Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:21:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelo Abreu dos Santos Tourinho.pdf: 1153194 bytes, checksum: f5a573ee7c27d41958b5c0071bcddbb1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-14 / This work aims to analyze and explore the controversial aspects related to mandatory bid rule under Brazilian Corporate Law (Law 6,404/76), which extends to voting minority shareholders the right to sell their shares in case of a control transfer. For this purpose we analyze (i) the nature of control , as a power to direct the corporation s business; (ii) the legal definition of controlling shareholder under Brazilian law; (iii) the history of the Brazilian institutional framework; (iv) the different justifications for the rule under Brazilian and foreign doctrines; (v) the elements for the characterization of the transfer of control, taking into consideration the key precedents of Comissão de Valores Mobliários - CVM; and (vi) the mandatory bid rule procedures / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar e explorar os aspectos controversos envolvendo a regra da oferta pública de aquisição de ações prevista no art. 254-A da Lei 6.404/76, que estende aos minoritários titulares de ações votantes o direito de alienar suas ações em casos de alienação de controle. Para tal analisamos (i) a natureza do controle , entendido como poder de direcionar a atividade empresarial; (ii) a definição legal de acionista controlador de acordo com a legislação brasileira; (iii) o histórico do instituto; (iv) as diferentes justificativas para o instituto, segundo as doutrinas brasileira e estrangeiras; (v) os elementos para a caracterização da alienação de controle, abordando os principais precedentes da Comissão de Valores Mobiliários CVM; e (vi) o procedimento para a realização de uma oferta pública

Esta proposta de pesquisa visa avaliar métodos de projeto de controladores em dois níveis, composto por controladores descentralizados e centralizado, utilizando sinais de medição fasorial sincronizada. Pesquisas iniciais foram realizadas utilizando a abordagem baseada na resolução da equação de Riccati num sistema multimáquinas, considerando aquisição de dados via medição fasorial sincronizada e atrasos de tempo nos canais de comunicação da entrada e da saída do controlador centralizado. Esta pesquisa propõe o projeto e avaliação de controladores centralizados através das abordagens baseadas na resolução da equação de Riccati, Desigualdades Matriciais Lineares e Algoritmos Genéticos. O projeto consiste em obter um controlador centralizado robusto a variações de carga e topologia do sistema, além de possíveis perdas de links de comunicação da entrada e da saída do controlador centralizado com o sistema elétrico. A fim de verificar a eficácia das abordagens de projeto foram utilizados o Sistema Equivalente Sul-Sudeste Brasileiro e o Sistema Simplificado Australiano. Além disso, simulações dinâmicas dos sistemas com aplicação de contingências foram realizadas com o propósito de se avaliar os controladores centralizados obtidos através de um modelo linear. Os resultados alcançados mostram semelhança e eficiência das abordagens quando se consideram múltiplos pontos de operação do sistema. A abordagem baseada em Algoritmos Genéticos se sobressai de acordo com os resultados obtidos para os sistemas-teste mencionados por propiciar um controlador centralizado robusto a múltiplos pontos de operação e possíveis perdas de links de comunicação. / This research proposal aims to compare control design methods on two levels, consisting of centralized and decentralized controllers, using signals synchronized phasor measurement. Initial researches have been conducted using the approach in solving the Riccati equation in a multi-machine system, considering data acquisition via synchronized phasor measurement and time delays in the communication channels of input and output of the centralized controller. This research proposes the design and comparison of centralized controllers through approaches based on resolution of the Riccati equation, Linear Matrix Inequalities and Genetic Algorithms. The project is to achieve a robust centralized controller to load variations and system topology changes and possible loss of communication of the input and output of the centralized controller with the electrical system. In order to verify the effectiveness of design approaches were used the Southern-Southeastern Brazil Equivalent Equivalent and Australian Simplified System. In addition, simulations of the dynamic systems with application of contingency were performed in order to evaluate the centralized controlling obtained by a linear model. The results show similarity and efficiency of the approaches when considering multiple system operating points. The Genetic Algorithms-based approach stands out according to the results obtained for the test systems mentioned, as demonstrated by the results, because it provides a robust centralized controller to multiple points of operation and possible loss of communication links.

Dans ce mémoire, nous avons étudié les convertisseurs d’interface permettant l’interconnexion d’une source basse tension non linéaire et d’un bus DC moyenne tension. La source choisie, pour l’étude, était une pile à combustible de type PEM. La structure de puissance retenue correspondant à la mise en cascade d’un convertisseur entrelacé en entrée et d’un convertisseur trois niveaux en sortie. Afin de dimensionner au mieux le convertisseur global, nous avons proposé un modèle analytique permettant de connaitre l’ensemble des pertes dans le système en fonction du point de fonctionnement et de ses paramètres. Nous avons montré que l’ensemble des pertes dans le convertisseur peut être modélisé par deux résistances non linéaires dont l’estimation est possible à partir des modèles moyens du convertisseur. Une commande basée sur le concept de platitude des systèmes différentiels a été utilisée pour assurer les différentes contraintes du système tout en obtenant des propriétés dynamiques élevées en asservissement et en régulation. Dans la dernière partie du mémoire, nous nous sommes intéressés aux solutions permettant de satisfaire les contraintes sur le taux d’ondulation de courant en entrée du convertisseur. Nous avons proposé et dimensionné une nouvelle structure de convertisseur permettant de supprimer les ondulations de courant générées par le convertisseur de puissance. Ce filtre actif se connecte en parallèle avec le convertisseur de puissance. Des résultats expérimentaux ont permis de montrer que le taux d’ondulation de courant d’un convertisseur élévateur a été réduit, le taux d’ondulation de courant passant de 23.3% à 1.9% / In this thesis, we studied interface converters enabling the interconnection of a low voltage nonlinear source and a medium voltage DC bus. The source selected for the study was a fuel cell PEM. The chosen power architecture corresponds to a cascaded structure constituted with an interleaved Boost converter at input stage and a three-level Boost converter at output stage. To design the converter, we proposed an analytical model to know the total losses in the system according to the operating point and its parameters. We showed that all losses in the converter can be modeled by two nonlinear resistors. An estimation of these resistors, deduced from average model of the converter, is developed. A control based on the concept of differential systems flatness has been used for the proposed converter structure. It allows taking into account the different system constraints. High dynamic properties as regard to external perturbations or parameters variations are achieved. In the last part of the thesis, we investigate solutions to respect the constraints on the rate of input current ripple. We propose a new active filtering converter connected in parallel with the power one. We have shown that the ripple current of a boost converter was reduced, the ripple current being reduced from 23.3% to 1.9%

Abstract not available

This thesis discusses the modeling of a micro-grid with photovoltaic (PV)-wind-fuel cell (FC) hybrid energy system and its operations. The system consists of the PV power, wind power, FC power, static var compensator (SVC) and an intelligent power controller. Wind and PV are primary power sources of the system, and an FC-electrolyzer combination is used as a backup and a long-term storage system. A simulation model for the micro-grid control of hybrid energy system has been developed using MATLAB/Simulink. A SVC was used to supply reactive power and regulate the voltage of the hybrid system. To achieve a fast and stable response for the real power control, the intelligent controller consists of a Radial Basis Function Network-Sliding Mode Control (RBFNSM) and a General Regression Neural Network (GRNN) for maximum power point tracking (MPPT). The pitch angle of wind turbine is controlled by RBFNSM, and the PV system uses GRNN, where the output signal is used to control the DC/DC boost converters to achieve the MPPT.

<p>In this thesis, controllers for power oscillation damping, transient stability improvement and power flow control by means of a Controlled Series Compensator (CSC) and and a Dynamic Power Flow Controller (DPFC) are proposed. These devices belong to the group of power system components referred to as Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices. The developed controllers use only quantities measured locally at the FACTS device as inputs, thereby avoiding the risk of interrupted communications associated with the use of remote signals for control.</p><p>For power systems with one dominating, poorly damped inter-area power oscillation mode, it is shown that a simple generic system model can be used as a basis for damping- and power flow control design. The model for control of CSC includes two synchronous machine models representing the two grid areas participating in the oscillation and three reactance variables, representing the interconnecting transmission lines and the FACTS device. The model for control of DPFC is of the same type but it also includes the phase shift of the internal phase-shifting transformer of the DPFC.</p><p>The key parameters of the generic grid models are adaptively set during the controller operation by estimation from the step responses in the FACTS line power to the changes in the line series reactance inserted by the FACTS device. The power oscillation damping controller is based on a time-discrete, non-linear approach which aims to damp the power oscillations and set the desired power flow on the FACTS line by means of two step changes in the line reactance separated in time by half an oscillation cycle.</p><p>A verification of the proposed controllers was done by means of digital simulations using power system models of different complexities. The CSC and DPFC controllers were shown to significantly improve the small-signal- and transient stability in one four-machine system of a type commonly used to study inter-area oscillations. The CSC controller was also tested for 18 different contingencies in a 23-machine system, resulting in an improvement in both the system transient stability and the damping of the critical oscillation mode. </p>

A variety of factors such as increasing electrical energy demand, slow expansion of transmission infrastructures, and electric energy market deregulation, are forcing utilities and system operators to operate power systems closer to their design limits. Operating under stressed regimes can have a detrimental effect on the rotor-angle stability of the system. This stability reduction is often reflected by the emergence or worsening of poorly damped low-frequency electromechanical oscillations. Without appropriate measures these can lead to costly blackouts. To guarantee system security, operators are sometimes forced to limit power transfers that are economically beneficial but that can result in poorly damped oscillations. Controllers that damp these oscillations can improve system reliability by preventing blackouts and provide long term economic gains by enabling more extensive utilization of the transmission infrastructure. Previous research in the use of artificial neural network-based intelligent controllers for power system damping control has shown promise when tested in small power system models. However, these controllers do not scale-up well enough to be deployed in realistically-sized power systems. The work in this dissertation focuses on improving the scalability of intelligent power system stabilizing controls so that they can significantly improve the rotor-angle stability of large-scale power systems. A framework for designing effective and robust intelligent controllers capable of scaling-up to large scale power systems is proposed. Extensive simulation results on a large-scale power system simulation model demonstrate the rotor-angle stability improvements attained by controllers designed using this framework.

Worldwide concern about the environmental problems and a possible energy crisis has led to increasing interest in clean and renewable energy generation. Among various renewable energy sources, wind power is the most rapidly growing one. Therefore, how to provide efficient, reliable, and high-performance wind power generation and distribution has become an important and practical issue in the power industry. In addition, because of the new constraints placed by the environmental and economical factors, the trend of power system planning and operation is toward maximum utilization of the existing infrastructure with tight system operating and stability margins. This trend, together with the increased penetration of renewable energy sources, will bring new challenges to power system operation, control, stability and reliability which require innovative solutions. Flexible ac transmission system (FACTS) devices, through their fast, flexible, and effective control capability, provide one possible solution to these challenges. To fully utilize the capability of individual power system components, e.g., wind turbine generators (WTGs) and FACTS devices, their control systems must be suitably designed with high reliability. Moreover, in order to optimize local as well as system-wide performance and stability of the power system, real-time local and wide-area coordinated control is becoming an important issue. Power systems containing conventional synchronous generators, WTGs, and FACTS devices are large-scale, nonlinear, nonstationary, stochastic and complex systems distributed over large geographic areas. Traditional mathematical tools and system control techniques have limitations to control such complex systems to achieve an optimal performance. Intelligent and bio-inspired techniques, such as swarm intelligence, neural networks, and adaptive critic designs, are emerging as promising alternative technologies for power system control and performance optimization. This work focuses on the development of advanced optimization and intelligent control algorithms to improve the stability, reliability and dynamic performance of WTGs, FACTS devices, and the associated power networks. The proposed optimization and control algorithms are validated by simulation studies in PSCAD/EMTDC, experimental studies, or real-time implementations using Real Time Digital Simulation (RTDS) and TMS320C6701 Digital Signal Processor (DSP) Platform. Results show that they significantly improve electrical energy security, reliability and sustainability.

This thesis studies different aspects of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices which are used to improve the power transfer capability and increase the controllability in electric power systems. In the thesis, different aspects on the usage and control of Dynamic Power Flow Controllers (DPFC) and related FACTS devices are studied. The DPFC is a combination of a Phase Shifting Transformer (PST) and a Thyristor Switched Series Capacitor (TSSC)/Thyristor Switched Series Reactor (TSSR). The thesis proposes and studies a new method, the Ideal Phase-Shifter (IPS) method, for selection and rating of Power Flow Controllers (PFC) in a power grid. The IPS method, which is based on steady-state calculations, is proposed as a first step in the design process for a PFC. The method uses the Power controller plane, introduced by Brochu et al in 1999. The IPS method extends the usage of decoupling methods in the Power controller plane to a power system of arbitrary size. The IPS method was in the thesis used to compare the ratings of different PFC:s required to improve the power transfer capability in two test systems. The studied devices were here the PST, the TSSC/TSSR and the DPFC. The thesis treats control of ideal Controlled Series Capacitors (CSC), TCSC, TSSC/TSSR, and DPFC. The goals of the FACTS controllers which are developed are Power Oscillation Damping (POD), fast power flow control, and transient stability improvement in the power system. New adaptive control strategies for POD and power flow control are proposed and studied in different models of power systems by time-domain simulations. A strategy for transient stability improvement is also proposed and studied. Additionally, different methods for study of Subsynchronous Resonance (SSR), which is associated with series compensation in power systems, are investigated. Here, four of the most common methods for frequency scanning to determine the electrical damping of subsynchronous oscillations in a power grid are studied. The study reveals significant differences of the electrical damping estimates of the studied standard methods when applied to a four-machine test system. / QC 20110819

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-08-12Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:11:55Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 andreoli_al_me_bauru.pdf: 2837768 bytes, checksum: 899d0f484921dccf16d7027e336d500b (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente trabalho é o resultado de uma pesquisa aplicada ao desenvolvimento de um equipamento eletrônico microprocessado destinado ao controle de demanda máxima e de fator de potência em instalações elétricas. Motivado pelo aumento na demanda e pela limitação nos recursos do sistema elétrico interligado, o uso de equipamentos que permitam o gerenciamento de energia pelo lado da demanda tem se difundido com grande velocidade, pois é o método de racionalização do uso de energia elétrica que apresenta boa relação entre custo e benefícios, trazendo resultados favoráveis em curto prazo. O uso de controladores de demanda máxima e de fator de potência nas instalações atendidas por contratos de fornecimento horo-sazonal é uma forma de garantir que o sistema não ultrapasse os limites contratuais, que resultam em aplicação de multa, e também um modo de se operar o sistema dentro de parâmetros conhecidos evitando perdas excessivas, racionalizando a utilização de seus componentes. Embora não exista regulamentação relacionada a tarifas diferenciadas de energia elétrica para unidades atendidas em baixa tensão, a utilização de controladores de demanda máxima e fator de potência pode trazer à esta classe de consumidores os benefícios do gerenciamento de energia, reduzindo perdas e em muitos casos permitindo a diminuição no valor da fatura de energia. Pelo ponto de vista do fornecimento, a existência de controle de demanda nas unidades consumidoras permite um melhor planejamento e maior aproveitamento do sistema de distribuição, minimizando investimentos no setor. Para aplicação em unidades consumidoras de porte reduzido, os equipamentos de gerenciamento de energia disponíveis no mercado apresentam dois inconvenientes principais: o excesso de recursos que na maioria dos casos não é explorado em sua... / The present work is the result of an applied research to the development of an electronic microcontrolled device used in the control of maximum demand and power factor in small and medium range electric facilities. Stimulated by the increase of demand and limitation of electrical resources of the interconnected system, the use of demand-side energy management devices was increased, since this method is the better mode to provide the energy rationalization, good cost-benefits relationship and presents best results in a short time interval after its implementation. The use of maximum demand and power factor controllers in facilities with differential billing fares is a method of guarantee that the agreement limits will not be exceeded, resulting in penalties, and also a safe mode of system operation, reducing losses and rationalizing the use their components. Although don't exist regulation related to the differential billing applied to low-voltage supplied consumers, the use of maximum demand and power factor controllers can bring to this consumers category the benefits of energy management, reducing losses and in most cases decreasing the energy billing. In the supply point of view, the demand control in consumers units allow the better planning and the best utilization of distribution system, minimizing the investment in this sector. For application in small-size consumer units, the commercially available energy management devices have two inconvenient: excess of resources, in the most cases sub-utilized which increase the price, and the need of a special external energy meter or energy transducer, uncommon in this class of facility. The device developed in this research have an electronic energy measurement system and associated signals independent of the supplier's meter, and also... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)