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Esta pesquisa procura analisar os sentidos da questão negra na obra de Florestan Fernandes. A imbricação entre os problemas raciais e sociais em solo brasileiro, produzida quando, nos anos 1950, ele fez pesquisas para a UNESCO sobre o negro na estrutura social do país, nos levou a investigar a genealogia de sua formação em S. Paulo. As primeiras relações acadêmicas e institucionais do jovem sociólogo foram abordadas visando a análise das principais correntes que o influenciaram. A documentação internacional encontrada, como correspondên-cia pessoal de alguns de seus professores e colegas estudantes, boletins insti-tucionais de algumas universidades e organizações internacionais, artigos e re-latórios acadêmicos, revelou o crescimento, ao longo dos anos 1940, da teia de relações de Florestan com alguns dos principais sociólogos da Escola de Chi-cago. O momento era de pós-guerra e teve importância mundial não só para o desenvolvimento de novas teses sobre o racismo, como para a abertura de es-paço para a ação dos intelectuais, na forma de uma agenda de antirracismo, apoiada nos direitos humanos. Os nexos entre as teses de Florestan a respeito da situação do negro e a constituição de uma rede intelectual vinculada, so-bretudo, aos Estados Unidos são o objeto privilegiado desta pesquisa. Discu-tiremos, portanto, a importância destas teias para o pensamento do sociólogo sobre racismo, pobreza e democracia no Brasil. / This research aims at analyzing some meanings of the race question in Florestan Fernandes oeuvre. The imbrication of race and social problems in Bra-zil, produced when, throughout the 1950s, he carried out research on the Negro in national social structure, led me to investigate his early education in São Paulo. Young sociologist first academic and institutional relations were considered to the extent of investigating the most influent leanings into his education. International documents found, such as private correspondence from some of his main pro-fessors and colleagues, university and international organizations bulletins, and academic papers and reports, revealed Fernandes wide range of relations with some of Chicago Schools most important sociologists of the 1940s. The time felt like reconstruction due to post-Second World War, and it had great importance not only to the development of new theses concerning racism, but also to the widening of space in terms of intellectuals actions, within an antiracism agenda, supported by human rights agencies. Connections between Fernandes theses regarding the Negro situation and the making of an intellectual network, mainly through the United States, are the privileged object of this research. Therefore, it will be analyzed the importance of these relations to his theses on racism, poverty and democracy in Brazil.

After the end of the Second World War, three major economic powers emerged. Japan in Asia, Germany in Europe, and the United States in North America, quickly became the economic engines of their respective regions. Japan, with its "catch-up" and producer centered economy, grew so fast and so large, that there were worries in America that the Japanese would end up winning the economic war. West Germany, supported by the capitalist world, became a miracle economy, and the economic power of the European Union. In the past fifteen years however, these two economies have faltered and stagnated. In Japan, the nineteen nineties are referred to as the "lost decade". In Germany, unemployment continued to grow throughout the decade, and in the former East Germany remained at near catastrophic levels. Much has been written about the reasons for this, referring to the quick and somewhat chaotic reunification of Germany, and the focus of the Japanese on "catching up" to the West. Yet these are not adequate explanations. The problems lie deep in the systemic level of both economies, particularly in the area of labor policies, both in formal written laws and policies prevalent in Germany, and the informal cultural guarantees that are seen in the Japanese systems. The area of the non-liberal capitalist model, particularly the banks and capital investment also contributes to the continued economic stagnation of these two states. Comparing these to the liberal economic policies in the United States, this thesis will show that greater flexibility in both the capitalist and labor models allow [sic] for greater success in the globalized economy.

Esta pesquisa procura analisar os sentidos da questão negra na obra de Florestan Fernandes. A imbricação entre os problemas raciais e sociais em solo brasileiro, produzida quando, nos anos 1950, ele fez pesquisas para a UNESCO sobre o negro na estrutura social do país, nos levou a investigar a genealogia de sua formação em S. Paulo. As primeiras relações acadêmicas e institucionais do jovem sociólogo foram abordadas visando a análise das principais correntes que o influenciaram. A documentação internacional encontrada, como correspondên-cia pessoal de alguns de seus professores e colegas estudantes, boletins insti-tucionais de algumas universidades e organizações internacionais, artigos e re-latórios acadêmicos, revelou o crescimento, ao longo dos anos 1940, da teia de relações de Florestan com alguns dos principais sociólogos da Escola de Chi-cago. O momento era de pós-guerra e teve importância mundial não só para o desenvolvimento de novas teses sobre o racismo, como para a abertura de es-paço para a ação dos intelectuais, na forma de uma agenda de antirracismo, apoiada nos direitos humanos. Os nexos entre as teses de Florestan a respeito da situação do negro e a constituição de uma rede intelectual vinculada, so-bretudo, aos Estados Unidos são o objeto privilegiado desta pesquisa. Discu-tiremos, portanto, a importância destas teias para o pensamento do sociólogo sobre racismo, pobreza e democracia no Brasil. / This research aims at analyzing some meanings of the race question in Florestan Fernandes oeuvre. The imbrication of race and social problems in Bra-zil, produced when, throughout the 1950s, he carried out research on the Negro in national social structure, led me to investigate his early education in São Paulo. Young sociologist first academic and institutional relations were considered to the extent of investigating the most influent leanings into his education. International documents found, such as private correspondence from some of his main pro-fessors and colleagues, university and international organizations bulletins, and academic papers and reports, revealed Fernandes wide range of relations with some of Chicago Schools most important sociologists of the 1940s. The time felt like reconstruction due to post-Second World War, and it had great importance not only to the development of new theses concerning racism, but also to the widening of space in terms of intellectuals actions, within an antiracism agenda, supported by human rights agencies. Connections between Fernandes theses regarding the Negro situation and the making of an intellectual network, mainly through the United States, are the privileged object of this research. Therefore, it will be analyzed the importance of these relations to his theses on racism, poverty and democracy in Brazil.

Au lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale émerge en France un mouvement de renouveau de l’architecture religieuse et de l’art sacré sous l’impulsion d’un clergé soucieux de repositionner l’Église au cœur de la création contemporaine. S’appuyant sur une liturgie réformée, la communauté religieuse s’engage dans l’édification de nouveaux lieux de culte, qui sont une occasion de mettre en œuvre des formes audacieuses par l’emploi de techniques constructives innovantes. Particulièrement meurtrie par la guerre, la Lorraine devient le site d’une modernité réinventée, un territoire riche d’expérimentations architecturales, formelles, constructives et typologiques, pour lesquelles les réalisations de l’entre-deux-guerres en Suisse et en Allemagne font figure d’avant-garde. Ce travail de thèse analyse les liens entre les aspirations de l’Église catholique, les contraintes imposées par le contexte de la Reconstruction et de l’urbanisation accélérée des territoires, et la réponse formelle et matérielle proposée par les concepteurs de l’époque. Le corpus général concerne la production de cent dix-sept projets et réalisations conçus en Lorraine entre 1945 et 1975. Il se concentre sur les architectures les plus novatrices, tout en répondant à la volonté de proposer une palette d’objets diversifiés, tant du point de vue de leur histoire que de celui de leur matérialité. Les églises du corpus sont l’œuvre d’architectes d’origines géographiques variées et à la notoriété multiple. En outre, ces réalisations, d’une envergure plus ou moins grande, s’inscrivent dans divers contextes géographiques : urbain, périurbain et rural. Croisant les approches quantitative et qualitative, ce travail s’articule autour de trois principaux champs de recherche :- les conditions de production de l’objet architectural : accès à la commande, financements, acteurs, etc. ;- les influences et la question de la réception, notamment au travers d’une étude des revues spécialisées et de la presse catholique ;- enfin, la matérialité de l’objet et sa réalité constructive. / In the aftermath of the Second World War in France, an iconic renewal of sacred art and religious architecture was triggered by the clergy being concerned to set the Church as the cornerstone of contemporary creation. Given the significant changes in religious rites at the time, the Christian community decided to build new places of worship giving them the opportunity to introduce bold designs based on innovative construction techniques. As one of the major battlegrounds of the Second World War, the Lorraine region then appeared to be the perfect field for rethinking modernity through a wealth of architectural, formal and building experiments inspired by groundbreaking creations made in Switzerland and Germany in the interwar period. Our research work analyses the links between the Catholic Church’s ambitions, the constraints resulting from the post-war Reconstruction and urban sprawl context, and both formal and material suggestions made by contemporary designers. The whole corpus includes one hundred and seventeen projects and productions created in Lorraine between 1945 and 1975. It focuses on the most pioneering buildings while offering a wide range of objects, be it for their historical background or their materiality. The selected churches were designed by architects from diverse regions and with variable fame. In addition, they differed in scopes and geographical contexts – urban, suburban and rural. Taking both quantity and quality perspectives into account, our study revolves around three main lines of research :– In which conditions were the architectural objects produced (ordering process, funding, stakeholders, etc.) ?– What influenced their production and how were they received ? This has been observed through the analysis of trade papers and the Catholic press.– Eventually, how to describe their material nature and their reality as construction products ?

Herman's father warned him of what would follow in the wake of the Faraday Bridge's construction. Like so many others cut short of pay after the bridge was completed, Herman finds himself confined to a plummeting slum during the high American years following World War II. Haunted by his inability to fulfill his dead father's expectations and the fear of losing his girlfriend, Herman confides in a shadowy underground figure who claims to know how the people of the borough can take back everything they have lost. Some Kind of Glorious is an account of one man's struggle to revive life within himself while being urged to tear the world apart for the sacrifice of his endeavor. It explores the minds of common men to understand how far they are willing to stretch morality in order to save themselves from tragedy. The lines separating the mad and the moral begin to fade as Herman and others follow an enigmatic figure into a clandestine battle with the world, and his middle-aged search for manhood blurs as he struggles to understand what he must become to satisfy his love, and his torment.

A survey and assessment of Canadian monetary conditions and policies during the period from the end of World War II to the end of 1951, with particular reference to the two periods of rapid inflation (July 1946 to December 1948 and July 1950 to December 1951). / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

The objective of this thesis is to analyze whether the EU can be considered as a &lsquo / limited&rsquo / military/strategic actor or as a civilian actor in the Post-Cold War international security architecture. In this framework, the impacts of the September 11 terrorist attacks and the US-led war in Iraq on the EU crisis management capabilities are analyzed more specifically. In this framework, firstly, the historical dynamics of European foreign and security policy from the Post-World War II period to the Post-September 11 period are analyzed. Secondly, the EU&rsquo / s changing role in the international arena together with its crisis management capability is evaluated. Thirdly, the EU&rsquo / s international actorness in the Post-September 11 era is discussed with a special reference to the US-led war in Iraq. In this general framework, following a brief analysis on reactions of the US and the EU against global terrorism, crisis management strategy of the EU during and after US-led war in Iraq is analyzed in detail. The last part allocated to, a critical analysis of the security actorness of the EU is made in order to conceptualize it and to draw a more theoretical framework. Moreover, it is mentioned in this thesis that while having triggering effect on the CFSP and ESDP, the 9/11 events and the US-led war in Iraq provides the emergence of new methods for crisis management and the European Security Strategy. Accordingly, considering the new international security context beginning with the end of Cold War period and transforming to another dimension by means of September 11 attacks, the main argument of this thesis is that the EU still tends to be a civilian actor as it was before and it is envisaged to be so in the foreseeable future despite its latest attempts to develop its common security and defence policies.

Germans are among the largest ethnic groups, both in Canada as a whole and in British Columbia. Nevertheless, neither nationally, nor provincially, has this group received much academic attention, especially for the years between the end of the Second World War and the building of the Berlin Wall when about 200,000 German-speaking persons arrived in Canada. Based on the life stories of fifty German immigrants interviewed in British Columbia, published biographies, and archival records from Germany and Canada, this study reconstructs the conditions in interwar and postwar Europe that led to the mass-emigration of Germans in the late 1940s and the 1950s. It argues that this migration movement was not only influenced by government policies and the support of humanitarian organizations, but also by the existence of earlier settlement facilitating chain migrations to Canada. From the port of entry, the dissertation follows the immigrants’ adaptation and integration into Canadian society. Though the vast majority of them did not speak any English, or know much about their adopted country, except that it must be better than what they left in war-torn Europe, Germans are generally ranked among the best integrated ethnic groups in Canada. Yet, despite this assessment, the picture emerging from the sources strongly questions the existence of a singular German immigrant identity in Canada. The distinct self-perceptions of German nationals and ethnic Germans based on their experiences in Europe during the Second World War created striking differences in their patterns of immigration and adaptation to life in Canada which are still discernible after over half a century of settlement in North America.

The study Social Change and the Fragile Heart is an analysis of contemporary history in two neighboring Swedish cities, Linköping and Norrköping. The analysis has been made from a special perspective: the changes in deaths due to heart disease in the age group 50-74 years. The differences in mortality between the two cities is a measurable way to study how well a society functions and is governed. These cities in the county of Östergötland differ historically and socially. This has led to clear differences in socio-economic conditions and even variations in health and mortality that have been to Norrköping’s disadvantage. There is an exception, the 1970’s, when the rise in the numbers of deaths due to heart disease was broken in Norrköping, while the figures continued to increase in the neighboring city, especially among men. Uneasiness about the future and opportunities to make a living grew. This may have influenced health negatively, especially among middle-aged men who feared their jobs were threatened. In Norrköping the textile industry had definitely died in the beginning of the 1970’s. The closing of this industry meant at the same time that poor working conditions and low-paid work were phased out. The earlier rising trend in deaths due to heart diseases was broken, and instead a noticeable decline occurred that was especially clear among women. Deaths due to heart disease in ages 50–74 began to decline generally in the 1980’s and sank significantly in the following decade. The difference between the cities, however, grew from the relatively equal situation of the 1970’s. These are the years during which economic and political power shifted from Norrköping to Linköping. As the regional center and a relatively new university town, Linköping survived the recession of the 1990’s rather well. Simultaneously, Norrköping suffered from what might be called a “social exhaustion depression.” During the last decade of the 20th century long-term unemployment and illness affected far more people than in Linköping. The great transformation from an industrial to a post-industrial society left its mark on Norrköping in the form of increased differences between the cities in the case of premature deaths due to heart disease.