a pluralistic method, examines various ethical fields, and assumes as central the oppositions a/o (action directed to others vs. to oneself), right/wrong (virtues vs. vices) and too much/too little vs. the ideal mean.</p><p>This study shows that true piety, in order to be classified as a virtue, has to include both trust and critical thinking in equal proportions and that if either of the two outweighs the other the virtue will become a vice. Furthermore, it is shown that a shift in meaning has taken place from ‘profitable’ or ‘advantageous’ in Old High German, through ‘excellent’, ‘righteous’, ‘virtuous’ into ‘religious’, with Luther’s usage as the critical factor in giving the word its religious meaning. As a result of Secularisation and Individualisation negative connotations have developed in modern German usage which do not seem to exist to the same extent in modern Swedish. This is confirmed by two corpus studies, evaluating the usage of <i>fromm/from</i> in German and Swedish newspaper texts, according to which <i>fromm</i> tends to be transferred to profane contexts, meaning for example ‘hypocritical’, ‘uncritically credulous’ and ‘uncritically obedient’ more frequently than its Swedish equivalent.</p><p>Based on results from socio-psychological research the study also identifies some strategies that speakers employ in order to mark distance or adherence to a group of believers or non-believers, for example metaphors (i.a. GOOD IS UP ÷ BAD IS DOWN) or stereotypes, which are often used to ridicule, criticise or insult a member of another group in order to strengthen the speaker’s own social identity.</p>