Bakgrund: Djup ventrombos (DVT) är en allvarlig komplikation postoperativt och kan leda till ett livshotande tillstånd för patienten. Graderade kompressionsstrumpor (GCS) används på många postoperativa avdelningar tillsammans med andra profylaktiska åtgärder för att förebygga utvecklingen av DVT. Kompressionsstrumpor används även till att förebygga posttrombotiskt syndrom (PTS) efter en DVT. PTS kan utvecklas på grund av att de venösa klaffarna skadas vid en DVT, till följd stockar sig blodet och ödem bildas vilket leder till försämrad näring- och syretillförsel till vävnaderna. Syfte: Syftet var att genom en litteraturstudie undersöka om kompressionsstrumpor hade någon effekt för att förebygga DVT postoperativt samt om kompressionsstrumpor hade någon effekt att förebygga PTS efter en DVT. Metod: Litteraturstudie som baserads på 11 RCT studier. Resultat: GCS utan andra profylaktiska åtgärder visade sig ha en god effekt för att undvika utvecklingen av DVT på patienter som genomgått en operation. Däremot visade sig användandet av GCS i kombination med andra beprövade profylax inte ha någon större effekt för att reducera uppkomsten av DVT ytterligare. Resultatet angående GCS effekt för att undvika utvecklingen av PTS visade ingen entydighet. Slutsats: GCS har en förebyggande effekt för att undvika uppkomsten av DVT. Användningen av GCS i kombination med andra profylax potentierar däremot inte effekten av preventionen för DVT. GCS verkan för att förebygga uppkomsten av PTS är inte entydigt och flera studier behövs för att se evidens kring detta. / ABSTRACT  Background: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a serious complication postoperatively and can lead to a life threatening condition for the patient. Graded compression stockings (GCS) are used in many post-operative departments along with other prophylactic measures to prevent the development of DVT. Compression stockings are also used to prevent postthrombotic syndrome (PTS) after a DVT. PTS can develop because the venous valves are damaged by a DVT, as a result, the blood is stored and edema is formed, which leads to poor nutritional and oxygen supply to the tissues. Aim: The aim of the literature study was to investigate whether compression stockings had any effect in preventing DVT postoperatively, and also whether the compression stockings had any effect in preventing PTS after a DVT. Method: Literature study based on 11 RCT studies. Results: GCS without other prophylactic measures was found to have a good effect in avoiding the development of DVT in patients who underwent surgery. However, the use of GCS in combination with other proven prophylaxis was found to have no significant effect in further reducing the onset of DVT. The results regarding the GCS effect to avoid the development of PTS showed no unambiguity. Conclusion: GCS has a preventive effect to avoid the onset of DVT. However, the use of GCS in combination with other prophylaxis does not potentiate the effect of prevention for DVT. The effect of GCS in preventing the onset of PTS is not unambiguous and several studies are needed to see evidence of this.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Exodontia, or extraction of teeth, has been a well-documented dental treatment that forms one of the foundations of dentistry. The steps associated with extracting teeth have changed little in the last century and these steps are largely part of the dogma of dentistry. One such step is that of socket compression post-extraction. Rationale for socket compression after extraction is manifold. They include: shorter healing times, fewer dry sockets and re-approximating walls that were stretched in the elevation and delivery stages of extractions. The purpose of this study was to determine if post-extraction ridge compression negatively affected alveolar ridge dimensions when compared to sites that are not compressed post-extraction. Secondary outcome measures will identify if socket compression/re-approximation affects the rate of soft tissue closure or occurrence of alveolar osteitis. In this study, 14 subjects were recruited. Eight subjects formed the compression group, while six formed the non-compression group. The subjects in the compression group received compression of their alveolar ridges after extraction to approximate their original pre-extraction width. The subjects in the non-compression group did not receive ridge compression. Each subject had pre-extraction and post-extraction CBCT scans along with post-operative follow up visits at 1, 2, and 4 weeks post-extraction. The present investigation found that with respect to changes in ridge width, sites that were compressed did not lose significantly more dimension than those that were not. With respect to ridge height, sites that were compressed did not lose significantly more dimension than those that were not. Sites that were compressed and sites that were not, healed at approximately the same rate, with respect to soft tissue closure. While the results showed a lack of statistical significance between both groups, there appears to be a trend towards the ridge compression group having a smaller ridge width. Such a trend was not noted with soft tissue closure, thereby invalidating the rationale for socket compression after extraction. One of the limitations of this pilot study is the small sample size. Further validation of these results must be done with a larger sample size in order to provide clinical guidance to dental practitioners.

No description available.

Degaardt, M & Rubensson, M. Postoperativt förlopp efter dagkirurgiskljumskbråcksoperation. Uppföljningssamtal som grund för kvalitetsutveckling.Examensarbete i omvårdnad 15 högskolepoäng. Malmö högskola: Hälsa ochsamhälle, Utbildningsområde omvårdnad, 2010.Syftet med denna studie var att göra en bedömning av den postoperativa förloppeti hemmet hos dagkirurgiska ljumskbråcksopererade patienter. Data insamlademed hjälp av högstrukturerade telefonintervjuer. En enkät med standardiseradefrågor och ikryssbara svarsalternativ som kommer har använts vidtelefonintervjuerna. Resultaten från de 52 intervjuerna visade att de flestapatienter inte överskred Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) 3 i vila eller rörelse dagett. På dag tre hade de flesta mer smärta vid rörelse än dag ett. De flestapatienterna följde ordinationen de fick av läkaren avseende smärtstillandetabletter. Generellt sett visade studien på få postoperativa komplikationer och högtillfredsställelse ur operationssynpunkt hos patienterna. / Degaardt, M. & Rubensson, M. Post-operative progress after one-day surgicalinguinal hernia operation. Follow-up interviews as a means for qualitydevelopment. Degree project in nursing, 15 credit points. Malmö University:Faculty of health and society, Department of nursing, 2010.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the post-operative progress for one-daysurgical inguinal hernia patients. Data was collected using structured telephoneinterviews three days after surgery. A questionnaire with standardized questionsand multiple-choice response opions was used. The results from the 52 interviewsshowed that most patients did not exceed Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) 3 dayone when at rest or moving around. On day three most patients had more painwhile moving than day 1. Most patients complied with the doctor’s prescription ofpainkillers. Generally the follow-up study showed the patients had fewcomplications and felt high satisfaction post surgery.

No description available.

No description available.

<p><strong>Background: </strong>Total joint arthroplasty (TJA) is considered the treatment of choice to alleviate pain and improve function of patients with osteoarthritis. However,recent evidence suggests that a significant proportion of patients continue to report pain, or worsening of their symptoms well after their joint replacement. We call this chronic pain “<em>phantom joint pain</em>” as it persists despite the fact hat the affected joint has been replaced.</p> <p>Chronic pain of neuropathic origin may be a consequence of surgery or in patients with osteoarthritis (OA); there may be a combination of nociceptive and neuropathic pain (NP) mechanisms. As there are no definitive physiological indicators for NP or gold standards for diagnosis, Guidelines on Neuropathic Pain Assessment advocate the use of screening tools to evaluate the patient’s pain experiences and potentially characterize various pain features.</p> <p>Despite suggestions that phantom joint pain post TJA is a common problem there is limited information about its prevalence among Canadians. To date there are no studies that have characterized neuropathic vs. non- neuropathic chronic pain features in a TJA population.</p> <p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of this work was to determine the<em> </em>prevalence of chronic pain following total hip (THA) or knee (TKA) arthroplasty, and to identify the proportion of the cohort with chronic pain whose symptoms suggested the pain was of neuropathic origin. In addition we evaluated the ability of the NP Subscale of the McGill pain questionnaire [NP-MPQ (SF-2)] to identify individuals with NP vs. Non NP in the TJA population.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> A retrospective cohort study (2-4 years post joint replacement) of 148 participants with primary unilateral TJAidentified from a large joint arthroplasty database (n=1143). Chronic pain was defined as post surgical pain reported 6-12 months following surgery to be 3 or higher (out of 5) on the Oxford Hip/Knee Scores, and that pain was the same or worse than reported preoperatively. A postal survey was used to administer the NP-MPQ (SF-2)and the Self-Administered Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Signs and Symptoms (S–LANSS) (1.5-3.5 years post TJA). S-LANSS was the “non reference standard” for classification of neuropathic pain. Human research ethics approvals from Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and McMaster University/Hamilton Health Sciences were obtained prior to the study.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: The response rate to the postal survey to identify those with chronic pain of neuropathic origin was 53%. Thirteen percent of individuals experienced chronic pain; among individuals with chronic pain, neuropathic subtype was found in 28% (S-LANSS ≥ 12) - 43% [NP-MPQ (SF-2) ≥ 0.91]. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis for NP-MPQ (SF-2) yielded an area under the curve of 0.89 (95% CI: 0.82, 0.97). A cut off score of 0.91 NP-MPQ (SF-2),<strong> </strong>maximized sensitivity (89.5%) and specificity (75.0%). Our results revealed moderate correlation (r=0.56; 95% CI: 0.40, 0.68) between the S-LANSS and NP-MPQ (SF-2)scores in patients with NP post TJA.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Based on our results, a considerable percentage of individuals (13%) experience chronic pain following TKA and THA. Moreover, among individuals with chronic pain symptoms, a significant proportion (28-43%) of those experience pain that appears to have a neuropathic component, even 1.5 to 3.5 years following surgery.Overall prevalence of NP in TJA was 3.3 to 4.5%. The NP-MPQ (SF-2)subscale demonstrated “good” discriminatory ability, thus it might be useful in identifying patients with NP following TJA. Moderate association exists between the scales and this could affect prevalence rates in studies; or diagnosis of NP of individual patients based on the criterion used.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)

Bakgrund: Postoperativa sårinfektioner orsakar lidande för den drabbade patienten och kostnader för patienten, vården och samhället. Intraoperativ kontamination av operationsinstrumenten är en av källorna till dessa infektioner. Operationssjuksköterskan är ansvarig för aseptiken och operationsinstrumenten.   Syfte: Syftet med denna pilotstudie var att mäta graden av bakteriell kontamination över tid på operationsinstrument som används vid öppen neurokirurgi samt observera utvalda källor till kontamination under samma tid. Metod: Denna studie designades som en kvantitativ icke-experimentell observationsstudie. Datainsamlingen skedde under hösten 2015 och bestod av omhändertagandet av specifika instrument som använts av operatören under operationen efter förutbestämd åtgången knivtid. Bakterieodlingar på dessa instrument skedde sedan på laboratorium enligt en förutbestämd metod och graden av kontamination mättes genom observation av mängden colony forming units (CFU). Resultaten presenteras i form av förändringar av mängden CFU. Resultat: Fem operationer observerades och tio odlingar utfördes på tio instrument. Totalt tio CFU registrerades under samtliga observationer. Ingen signifikant ökning av antal CFU kunde observeras från en till två timmars knivtid (P=0,156). Antal dörröppningar ökade från 3,4 till 9,0 och antal personer på operationssalen ökade från 5,4 till 5,8. Slutsats: Trots det ringa antal observationer som ingick i denna studie tyder resultaten på god aseptik och minimal bakteriell kontamination på operationsinstrumenten under operationens två första timmar. Ytterligare forskning med längre observationer, fler observationer och observationer kring annan typ av kirurgi behövs. / Background: Post-operative surgical site infections (SSI) cause suffering for the afflicted patient and is a great cost for the patient, the health care system and society. Intra-operative contamination of surgical instruments is one of the sources of these infections. The operating room nurse is responsible for preventing infections. Purpose: The purpose of this pilot-study was to measure the degree of bacterial contamination over time on surgical instruments used in open neurosurgery as well as to observe specific sources of contamination during this time. Method: The design was a quantitative nonexperimental observational study. The data collection took place during autumn 2015 and consisted of the sampling of specific instruments used by the surgeon during surgery after preset elapsed operating times. Bacterial culturing on these instruments was then carried out at a laboratory according to a preset routine and the degree of contamination was measured by observing the amount of colony forming units (CFU). The results are presented as changes in CFU. Results: Five operations were observed and ten bacterial culturings were conducted on ten instruments. A total of ten CFU was registered during all observations. No significant increase in the number of CFU could be observed from one to two hours of elapsed surgery (P=0,156). The amount of door openings increased from 3,4 to 9,0 and the number of personnel in the operating room increased from 5,4 to 5,8. Conclusion: Despite the small number of observations included in this study the results indicate good aseptics and minimal bacterial contamination on the surgical instruments during the first two hours of surgery. Further research with longer observations, more observations and observations on other forms of surgery is needed.

The purpose of this study was to identify the strengths and weaknesses of a pre-operative health education programme provided to cardiac surgery patients at a private hospital in Gauteng. A questionnaire was used to collect data and indicated that most patients were satisfied with the pre-operative education that they received before their cardiac surgery procedure, and therefore felt well prepared for the operation. It is, however, evident that family involvement with pre-operative education was not satisfactory. This lack of family involvement is a limitation in the present programme. The study also noted that patients must be informed about visiting hours, and the intense feeling of the endotracheal tube post-operatively should be emphasised. / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)

The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the surgical nurses’ perceptions about the management of post-operative pain and strategies employed in management of pain in patients who have undergone total hip or knee replacement surgery in King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Qualitative, exploratory-descriptive research design was applied. Purposive nonprobability sampling was used and data collected by means of audio-recorded semistructured individual interviews. Data saturation was reached after interviewing twenty surgical nurses. Themes and categories emerged from adopting Creswell’s (2013) “data analysis spiral”. One of the key findings was that patients reportedly experience moderate to severe pain during the first three days after surgery, before it is controlled on mild to moderate levels or before the patient is pain free. Conclusions were drawn, and one of the major ones was that multimodal strategies are employed by the surgical to manage post-operative pain. Recommendations were also made from findings of this study, and one key recommendation was that expatriate nurses to have access to Arabic speakers to overcome language barriers. / Health Studies