Opening food packages without additional aids is a common problem, which especially affects elder people. A study carried out at the Professorship of Human Factors and Ergonomics shows results of opening successes at a variety of packages. Opening a jar of gherkins proved to be a challenging task for the majority of the test persons. Further examples of badly designed packages as well as good solutions are introduced.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T12:51:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 karinakellyborges_dissert.pdf: 614135 bytes, checksum: 755b93eae01de9ae70e6434d7cd35f94 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-07-19 / Epilepsy is a chronic disorder that affects the quality of life, especially in it?s critical periods, when the disease disadvantage life?s cultural, personal and social aspects as well as family relationships. This study analyzed the quality of life in epileptic patients (QV) related to different issues: social, physical and emotional, all of them correlated to the disease and individual variables: the perception of seizure control. Patients from the outpatient?s clinic of Hospital de Base and those identified in the community of S?o Jos? do Rio Preto were compared. 165 patients diagnosed with epilepsy were evaluated by Quality of Life 65 Questionnaire (QQV-65). 87 female and 78 male, from the ambulatory service of Hospital de Base (N=105) and patients from the community (N=-60) of S?o Jos? do Rio Preto city. Their ages ranged between 18 and 75 years old (mean = 41.28; standard deviation = 13.26). The study showed significant associations between age and final quality of life (p-value = 0.003) as well as education and final quality of life (p-value = 0.001). There was significant relation between perception and seizure control and all the aspects of QV: total range of QV (value p - p=0.000), health (value - p=0.000), physical aspects (value - p=0.000), social aspects (value - p=0.003), locus of control (value - p=0.000), self-concept (valor - p=0.025), emotional aspects (valor - p=0.000) and cognitive aspects (value - p=0.009). There was no correlation between patients' origin (ambulatory or outpatients? clinic) and the final quality of life and its aspects (health, physical, cognitive, emotional, self-concept and locus of control). / A epilepsia ? uma desordem cr?nica que prejudica a qualidade de vida, especialmente nos per?odos cr?ticos, influenciando os aspectos pessoais, relacionamento familiar, sociais e culturais. Objetivo: Este estudo analisou a qualidade de vida (QV) dos pacientes com epilepsia relacionando-a a diferentes fatores: social, f?sico e emocional as vari?veis da doen?a e ? vari?vel do sujeito: percep??o de controle de crises, comparando pacientes do ambulat?rio do Hospital de Base e pacientes da popula??o da cidade de S?o Jose do Rio Preto. Casu?stica e M?todo: Foram avaliados 165 sujeitos com diagn?stico de epilepsia, por meio do Question?rio de Qualidade de Vida 65 (QQV-65). Resultados: A amostra constou de 87 do sexo feminino e 78 do sexo masculino, pertencentes ao ambulat?rio do Hospital de Base (N=105) e pacientes populacionais (N=60) da cidade de S?o Jose do Rio Preto. A idade geral dos sujeitos variou entre 18 e 75 anos (M=41,28; DP= 13,26). O estudo mostrou associa??o significativa entre idade e QV final (valor - p= 0,003) e escolaridade e QV final (valor - p=0,001). Houve rela??o significativa entre a percep??o de controle de crises e todos os aspectos de QV: pontua??o total de QV (valor p - p=0,000), sa?de (valor - p=0,000), aspectos f?sicos (valor - p=0,000), aspectos sociais (valor - p=0,003), l?cus de controle (valor - p=0,000), auto-conceito (valor - p=0,025), aspectos emocionais (valor - p=0,000) e aspectos cognitivos (valor - p=0,009). Conclus?o: N?o houve correla??o entre a origem dos pacientes do ambulat?rio ou de postos de sa?de) e a QV final e seus aspectos (sa?de, f?sico, cognitivo, emocional, auto-controle e l?cus de controle).

<p>A total population of 4,479 children (7-15 years of age) attended school in Ludvika & Smedjebacken in 2000. All the school children and their parents were asked to fill in a questionnaire concerning different tics A three-stage procedure was used: tic identification, interview, and clinical assessment.</p><p>Tourette syndrome, according to DSM IV criteria was found in 25 (0.6%) of the children, another 34 (0.8%) suffered from chronic motor tics (CMT), 24 (0.4%) from chronic vocal tics (CVT) and 214 (4.8%) children had had transient tics (TT) during the last year. Altogether 297 (6.6%) children had or had had some tic disorder. </p><p>Twenty-five controls without tics and 25 children with TT of the same age, sex and school as the TS children were randomly chosen. They were together with the 34 children with CMT and the 24 children with CVT examined with use of a broad battery of instruments. </p><p>The mean age of the first symptoms of TS was significantly lower than the onset of chronic motor/vocal tics. A younger age of onset of TS indicated more severe tics. Eighty per cent had a first-degree relative with a psychiatric disorder such as tic disorder, obsessive-compulsive behaviour, attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or depression. A non-significant increase with regard to reduced optimality score in the pre-, peri-, or neonatal periods was found in children with TS compared to controls. No differences were found concerning socio-economic status. Psychiatric comorbid disorders were found in 92% of the children with TS. ADHD was most common. Patterns of psychiatric comorbidity were similar in children with TS and CVT. Children with TS perform poorer than the population in general with respect to cognitive functioning and self-perception.</p><p>The results are discussed as they relate to the need for case identification, diagnosis, intervention, and treatment. </p>

A total population of 4,479 children (7-15 years of age) attended school in Ludvika &amp; Smedjebacken in 2000. All the school children and their parents were asked to fill in a questionnaire concerning different tics A three-stage procedure was used: tic identification, interview, and clinical assessment. Tourette syndrome, according to DSM IV criteria was found in 25 (0.6%) of the children, another 34 (0.8%) suffered from chronic motor tics (CMT), 24 (0.4%) from chronic vocal tics (CVT) and 214 (4.8%) children had had transient tics (TT) during the last year. Altogether 297 (6.6%) children had or had had some tic disorder. Twenty-five controls without tics and 25 children with TT of the same age, sex and school as the TS children were randomly chosen. They were together with the 34 children with CMT and the 24 children with CVT examined with use of a broad battery of instruments. The mean age of the first symptoms of TS was significantly lower than the onset of chronic motor/vocal tics. A younger age of onset of TS indicated more severe tics. Eighty per cent had a first-degree relative with a psychiatric disorder such as tic disorder, obsessive-compulsive behaviour, attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or depression. A non-significant increase with regard to reduced optimality score in the pre-, peri-, or neonatal periods was found in children with TS compared to controls. No differences were found concerning socio-economic status. Psychiatric comorbid disorders were found in 92% of the children with TS. ADHD was most common. Patterns of psychiatric comorbidity were similar in children with TS and CVT. Children with TS perform poorer than the population in general with respect to cognitive functioning and self-perception. The results are discussed as they relate to the need for case identification, diagnosis, intervention, and treatment.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / As doenças cardiovasculares possuem a maior taxa de óbitos no mundo, e notavelmente nos últimos anos as pesquisas genéticas sobre as mesmas estão baseadas em estudos de associação, no qual o gene suspeito que esteja em maior frequência entre os pacientes passa a ser considerado um possível fator causal. Os polimorfismos genéticos que ocorrem no receptor beta-adrenérgico podem resultar em mudanças significativas na função do receptor, podendo acarretar fisiopatologias. Neste trabalho, o objetivo foi estimar a diversidade e a frequência do polimorfismo Ser49Gly do gene do receptor beta-adrenérgico 1 a partir de uma amostra de 188 indivíduos da população do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. As frequências também foram analisadas a partir da estratificação da amostra por critério fenotípico em função do padrão de cor da pele em (negros e não negros) ou ancestralidade genética em (afrodescendente e não afrodescendente), definida através da informação dos marcadores de ancestralidade Indels e SNP de cromossomo Y, para avaliar se os padrões de ancestralidade ou cor da pele são fundamentais para a diferenciação e distanciamento genético. Fragmentos de interesse foram amplificados por PCR (reação de cadeia de polimerase) com primers específicos para o marcador Ser49Gly e as reações de genotipagem foram realizadas com enzimas de restrição Eco0109I. Os valores da heterozigosidade variaram entre 0,25-0,50 e 0,20-0,41 nos grupos estratificados por ancestralidade e cor da pele, respectivamente. No que diz respeito à análise do equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg, não houve um desvio significativo na distribuição do marcador nas amostras gerais do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, ou mesmo nas amostras estratificadas. A distribuição dos alelos na amostra dos 188 indivíduos da população geral do Rio de Janeiro (AC_RJ) mostrou uma frequência de 80,30% e 19,70% para o alelo selvagem e mutado Ser49Gly, respectivamente. A comparação das análises sobre a distribuição das frequências alélicas para este marcador mostrou a ocorrência de diferenças significativas na distribuição das frequências alélicas entre negros e não negros e afrodescendentes e não afrodescendentes. A diferença significativa observada entre os negros e afrodescendentes, foi em menor grau de distanciamento. A informação obtida em relação à ancestralidade foi crucial para a obtenção dos dados sobre o aumento da variável mutada do polimorfismo Ser49Gly nas populações negras e afrodescendentes do Estado Rio de Janeiro. Tal evidência, em combinação com estudos clínicos podem contribuir para uma análise pormenorizada do padrão de susceptibilidade à doença em questão, em falhas do mecanismo deste receptor. / Cardiovascular diseases have the highest death rate in the world, and notably in recent years genetic research about them are based on association studies, in which the gene suspected to be at a higher frequency among patients is now considered a possible causal factor. Genetic polymorphisms that occur in the beta adrenergic receptor can result in significant changes in the receptor function that may trigger physiopathologies. The main aim of this study was to estimate the diversity and the frequency of Ser49Gly polymorphism of &#914;eta adrenergic 1 receptor gene in a sample of 188 individuals of the population of Rio de Janeiro. The frequencies were also analyzed from the sample stratification by phenotypic criteria due to skin color pattern (blacks and non-blacks) or by genetic ancestry (African descent and non-African descent), defined by ancestry information SNP and Indels markers from Y chromosome, to evaluate whether the ancestry criteria and/or skin color are crucial to the pattern of differentiation and genetic distance. Fragments of interest were amplified by PCR (polymerase chain reaction) with specific primers for the marker Ser49Gly and genotyping reactions performed by restriction with the enzyme Eco0109I. The values of heterozygosity ranged from 0.25 to 0.50 and 0.20 to 0.41 in the groups stratified by ancestry and skin color, respectively. Regarding the analysis of EHW, there was no significant deviation from this marker genotype distribution in Rio de Janeiro sample or even the stratified sample. The distribution of alleles in the sample of 188 individuals from the general population of Rio de Janeiro (AC_RJ) shows a frequency of 80.30% and 19.70% for the wild-type allele mutated Ser49 and Gly49, respectively. The comparison analysis showed the occurrence of significant differences in the distribution of allele frequencies of this marker between blacks and non-blacks and African descent and non-African descent. A significant difference was also observed between blacks and African descent, with a lesser degree of detachment. The information obtained in relation to ancestry was crucial for obtaining data on the increase in variable mutated polymorphism Ser49Gly in the black populations and African descent in Rio de Janeiro State. Such evidence, in combination with clinical studies may contribute to a detailed analysis of the pattern of susceptibility to disease involved in mechanism crashes of this receptor.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / As doenças cardiovasculares possuem a maior taxa de óbitos no mundo, e notavelmente nos últimos anos as pesquisas genéticas sobre as mesmas estão baseadas em estudos de associação, no qual o gene suspeito que esteja em maior frequência entre os pacientes passa a ser considerado um possível fator causal. Os polimorfismos genéticos que ocorrem no receptor beta-adrenérgico podem resultar em mudanças significativas na função do receptor, podendo acarretar fisiopatologias. Neste trabalho, o objetivo foi estimar a diversidade e a frequência do polimorfismo Ser49Gly do gene do receptor beta-adrenérgico 1 a partir de uma amostra de 188 indivíduos da população do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. As frequências também foram analisadas a partir da estratificação da amostra por critério fenotípico em função do padrão de cor da pele em (negros e não negros) ou ancestralidade genética em (afrodescendente e não afrodescendente), definida através da informação dos marcadores de ancestralidade Indels e SNP de cromossomo Y, para avaliar se os padrões de ancestralidade ou cor da pele são fundamentais para a diferenciação e distanciamento genético. Fragmentos de interesse foram amplificados por PCR (reação de cadeia de polimerase) com primers específicos para o marcador Ser49Gly e as reações de genotipagem foram realizadas com enzimas de restrição Eco0109I. Os valores da heterozigosidade variaram entre 0,25-0,50 e 0,20-0,41 nos grupos estratificados por ancestralidade e cor da pele, respectivamente. No que diz respeito à análise do equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg, não houve um desvio significativo na distribuição do marcador nas amostras gerais do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, ou mesmo nas amostras estratificadas. A distribuição dos alelos na amostra dos 188 indivíduos da população geral do Rio de Janeiro (AC_RJ) mostrou uma frequência de 80,30% e 19,70% para o alelo selvagem e mutado Ser49Gly, respectivamente. A comparação das análises sobre a distribuição das frequências alélicas para este marcador mostrou a ocorrência de diferenças significativas na distribuição das frequências alélicas entre negros e não negros e afrodescendentes e não afrodescendentes. A diferença significativa observada entre os negros e afrodescendentes, foi em menor grau de distanciamento. A informação obtida em relação à ancestralidade foi crucial para a obtenção dos dados sobre o aumento da variável mutada do polimorfismo Ser49Gly nas populações negras e afrodescendentes do Estado Rio de Janeiro. Tal evidência, em combinação com estudos clínicos podem contribuir para uma análise pormenorizada do padrão de susceptibilidade à doença em questão, em falhas do mecanismo deste receptor. / Cardiovascular diseases have the highest death rate in the world, and notably in recent years genetic research about them are based on association studies, in which the gene suspected to be at a higher frequency among patients is now considered a possible causal factor. Genetic polymorphisms that occur in the beta adrenergic receptor can result in significant changes in the receptor function that may trigger physiopathologies. The main aim of this study was to estimate the diversity and the frequency of Ser49Gly polymorphism of &#914;eta adrenergic 1 receptor gene in a sample of 188 individuals of the population of Rio de Janeiro. The frequencies were also analyzed from the sample stratification by phenotypic criteria due to skin color pattern (blacks and non-blacks) or by genetic ancestry (African descent and non-African descent), defined by ancestry information SNP and Indels markers from Y chromosome, to evaluate whether the ancestry criteria and/or skin color are crucial to the pattern of differentiation and genetic distance. Fragments of interest were amplified by PCR (polymerase chain reaction) with specific primers for the marker Ser49Gly and genotyping reactions performed by restriction with the enzyme Eco0109I. The values of heterozygosity ranged from 0.25 to 0.50 and 0.20 to 0.41 in the groups stratified by ancestry and skin color, respectively. Regarding the analysis of EHW, there was no significant deviation from this marker genotype distribution in Rio de Janeiro sample or even the stratified sample. The distribution of alleles in the sample of 188 individuals from the general population of Rio de Janeiro (AC_RJ) shows a frequency of 80.30% and 19.70% for the wild-type allele mutated Ser49 and Gly49, respectively. The comparison analysis showed the occurrence of significant differences in the distribution of allele frequencies of this marker between blacks and non-blacks and African descent and non-African descent. A significant difference was also observed between blacks and African descent, with a lesser degree of detachment. The information obtained in relation to ancestry was crucial for obtaining data on the increase in variable mutated polymorphism Ser49Gly in the black populations and African descent in Rio de Janeiro State. Such evidence, in combination with clinical studies may contribute to a detailed analysis of the pattern of susceptibility to disease involved in mechanism crashes of this receptor.

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-06-29T13:51:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 camilanardydelgado.pdf: 2878569 bytes, checksum: 01348a6b4341b7dfc61de3398541bd78 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-07-03T14:25:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 camilanardydelgado.pdf: 2878569 bytes, checksum: 01348a6b4341b7dfc61de3398541bd78 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-03T14:25:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 camilanardydelgado.pdf: 2878569 bytes, checksum: 01348a6b4341b7dfc61de3398541bd78 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-19 / As interações ecológicas são de extrema importância para todo ecossistema, as relações entre plantas e polinizadores possuem um papel estruturador para os sistemas naturais e agrícolas. A fase reprodutiva é um momento marcante na vida de qualquer organismo, influenciado pelas condições bióticas e abióticas, que desenha as características reprodutivas. Desta forma, a distribuição das espécies está altamente relacionada com os mecanismos de dispersão e condições do local para determinar a densidade e a alta diversidade de espécies, que encontramos no planeta. Além disso, muitas vezes o impacto antrópico é um fator marcante em toda essa relação. Orchidaceae é uma família cosmopolita encontrada em quase todos os continentes da Terra, exceto na Antártida, com cerca de 24500 espécies. No Brasil o domínio da Floresta Atlântica se destaca em número de espécies, chegando a 50% de todas as espécies encontradas no país. Laeliinae é a terceira maior subtribo de Orchidaceae, com cerca de 2080 espécies exclusivamente distribuídas na Região Neotropical, sendo muitas vezes desejadas por colecionadores devido à imensa diversidade morfológica e cromática de suas flores. Hadrolaelia coccinea (Lindl.) Chiron & V.P.Castro ocorre nas regiões Sul e Sudeste do Brasil, sendo endêmica do domínio Atlântico. As flores têm como característica principal sua coloração vermelho intenso, tendo grande apelo ornamental. No Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca esta espécie possui um histórico de coleta predatória, onde uma subpopulação está extinta no local. Deste modo, foi realizado um estudo avaliando aspectos da biologia reprodutiva, distribuição espacial e impacto antrópico no intuito de avaliar a situação da espécie no referido parque. No primeiro capítulo foi realizado um estudo de biologia reprodutiva avaliando fenologia, ocorrência de possíveis polinizadores, aspectos da biologia floral, sistema de cruzamentos, e sementes viáveis de frutos provenientes da polinização natural, através do teste do tetrazólio. O sistema de floração encontrado é anual com duração intermediária, como principal estratégia GFD – Generalized Food Deception, por não oferecer recompensa floral para seu polinizador, enganando-o pela semelhança cromática com outra espécie, a qual compartilha características morfológicas e que oferta néctar. Pelas características florais, o mecanismo de polinização é “Key-hole flower” tendo o beija-flor como potencial polinizador. Apresenta um sistema autocompatível e alogâmico, com a polinização cruzada como via de regra, visto que existe a presença de uma barreira física que evita a autopolinização. Por conseqüência, apresenta baixa taxa de frutificação, mas com elevado número de sementes. No segundo capítulo foi avaliada a distribuição espacial de H. coccinea através de transectos de 200 x 8 m distribuídos no interior e borda da nanofloresta nebular, na transição com o arbustal nebular. Sua distribuição espacial foi avaliada através do Índice Morisita (IM) e da Razão da Variância/Média (R). Os indivíduos nos dois ambientes foram contabilizados em grupos de jovens e adultos, registrando-se os forófitos. A significância estatística dos testes foi comparada pelo teste t. A correlação da circunferência do tronco com a abundância de indivíduos de H. coccinea foi feita através de uma regressão linear. Os resultados mostraram um padrão de distribuição agregada, com diferença de abundância entre os ambientes de interior e borda da nanofloresta nebular, mas a densidade de indivíduos jovens e adultos não teve diferença significativa. Há preferência por uma espécie de forófito, Eremanthus erythropappus (DC.) MacLeish (Asteraceae), popularmente chamada de candeia, com o CAP apresentando uma pequena influência na densidade de indivíduos nos forófitos. No terceiro capítulo foi avaliado o impacto antrópico sobre H. coccinea pela atividade de turistas, através do estabelecimento de quatro transectos de 200 x 8 m em dois ambientes, onde a passagem dos turistas não é permitia (ST) e em que a passagem é permitida (T), e registrada a abundância de indivíduos nos forófitos. A significância estatística foi realizada pelo teste Mann-Whitney. A subpopulação onde a passagem dos turistas é permitida está com uma baixa taxa de indivíduos, contrapondo o que ocorre no ambiente em que a passagem de turistas não é permitida (ST), apresentando uma subpopulação com elevado número de indivíduos. / Ecological interactions are of extreme importance to every ecosystem, once the relationships between plants and pollinators have a structuring role for natural and agricultural systems. The reproductive phase is a defining moment in the lifecycle of any organism, influenced by the biotic and abiotic conditions, that draws the reproductive characteristics. In this way the distribution of the species is highly related to the mechanisms of dispersion and conditions of the place to determine the density and the high diversity of species that we find in the planet. Furthermore, often the anthropogenic impact is a striking factor in this whole relationship. Orchidaceae is a cosmopolitan family found in almost all continents of the Earth, except in Antarctica, with about 24500 species. In Brazil the domain of the Atlantic Forest stands out in number of species, reaching 50% of all species found in the country. Laeliinae is the third largest subtribe of Orchidaceae, with about 2080 species exclusively distributed in the Neotropical Region, being often desired by collectors due to the morphological and chromatic diversity of their flowers. Hadrolaelia coccinea (Lindl.) Chiron & V.P.Castro occurs in the South and Southeast regions of Brazil, being endemic to the Atlantic Domain. The flowers are main characteristic is its intense red color, with great ornamental appeal. In the Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca this species has a predatory collection history, where a subpopulation is extinct in the place. In this way, a study was carried out evaluating aspects of the reproductive biology, spatial distribution and anthropogenic impact in order to evaluate the situation of the species in said park. In the first chapter the study of biology reproductive was fullfiled assessing phenology, possible pollinators, aspects of floral biology, crossing systems and viable sees of natural pollinations, through the tretazolium test. The system is described annual - flowering patterns, with main strategy - GFD – Generalized Food Deception, for not offering floral reward for its pollinator, deceiving him through the another species with which she shares morphological characteristics and which offer nectar. By the floral characteristics the mechanism of pollination is "Key- hole flower" having the hummingbird as a potential pollinator. It presents a self- compatible and allogamic system, with cross-pollination as a rule, since there is the presence of a physical barrier that avoids self-pollination. Consequently, it presents a low fruiting rate, but with a high number of seeds. In the second chapter was evaluated the spatial distribution through of four transects of 200 x 8 m distributed inside and border of dwarf cloud forest, in transition cloud shrub. Your spatial distribution was evaluates through os Índice Morisita (IM) Variance/Avarage rate (R). The individuals in the both environment were accounted in groups of youth and adults, registering the forophytes. The statistical significance of test was compared by test t. The correlation of circumference of the trunks with the abundance of individuals of H. coccinea was done through of a linear regression. The results showed an aggregate distribution pattern, with differences of abundance between the interior and border environments of the dwarf cloud forest, but the density of young and mature individuals did not have significant difference. There is a preference for a species of phorophyte, Eremanthus erythropappus (DC.) MacLeish (Asteraceae), popularly called candeia, with CAP having a small influence on the density of individuals on the phorophytes. In the third chapter we evaluated the anthropogenic impact on H. coccinea in areas where the circulation of tourists, through the establishment of four transects of 200 x 8 m in two environment, at where tourists pass are allowed (T) and circulation is not allowed (ST), and registrer the abundance of individuals in the forophytes. The statistical significance was fulfill of Mann-Whitney. The subpopulation of T presents a low rate of individuals, opposing what occurs in the environment ST, which presents a subpopulation with high number of individuals.

L’IRM de diffusion (IRMd) est une modalité d’imagerie médicale in vivo qui suscite un intérêt croissant dans la communauté de neuro-imagerie. L’information sur l’intra-structure des tissus cérébraux est apportée en complément des informations de structure issues de l’IRM structurelle (IRMs). Ces modalités d’imagerie ouvrent ainsi une nouvelle voie pour l’analyse de population et notamment pour l’étude de la maturation cérébrale humaine normale in utero. La modélisation et la caractérisation des changements rapides intervenant au cours de la maturation cérébrale est un défi actuel. Dans ce but, ce mémoire de thèse présente une chaîne de traitement complète de la modélisation spatio-temporelle de la population à l’analyse des changements de forme au cours du temps. Les contributions se répartissent sur trois points. Tout d’abord, l’utilisation de filtre à particules étendus aux modèles d’ordre supérieurs pour la tractographie a permis d’extraire des descripteurs plus pertinents chez le foetus, utilisés ensuite pour estimer les transformations géométriques entre images. Ensuite, l’emploi d’une technique de régression non-paramétrique a permis de modéliser l’évolution temporelle moyenne du cerveau foetal sans imposer d’à priori. Enfin, les changements de forme sont mis en évidence au moyen de méthodes d’extraction et de sélection de caractéristiques. / Diffusion weighted MRI (dMRI) is an in vivo imaging modality which raises a great interest in the neuro-imaging community. The intra-structural information of cerebral tissues is provided in addition to the morphological information from structural MRI (sMRI). These imaging modalities bring a new path for population studies, especially for the study in utero of the normal humanbrain maturation. The modeling and the characterization of rapid changes in the brain maturation is an actual challenge. For these purposes, this thesis memoir present a complete processing pipeline from the spatio-temporal modeling of the population to the changes analyze against the time. The contributions are about three points. First, the use of high order diffusion models within a particle filtering framework allows to extract more relevant descriptors of the fetal brain, which are then used for image registration. Then, a non-parametric regression technique was used to model the temporal mean evolution of the fetal brain without enforce a prior knowledge. Finally, the shape changes are highlighted using features extraction and selection methods.

Abstract Personality disorders (PDs) are relatively common mental disorders associating with other psychiatric disorders and disability. The aim of the study was to determine the occurrence of PDs in a general population subsample and psychiatric hospital patients, the associations of PDs with childhood family structure, the co-occurrence of PD with common psychiatric disorders, and the associations between PDs and temperament. The study is part of the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort Project (NFBC 1966), consisting of cohort members living in Oulu (N = 1,609) on 1st January 1997 (the Oulu Study). The study consisted of a two-stage psychiatric field survey with questionnaires and a structured clinical interview and analysis of the patient records in public outpatient care. Information concerning psychiatric illness of all cohort members (N = 12,058) was gathered from the Finnish Hospital Discharge register (FHDR). The best-estimate procedure was used for the assessment of psychiatric morbidity including PDs. Childhood family structure and other sociodemographic variables were drawn from questionnaires of the field study conducted during earlier follow-up studies. In this study PDs were classified into three clusters: Cluster A (paranoid, schizoid and schizotypal PD), Cluster B (antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic PD), and Cluster C (avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive, and passive-aggressive PD). The most common PDs in the Oulu Study sample were Cluster C PDs, whereas Cluster B PDs were most common in the hospital-treated sample. PDs were highly associated with mood, anxiety and substance use disorders. Single-parent family type in childhood was associated with PDs, especially Cluster B PDs in adulthood. PD clusters were associated with different profiles of temperament, but the temperament dimensions could not distinguish different PDs very well. These results indicated that it is important to recognize PDs and their comorbid psychiatric disorders. This will have implications in both general outpatient care and psychiatry. These results indicate the importance of recognition of childhood risk factors for PDs for the prevention of severe PDs. The results suggest a need for more studies about the aetiology and development of PDs. / Tiivistelmä Persoonallisuushäiriöt ovat yleisiä mielenterveyden ongelmia, joihin liittyy usein psykiatrista oheissairastavuutta ja toimintakyvyn laskua. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli arvioida persoonallisuushäiriöiden yleisyyttä nuorilla aikuisilla. tehtävänä oli arvoida yhteyksiä lapsuuden perherakenteeseen ja yleisimpiin psykiatrisiin häiriöihin sekä arvioida persoonallisuushäiriöiden yhteyksiä temperamenttitekijöihin. Tutkimus on osa Pohjois-Suomen vuoden 1966 syntymäkohortin psykiatrista osaprojektia, Oulu Studyä. Tutkimusaineiston muodostivat Oulu Studyn otokseen kuuluvat kaikki 1. tammikuuta 1997 Oulussa asuneet kohortin jäsenet (N = 1 609) sekä sairaalahoidossa olleiden persoonallisuushäiriö- diagnoosin saaneiden osalta koko alkuperäisen syntymäkohortin (N =  12 058) jäsenet. Tutkimus koostui kaksivaiheisesta psykiatrisesta kenttätutkimuksesta, jossa tietoja tutkittavilta kerättiin sekä kyselylomakkeiden ja haastattelututkimuksen avulla. Lisäksi tutkittavilta kerättiin tiedot heidän elinaikanaan toteutuneesta julkisten psykiatristen sairaala- ja avohoitopalvelujen käytöstä sairauskertomustietojen perusteella. Niin kutsutun best-estimated -menetelmän avulla arvioitiin tutkittavien psykiatrista sairastavuutta mukaan lukien persoonallisuushäiriöt. Tutkittavien lapsuuden perherakennetta ja sosiodemografisia tekijöitä arvioitiin aiempien seurantatutkimusten tietojen avulla. Tutkimuksessa persoonallisuushäiriöt luokiteltiin DSM-III-R-diagnoosiluokituksen mukaisesti kolmeen eri pääryhmään ja niiden mukaisiin alaryhmiin: Ryhmä A (epävakaa, eristäytyvä ja psykoosipiirteinen persoonallisuus), ryhmä B (epäsosiaalinen, epävakaa, huomionhakuinen ja narsistinen persoonallisuus) ja ryhmä C (estynyt, riippuvainen, pakko-oireinen ja passiivis-aggressiivinen persoonallisuus). Oulu Studyn väestöotoksessa yleisimpiä näistä olivat ns. C-ryhmän persoonallisuushäiriöt, kun taas sairaalahoidetuilla henkilöillä B-ryhmän persoonallisuushäiriöt olivat yleisimpiä. Persoonallisuushäiriöiden todettiin liittyvän yleisesti masennus- ja ahdistuneisuushäiriöihin sekä päihteiden käyttöön. Vanhemman yksinhuoltajuuden todettiin liittyvän persoonallisuushäiriöihin, etenkin B-ryhmän persoonallisuushäiriöihin. Persoonallisuushäiriöryhmät erosivat toisistaan temperamenttiprofiilien perusteella. Eri persoonallisuushäiriöistä kärsivillä tutkittavilla ei todettu tyypillisiä temperamenttiprofiileja. Johtopäätöksenä voidaan todeta, että persoonallisuushäiriöiden ja niihin yleisesti liittyvän psykiatrisen oheissairastavuuden tunnistaminen on tärkeää. Havainnot korostavat perusterveydenhuollon ja erikoissairaanhoidon yhteistyön merkitystä persoonallisuushäiriöistä ja psykiatrisista häiriöistä kärsivien henkilöiden tutkimuksessa ja hoidossa. Persoonallisuushäiriöille altistavien lapsuuden tekijöiden tunnistaminen on tärkeää vaikeiden persoonallisuushäiriöiden ehkäisemiseksi. Persoonallisuushäiriöiden etiologian ja kehittymisen selvittämiseksi tarvitaan uusia tutkimuksia.

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