Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2015-10-19T13:25:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1740275 bytes, checksum: dbf657dfff35fdf68a02c45937d7f4ba (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-19T13:25:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1740275 bytes, checksum: dbf657dfff35fdf68a02c45937d7f4ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-22 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / A murcha bacteriana, causada por Ralstonia solanacearum, causa perdas diretas e indiretas na produção de várias culturas. Apesar de o uso de variedades resistentes ser a melhor opção para o manejo da doença, nãoraro encontram-se relatos de suplantação da resistência. O primeiro relato de murcha bacteriana no Brasil é antigo, porém pouco se conhece sobre os biovares, filotipos, sequevares e variabilidade genética do patógeno. Por essa razão realizou-se o presente estudo. Isolados brasileiros de R.solanacearum foram caracterizados como biovar 1, 2 e 3, filotipo II, que está disperso por todo o país e filotipo I, que encontra-se predominantemente na região Norte. Sete sequevares foram identificados: 1, 4, 18, 27, 28, 41 e 50. Além disso, nós classificamos quatro novos sequevares no filotipo IIB como sequevar 53, 54, 55 e 56. Inicialmente, utilizou-se rep-PCR para estimar a variabilidade. Obtiveram- se 282 haplótipos. Uma possível explicação para o alto número de haplótipos é a ocorrência de recombinação. Isolados das regiões Sul, Sudeste e Central formam um grande grupo genético, enquanto aqueles das regiões Norte e Nordeste formam outro grupo. Tal fato evidencia fluxo gênico entre essas regiões, provavelmente mediado pelo transporte de tubérculos e mudas contaminadas. Detectou-se diferenciação genética entre isolados de tomate e batata coletados na região Sul-Sudeste-Central. Os mecanismos evolutivos foram parametrizados a partir de análises de genealogia de genes por processo coalescente utilizando sequências parciais de sete genes. Detectou- se evidência de subdivisão dos filotipos I, IIA e IIB, mas não subdivisão por hospedeiro. O fluxo gênico é mais intenso da região Sul para a região Norte. O filotipo II é uma linhagem ancestral que teve origem no Brasil e o filotipo I foi recentemente introduzido, possivelmente por ação antropogênica. O filotipo IIA deu origem ao filotipo IIB e essa diferenciação ocorreu possivelmente devido a fatores ecológicos que precisam ser eBacterial wilt, caused by the Ralstonia solanacearum, cause direct and indirect losses in several crops. Planting of resistant varieties is the best option for disease management, but reports of resistance breakdown are commonly found in the literature. Although many years have passed after the first report of this pathogen in Brazil, information on biovars, phylotypes, sequevars and genetic variability of the pathogen is scarce. In the present study isolates were characterized as biovar 1, 2 and 3. Phylotype II is spread throughout Brazil and phylotype I is predominantly found in the North. Seven sequevars were identified: 1, 4, 18, 27, 28, 41 and 50. Moreover, we classified four new sequevars in the phylotype IIB as sequevar 53, 54, 55 and 56. Initially, we used rep-PCR to estimate the variability of the pathogen and 282 haplotypes were obtained. The high number of haplotypes could be due to the occurrence of recombination. Isolates of the South/Southeast/Central regions formed a genetically related cluster. Isolates from the North/Northeast regions formed another group. Gene flow occurs through the transportation of contaminated tubers and seedlings. Genetic differentiation was detected among isolates from tomato and potato collected in the South/Central/Southeast regions. In addition, gene genealogies based on the coalescent process were used to infer about evolutionary mechanisms. We detected evidence of subdivision of phylotypes I, IIA and IIB, but no subdivision by hosts. The gene flow is predominantly from the southern to the northern regions. We confirmed that phylotype II is an ancestral lineage that originated in Brazil and probably phylotype I was recently introduced by anthropogenic actions. Phylotype IIA originated phylotype IIB and this difference was probably due to ecological factors that need to be studied in more detail. Mutation, migration, recombination and selection occur in the population of R. solanacearum in Brazil, however mutation is more important than recombination. We conclude that the use of resistant varieties is a major challenge in all regions and hosts. studados com mais detalhes futuramente. Detectaram-se evidências de mutação, migração, recombinação e seleção na população de R.solanacearum no Brasil. Entretanto, mutação é mais importante que recombinação. Conclui-se que a utilização de variedades resistentes será uma grande desafio em todas regiões e hospedeiros. / Bacterial wilt, caused by the Ralstonia solanacearum, cause direct and indirect losses in several crops. Planting of resistant varieties is the best option for disease management, but reports of resistance breakdown are commonly found in the literature. Although many years have passed after the first report of this pathogen in Brazil, information on biovars, phylotypes, sequevars and genetic variability of the pathogen is scarce. In the present study isolates were characterized as biovar 1, 2 and 3. Phylotype II is spread throughout Brazil and phylotype I is predominantly found in the North. Seven sequevars were identified: 1, 4, 18, 27, 28, 41 and 50. Moreover, we classified four new sequevars in the phylotype IIB as sequevar 53, 54, 55 and 56. Initially, we used rep-PCR to estimate the variability of the pathogen and 282 haplotypes were obtained. The high number of haplotypes could be due to the occurrence of recombination. Isolates of the South/Southeast/Central regions formed a genetically related cluster. Isolates from the North/Northeast regions formed another group. Gene flow occurs through the transportation of contaminated tubers and seedlings. Genetic differentiation was detected among isolates from tomato and potato collected in the South/Central/Southeast regions. In addition, gene genealogies based on the coalescent process were used to infer about evolutionary mechanisms. We detected evidence of subdivision of phylotypes I, IIA and IIB, but no subdivision by hosts. The gene flow is predominantly from the southern to the northern regions. We confirmed that phylotype II is an ancestral lineage that originated in Brazil and probably phylotype I was recently introduced by anthropogenic actions. Phylotype IIA originated phylotype IIB and this difference was probably due to ecological factors that need to be studied in more detail. Mutation, migration, recombination and selection occur in the population of R. solanacearum in Brazil, however mutation is more important than recombination. We conclude that the use of resistant varieties is a major challenge in all regions and hosts.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-07T17:12:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-02-26. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-06-07T17:16:42Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000864243_20170305.pdf: 7143919 bytes, checksum: caed29775e1aef81d31c7ee53b951b52 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2017-03-10T13:07:29Z: 000864243_20170305.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2017-03-10T13:08:14Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000864243.pdf: 17228237 bytes, checksum: e60fc4adb3f71274c66a6fc0677f3dea (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Introduction: Prematurity is the leading cause of neonatal mortality and serious neonatal morbidity worldwide and the risk is inversely proportional to gestational age at birth. Several studies demonstrate the role of innate immune response and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in normal and complicated pregnancies, however most studies have focused on the tissues of the maternal-fetal interface. Research of the expression of TLRs in gestational tissues is of great importance for understanding the involvement of innate immunity in normal pregnancies and adverse pregnancy outcomes, but the analysis of these tissues allows for results only after the complete resolution of gestation. In this scenario, a potential biological sample of interest for analysis of TLRs in the ongoing gestation are maternal peripheral blood cells, since they play a crucial role in the immune system and express high levels of many of the TLRs. Main: Evaluate the profile of gene expression of TLR-1, -2, -4 and -6 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) and compare these expressions between preterm and term pregnancies. Materials and methods: 119 normal pregnant women were included in the study, subdivided into three groups according to the gestational trimester. In addition, 20 pregnant women in preterm labor and 18 pregnant women at term were evaluated. Gene expression analysis was performed by real-time PCR and protein expression evaluation by flow cytometry. Statistical analyses were performed using the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests by SigmaStat 3.1 software. Results: Regarding PBMCs, there were no significant differences in gene and protein expressions of TLR-1, TLR-2, TLR-4 and TLR-6 among the trimesters. The same was observed when comparing PBMCs of preterm and term pregnancies. In relation to neutrophils, gene and protein expressions of TLR-1, TLR-2, TLR-4 and TLR-6 remained unchanged throughout normal... / Introduction: Prematurity is the leading cause of neonatal mortality and serious neonatal morbidity worldwide and the risk is inversely proportional to gestational age at birth. Several studies demonstrate the role of innate immune response and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in normal and complicated pregnancies, however most studies have focused on the tissues of the maternal-fetal interface. Research of the expression of TLRs in gestational tissues is of great importance for understanding the involvement of innate immunity in normal pregnancies and adverse pregnancy outcomes, but the analysis of these tissues allows for results only after the complete resolution of gestation. In this scenario, a potential biological sample of interest for analysis of TLRs in the ongoing gestation are maternal peripheral blood cells, since they play a crucial role in the immune system and express high levels of many of the TLRs. Main: Evaluate the profile of gene expression of TLR-1, -2, -4 and -6 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) and compare these expressions between preterm and term pregnancies. Materials and methods: 119 normal pregnant women were included in the study, subdivided into three groups according to the gestational trimester. In addition, 20 pregnant women in preterm labor and 18 pregnant women at term were evaluated. Gene expression analysis was performed by real-time PCR and protein expression evaluation by flow cytometry. Statistical analyses were performed using the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests by SigmaStat 3.1 software. Results: Regarding PBMCs, there were no significant differences in gene and protein expressions of TLR-1, TLR-2, TLR-4 and TLR-6 among the trimesters. The same was observed when comparing PBMCs of preterm and term pregnancies. In relation to neutrophils, gene and protein expressions of TLR-1, TLR-2, TLR-4 and TLR-6 remained unchanged throughout normal ... / FAPESP: 11/00269-4

Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-27T13:40:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-07-29. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-09-27T13:45:15Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000868518.pdf: 4362952 bytes, checksum: f8782956d423a313439c04aba289df01 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Submitted by IVANA FERNANDES DA SILVA null (ivanaf.silva@hotmail.com) on 2017-06-12T15:09:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ivana Fernandes da Silva (tese).pdf: 2711011 bytes, checksum: 7d07910861c085e48625714ced426c60 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-06-13T16:49:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_if_dr_bot.pdf: 2711011 bytes, checksum: 7d07910861c085e48625714ced426c60 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-13T16:49:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_if_dr_bot.pdf: 2711011 bytes, checksum: 7d07910861c085e48625714ced426c60 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) possui ampla distribuição geográfica e é reponsável por perdas econômicas em várias culturas de importância agrícola ao redor do mundo. As lagartas apresentam grande plasticidade em termos de exigência nutricional e, devido à polifagia, se adaptam a diversos hospedeiros, com valores nutricionais variados, os quais podem afetar seu desenvolvimento biológico. Considerando a recente introdução do inseto no Brasil (2013), aliada à falta de consenso sobre a origem das populações a campo, dificuldades no estabelecimento de criações massais, bem como a necessidade de maior entendimento sobre sua interação com os hospedeiros em nosso país, este estudo teve como objetivos: disponibilizar uma dieta padronizada para criações de H. armigera em laboratório (25±2°C, 70±10% U.R. e 14h de fotofase), caracterizar molecularmente três populações, de São Paulo, Bahia e Distrito Federal, avaliar o desempenho biológico e o potencial biótico de indivíduos provenientes de diferentes populações em dieta artificial e investigar a performance de H. armigera em estruturas vegetativas e reprodutivas de algodão, milho e soja. As análises moleculares mostraram similaridade elevada entre indivíduos das três populações, indicando uma origem única para H. armigera no Brasil. O método de criação, bem como os índices nutricionais da dieta artificial oferecida se revelaram adequados para o inseto. A viabilidade média das fases larval e pré-pupal foi semelhante nas três populações. A duração média em dias das pupas fêmeas de seis instares foi de 11,4; 11,6 e 12,0 dias, para as populações de SP, DF e BA, respectivamente. As fêmeas de São Paulo apresentaram a maior média de peso pupal. A progênie proveniente de algodão (BA) apresentou maior potencial biótico, maior taxa reprodutiva e melhor fecundidade em relação aos insetos das outras regiões. Nos tecidos vegetativos e reprodutivos de soja, milho e algodão, os índices de viabilidade larval variaram de 22% a 55%, enquanto que na dieta artificial a viabilidade foi de 62%. Na comparação com as dietas naturais, a dieta artificial se revelou como o substrato mais adequado ao desenvolvimento de H. armigera, no entanto, não se deve descartar a variabilidade na composição nutricional dos hospedeiros naturais a campo, bem como a oferta mista a partir de diferentes partes da planta ou migração entre espécies vegetais durante a fase larval do inseto. / Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) has a wide geographical distribution and contributes to economic losses in several crops of agricultural importance around the world. The larvae present great plasticity in terms of nutritional requirement and, due to polyphagia, they adapt to several hosts with varied nutritional values which may affect their biological development. Taking into account the recent introduction of these insects in Brazil (2013), along with the lack of consensus on the origin of their populations in the field, as well as the difficulties in establishing mass creations, and the need for greater understanding of their interaction with the hosts in our country, this study had as its objectives: to provide a standardized diet for laboratory H. armigera (25±2°C, 70±10% R.H., and 14h of phototophase); to molecularly characterize three populations from São Paulo (SP), Bahia (BA), and Distrito Federal (DF); to evaluate the biological performance and biotic potential of individuals from different populations on artificial diet; and to investigate the performance of H. armigera in vegetative and reproductive structures of cotton, corn and soybean. The molecular analyzes showed a high similarity between individuals of the three populations, which indicates a unique origin for H. armigera in Brazil. The breeding method, as well as the nutritional indexes of the artificial diet offered, was adequate for the insects. The mean viability of the larval and prepupal stages was similar in all three populations. The mean duration in days of female pupae of six instars was 11.4; 11.6 and 12.0 days for the populations of SP, DF and BA, respectively. Females from São Paulo had the highest mean pupal weight. Progeny from cotton in BA presented higher biotic potential, higher reproductive rate and better fecundity in relation to the insects from the other regions. In the vegetative and reproductive tissues of soybean, corn and cotton, larval viability ranged from 22% to 55%, while in the artificial diet, viability was 62%. In comparison with natural diets, the artificial diet proved to be the most adequate substrate for the development of H. armigera; however, the variability in the nutritional composition of the natural hosts in the field should not be ruled out, neither the mixed supply from different parts of the plant, nor the migration among plant species during the larval stage of the insect.

Orientador: Claudio José Von Zuben / Banca: Wesley Augusto Conde Godoy / Banca: David Montenegro Lapola / Resumo: No Brasil, dentre os exemplos de moscas-varejeiras que utilizam substratos discretos e efêmeros para alimentação e postura dos ovos, destaca-se a espécie Lucilia cuprina (Wied.), (Diptera: Calliphoridae) que é cosmopolita e importante do ponto de vista médico-veterinário, por ser, em várias regiões, responsável por grande parte dos casos de miíases em animais, principalmente ovinos. Em nosso país, pelo fato de ser eussinantrópica e comumente encontrada em lixo urbano, substratos em decomposição, frutos caídos, néctar de flores e fezes humanas, é vetora em potencial, de enteropatógenos para o homem. O presente trabalho teve por objetivos investigar fenômenos biológicos associados à ecologia populacional de L. cuprina. Foram coletados dados populacionais para seis diferentes densidades larvais desta espécie, implementando processos de modelagem matemática e simulação computacional para investigar o ajuste do modelo proposto aos dados de desenvolvimento larval, considerando parâmetros importantes em ecologia nutricional, atentando principalmente para o período de mais rápido crescimento larval (PMRC). Foram também investigados aspectos demográficos de imaturos e adultos desta espécie sob condições de laboratório. Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo indicam que, o aumento da densidade larval provoca efeitos nos parâmetros bionômicos de L. cuprina, com consequências nos adultos resultantes. Com o aumento da densidade larval, houve decréscimo no peso médio máximo adquirido pelos indivíduos, indicando que a competição larval torna-se cada vez mais acirrada, e o recurso per capita cada vez mais escasso para as larvas, reduzindo assim o tamanho dos indivíduos resultantes, porém com efeitos um pouco diferenciados na mortalidade larval. A mortalidade larval... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In Brazil, Lucilia cuprina (Wied.) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) is one of the blowflies that use discrete and ephemeral substrates to feed and lay eggs. This species is cosmopolitan and has medical and veterinary importance in several regions and responsible for most cases of myiasis in animals, especially sheep. In our country, this eusynanthropic species is commonly found in urban wastes, decomposing substrates, fallen fruit, flower nectar and human feces, and represents a potential vector of pathogens to humans. This work aimed to investigate biological phenomena associated with the population ecology of L. cuprina. Population data were collected for six different larval densities of this species, implementing processes of mathematical modeling and computer simulation to investigate the fit of the model to the data of larval development, considering important parameters in nutritional ecology, paying attention mainly to the period of most rapid larval growth. Demographic aspects of adults and immature of this species under laboratory conditions were also investigated. The results of this study indicated that the increase in larval density caused effects on bionomic parameters of L. cuprina, with consequences to adults. With increasing larval densities, there was a decrease in the maximum average weight gained by the individuals, indicating that the larval competition becomes increasingly intense, and per capita resource becomes more scarce for the larvae, reducing the size of the resulting individuals, but with slightly different effects on larval mortality. The larval mortality and virtually all bionomic parameters of L. cuprina showed a cyclic pattern of variation with increasing densities, differing from the known patterns for Calliphoridae. In the literature, works involving population dynamics of insects typically... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: Fausto Foresti / Banca: Fernando F. Mendonça / Banca: Mário L. Orsi / Banca: Fernanda S. Almeida / Banca: Claudio Oliveira / Resumo: As raias da família Potamotrygonidae são importantes componentes da ictiofauna Neotropical, sendo completamente restritas aos principais sistemas fluviais da América do Sul. Quatro gêneros são relacionados nessa familia: Heliotrygon, Paratrygon, Plesiotrygon e Potamotrygon. Na Bacia do Rio Paraná, as espécies de maior frequência são Potamotrygon motoro e Potamotrygon falkneri. Ambas as espécies ocorriam somente na região do médio Paraná, a jusante de uma importante barreira geográfica natural, as Cachoeiras de Sete-Quedas. Porém, após a construção da Usina Hidrelétrica de Itaipu, muitas espécies antes existentes apenas na parte baixa da bacia hidrográfica, iniciaram um processo de dispersão e colonizaram o Alto Paraná, incluindo as raias, as quais passaram a desempenhar o papel de espécies invasoras. Atualmente, as raias estão estabelecidas até a região de Ilha Solteira-SP (alto Paraná), com possibilidade de já terem atingido pontos mais superiores nesta bacia. Com o objetivo de analisar o processo de invasão e colonização das espécies Potamotrygon motoro e P. falkneri na bacia do Rio Paraná, foram realizados estudos genéticos moleculares utilizando genes mitocondriais e nucleares. O gene Citocromo Oxidase C subunidade I (COI) foi utilizado primeiramente para a identificação molecular das espécies, posteriormente, sequências dos genes ATPase 6/8, Cyt-B e região controle D-loop foram obtidas para análises populacionais. A divergência genética encontrada para o gene COI entre as espécies foi de 2,0%, considerada baixa quando comparada com resultados obtidos em outras espécies de peixes. Nas análises populacionais em P. motoro, a diversidade intra-específica foi baixa para todos os genes, com vários indivíduos compartilhando os mesmos haplótipos. Em P. falkneri, os valores foram semelhantes aos detectados em P. motoro, porém com valores de diferenciação genética elevados mas não significativos... / Abstract: The stingrays Potamotrygonidae family are important components of Neotropical ichthyofauna, being completely restricted to the main river systems of South America four genera are related in that family: Heliotrygon, Paratrygon, and Plesiotrygon Potamotrygon. In Paraná River Basin, the species most frequently are Potamotrygon motoro and Potamotrygon falkneri. Both species occur only in the region of the middle Paraná, downstream of a major natural geographic barrier, the Waterfalls of Seven Falls. However, after the construction of the Itaipu Hydroelectric, many aquatic species colonized the high Paraná, including stingrays, which came to play the role of invasive species. Currently, the lanes are set up in the region Ilha Solteira - SP (high Paraná). Aiming to analyze the process of invasion and colonization of species Potamotrygon motoro and P. falkneri in the Paraná River Basin were carried out molecular genetic studies using mitochondrial and nuclear genes. The gene Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I (COI) was first developed for molecular identification of species. Gene sequences were subsequently ATPase 6/8, Cyt-B and D-loop control region were obtained for population analyzes. The genetic diversity found for the COI gene between species was 2.0%, considered low when compared to results obtained in other species of fish. In population analyzes in P. motoro, diversity intraspecific was very low for all genes with multiple individuals sharing the same haplotype. In P. falkneri values were similar to that detected in P. motoro, although the values of genetic differentiation elevated but not statistically significant. Diantes results mean that the low genetic differentiation detected for both species under study, may be related to the short time of colonization (under 30) or the fact that the marker is not sensitive enough to detect such genetic differences. With this, it was necessary to search for other markers to check more efficiently... / Doutor

Orientador: Fábio Porto Foresti / Coorientador: Paulino Martinez Portela / Banca: Daniela Cristina Ferreira / Banca: Fernanda Simões de Almeida / Banca: Fernando Fernandes Mendonça / Banca: Roberto Ferreira Artoni / Resumo: Astyanax altiparanae, é uma espécie de pequeno porte e de grande interesse econômico. É considerada uma ótima opção para a piscicultura brasileira por suas características biológicas favoráveis ao cultivo e produção. É amplamente distribuída na bacia do Alto rio Paraná, tanto em número de indivíduos, como também em biomassa. Além de comercialmente interessante, A. altiparanae é um excelente modelo para estudos ecológicos, genéticos e evolutivos. Este trabalho teve como objetivos isolar e caracterizar marcadores moleculares microssatélites para A. altiparanae; testar a transferabilidade dos marcadores desenvolvidos em espécies relacionadas; quantificar a variabilidade genética dentro e entre as populações; verificar a possível estruturação genética das populações e averiguar se a estruturação ou a falta dela pode estar relacionada com atividades antrópicas. O isolamento e a caracterização resultaram em 11 locos polimórficos, que foram testados em dez espécies da mesma família. Apenas para as espécies do mesmo gênero, a transferabilidade foi eficaz. Em etapa posterior, foram selecionados oito locos microssatélites para analisar 419 indivíduos de 13 localidades das principais bacias do Alto rio Paraná. As populações de A. altiparanae apresentaram uma elevada variabilidade genética, e as bacias que apresentaram maior diversidade genética foram a do Tietê, seguida do Paranapanema, Ivinhema e Grande, esta última com a menor diversidade genética encontrada. No geral, não foi detectada estruturação genética, e a distribuição das populações foi relacionada com a atividade antrópica que por vários anos vem misturando os estoques, por razões de repovoamento após a construção de hidrelétricas e por liberação indiscriminada de indivíduos em locais distantes de sua origem durante a pesca esportiva, ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Astyanax altiparanae, is a small species and of large economic interest. It is considered a great option for Brazilian fish-farming by its biological characteristics favorable to the cultivation and production. It is widely distributed in the the Upper Paraná River basin, both in number of individuals, as well as biomass. In addition to commercially interesting A. altiparanae is an excellent model for ecological, genetic and evolutionary studies. This study aimed to isolate and characterize microsatellite markers for A. altiparanae, test the transferability of the markers developed in related species, to quantify the genetic variability within and among populations; verify the possible genetic structure of populations and determine whether the structure or the lack of it may be related to anthropic activities. The isolation and characterization resulted in 11 polymorphic loci, which were tested in 10 species of the same family. Just for the species of the same genus, transferability was effective. In a next step, we selected eight microsatellite loci in the analysis of 419 individuals from 13 localities of the Upper Paraná River main basin. The populations of A. altiparanae showed a high genetic variability in the Upper Paraná River basin, and the basin with the highest genetic diversity were Tietê, then the Paranapanema, Ivinhema, and Grande, the latter one with lower genetic diversity. Overall, it was not detected genetic structure and distribution of populations was related to human activity that for several years has been blending stocks for reasons of restocking after the construction of dams and indiscriminate release of individuals in far places from their origin during sport fishing, widely practiced in the rivers of the Upper Paraná basin. Only populations P3, P4, and G2 showed moderate genetic differentiation, probably because these three locations...(Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Orientador: Márcia Ortiz Mayo Marques / Banca: Maria do Carmo Vieira / Banca: Marcos Nopper Alves / Banca: Alberto José Cavalheiro / Banca: Magnolia Aparecida Silva da Silva / Resumo: A espécie Baccharis dracunculifolia, popularmente conhecida como vassoura ou alecrim-do-campo, é amplamente utilizada na medicina caseira. A infusão de suas folhas é empregada para problemas hepáticos, disfunções estomacais e como anti-inflamatória. Estudos de literatura relatam o uso medicinal e religioso do "alecrim-do-campo" comercializado em mercados e feiras livres no Rio de Janeiro, assim como a utilização das folhas para feridas e o uso dos ramos, em decocto, como antifebril. Este trabalho objetivou a caracterização da composição química do óleo essencial e diversidade genética da Baccharis dracunculifolia D.C. (Asteraceae) nativa do bioma Cerrado. Foram coletados, em media, 30 indivíduos em quatro populações naturais, sendo uma em Botucatu, estado de São Paulo, uma em Delfinópolis, no estado de Minas Gerais e duas em Dourados e Itahum, estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. A composição química do óleo essencial, extraído por hidrodestilação, foi analisada por meio de cromatógrafo a gás acoplado a espectrômetro de massas. As substâncias majoritárias dos acessos coletados foram trans-nerolidol, cis-β-guaieno, germacreno-D, trans-cariofileno, limoneno, α-pineno, β-mirceno, delta-cadineno, β-pineno e espatulenol. Esses componentes perfizeram uma média geral de 80,97% da composição química dos óleos essenciais nas quatro localidades. De acordo com a análise dos resultados a substância trans-nerolidol foi a que mais se destacou dentre os compostos presentes no óleo essencial da B. dracunculifolia em todas as populações. Entretanto, os acessos coletados em Itahum tiveram como componente principal o espatulenol seguido do trans-nerolidol. O estudo da diversidade ... / Abstract: The species Baccharis dracunculifolia, popularly known as "rosemary-of-field", is widely used in folk medicine. The form of infusion of its leaves is used for liver problems, stomach disorders and as anti-inflammatory. Studies have reported the use of medical and religious "rosemary-of-field" sold in markets and fairs in Rio de Janeiro, as well as the use of leaves for wounds and the use of branches as decoction as antipyretic. This study aimed to characterize the chemical composition of essential oils and genetic diversity of native species B. dracunculifolia DC (Asteraceae) in the Cerrado biome. Were collected, on average, 30 individuals from four natural populations, one in Botucatu, in the state of São Paulo, a city of Delfinópolis in the state of Minas Gerais and two in Dourados and Itahum, state of Mato Grosso do Sul. The chemical composition of essential oil extracted by hydrodistillation, was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometer. The majority of accessions collected substances were trans-nerolidol, cis-β-guaieno, germacrene-D, trans-caryophyllene, limonene, α-pinene, β-myrcene, delta-cadinene, β-pinene and spathulenol. These components amounted to an overall average of 80.97% of the chemical composition of essential oils in four locations. According to the analysis results of the substance trans-nerolidol was the most outstanding among which the present compounds in the essential oil of the species B. dracunculifolia in all populations. However, the accessions were collected in Itahum spathulenol as major components followed by the trans-nerolidol. The study of genetic diversity was performed by analyzing the DNA polymorphism using microsatellite markers. Five microsatellite loci were tested for the species revealed 48 alleles for the four populations ... / Doutor

Orientador: Fábio Porto-Foresti / Banca: Fernanda Simões de Almeida / Banca: Daniel Cardoso de Carvalho / Resumo: O rio Sapucaí-Mirim, tributário da bacia do Alto Paraná apresenta grande diversidade de peixes neotropicais, em termo de riqueza de espécies. Paradoxalmente, a região que compreende a bacia do rio Paraná e alto Paraná apresenta uma grande interferência antrópica devido principalmente a construção de centrais hidrelétricas. Centrais hidrelétricas podem ser classificadas em Usinas Hidrelétricas (UHE) e Pequenas Centrais Hidrelétricas (PCH), de acordo com a capacidade de gerar energia. As PCHs são colocadas por vários autores como uma das alternativas de menor interferência, por apresentarem um tamanho reduzido, sendo construídas para suprir a demanda energética de pequenos centros urbanos e rurais. No entanto, a construção de diversas PCHs somada a construções de UHE causam uma fragmentação ainda maior nos ambientes aquáticos, ocasionando a interrupção do fluxo dos rios, este evento tem se mostrado prejudicial para várias espécies de peixes, principalmente as espécies migradoras. Estas espécies têm a necessidade de movimentar-se rio acima para fins tróficos e reprodutivos uma vez ao ano, com a construção de barramentos estas encontram dificuldades para completar seu ciclo de vida. Diversos estudos apontam esse bloqueio como principal fator na redução populacional destas espécies, alertando para necessidade de ações conservacionistas, a fim de manter os estoques pesqueiros que além de apresentarem importância ecológica nos ambientes aquáticos são de grande importância na pesca comercial e de subsistência. Há diversas ações tomadas para mitigar a redução populacional destas espécies, no entanto, no Brasil, estas ações são realizadas sem informações científicas, ocorrendo de forma equivocada, especialmente em práticas de repovoamento, onde alevinos são liberados na natureza sem nenhum conhecimento prévio biológico e genético. Práticas mitigadoras realizadas sem respaldo .... / Abstract: The Sapucaí-Mirim River, tributary of Alto Paraná basin presents great diversity of Neotropical fishes in terms of richness of species. Nevertheless, the region which encompasses the Paraná and Alto Paraná basins presents a great anthropic interference especially due to the construction of hydroelectric plants, these constructions can be classified as to its capacity to generate energy, in Hydroelectric plants and Small Hydroelectric Plants (SHP). The SHP are considered by several authors as one of the alternatives with less interference, due to its small size, this kind of hydroelectric are constructed to feed the energetic demand of small urban and rural centers. However, the constructions of SHPs together with hydroelectric plants constructions causes an even bigger fragmentation in the aquatic environments , which results in the interruption of rivers flow, this event has been shown as very harmful to fishes species specially the migratory species. Once a year these species move upstream to feed and reproduce, due to dams constructions migratory fishes species have difficulties to complete their life cycle. Several studies indicates the dams as a principal factor in the reduction of migratory species population , warning to necessity of conservationist actions, aiming to maintain the fisheries stocks that represent a fisheries and ecological importance in the aquatic environments. Many actions are employed aiming to minimize the reduction of migratory species population, however, in Brazil these actions are performed without scientific support, occurring in a wrongful manner, specially the restocking, where the fishes are released into the wild without any prior biological and genetic knowledge. Mitigation practices performed without scientific support may endanger the wild stocking. The development of genetics technologies has been proven of extremely importance to assist in the ecology and conservationist biology, through ... / Mestre

Orientador: Claudio de Oliveira / Coorientador: Jonathan Stuart Ready / Banca: Anderson Luis Alves / Banca: Luiz Henrique Garcia Pereira / Banca: Guilherme José da Costa / Banca: Ricardo Cardoso Benine / Resumo: Introduction: Prematurity is the leading cause of neonatal mortality and serious neonatal morbidity worldwide and the risk is inversely proportional to gestational age at birth. Several studies demonstrate the role of innate immune response and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in normal and complicated pregnancies, however most studies have focused on the tissues of the maternal-fetal interface. Research of the expression of TLRs in gestational tissues is of great importance for understanding the involvement of innate immunity in normal pregnancies and adverse pregnancy outcomes, but the analysis of these tissues allows for results only after the complete resolution of gestation. In this scenario, a potential biological sample of interest for analysis of TLRs in the ongoing gestation are maternal peripheral blood cells, since they play a crucial role in the immune system and express high levels of many of the TLRs. Main: Evaluate the profile of gene expression of TLR-1, -2, -4 and -6 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) and compare these expressions between preterm and term pregnancies. Materials and methods: 119 normal pregnant women were included in the study, subdivided into three groups according to the gestational trimester. In addition, 20 pregnant women in preterm labor and 18 pregnant women at term were evaluated. Gene expression analysis was performed by real-time PCR and protein expression evaluation by flow cytometry. Statistical analyses were performed using the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests by SigmaStat 3.1 software. Results: Regarding PBMCs, there were no significant differences in gene and protein expressions of TLR-1, TLR-2, TLR-4 and TLR-6 among the trimesters. The same was observed when comparing PBMCs of preterm and term pregnancies. In relation to neutrophils, gene and protein expressions of TLR-1, TLR-2, TLR-4 and TLR-6 remained unchanged throughout normal... / Abstract: Introduction: Prematurity is the leading cause of neonatal mortality and serious neonatal morbidity worldwide and the risk is inversely proportional to gestational age at birth. Several studies demonstrate the role of innate immune response and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in normal and complicated pregnancies, however most studies have focused on the tissues of the maternal-fetal interface. Research of the expression of TLRs in gestational tissues is of great importance for understanding the involvement of innate immunity in normal pregnancies and adverse pregnancy outcomes, but the analysis of these tissues allows for results only after the complete resolution of gestation. In this scenario, a potential biological sample of interest for analysis of TLRs in the ongoing gestation are maternal peripheral blood cells, since they play a crucial role in the immune system and express high levels of many of the TLRs. Main: Evaluate the profile of gene expression of TLR-1, -2, -4 and -6 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) and compare these expressions between preterm and term pregnancies. Materials and methods: 119 normal pregnant women were included in the study, subdivided into three groups according to the gestational trimester. In addition, 20 pregnant women in preterm labor and 18 pregnant women at term were evaluated. Gene expression analysis was performed by real-time PCR and protein expression evaluation by flow cytometry. Statistical analyses were performed using the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests by SigmaStat 3.1 software. Results: Regarding PBMCs, there were no significant differences in gene and protein expressions of TLR-1, TLR-2, TLR-4 and TLR-6 among the trimesters. The same was observed when comparing PBMCs of preterm and term pregnancies. In relation to neutrophils, gene and protein expressions of TLR-1, TLR-2, TLR-4 and TLR-6 remained unchanged throughout normal ... / Doutor