En el marco del programa Erasmus Mundus de Aprendizaje y Enseñanza de Español en contextos multilingües e internacionales (MULTIELE), profesores en formación de diferentes orígenes participan en estadías académicas en varias universidades localizadas en diferentes países y realizan prácticas en un contexto externo. La presente investigación busca analizar cuáles son las creencias de siete de estos profesores en formación con respecto a la competencia intercultural, en qué medida se ven influidas por sus experiencias vivenciales y sus aprendizaje durante el programa de máster. A través del análisis cualitativo de siete entrevistas semi-estructuradas, los resultados muestran una falta de definición del concepto de competencia intercultural y su trabajo en el aula, una estrecha vinculación entre las experiencias vivenciales y la concepción de la competencia intercultural y la necesidad de un mayor desarrollo teórico en el área durante el máster. La discusión y las conclusiones ofrecen sugerencias basadas en estas observaciones y sugieren futuras líneas de investigación. / Within the Erasmus Mundus program for Teaching and Learning Spanish in Multilingual and International Contexts (MULTIELE), pre-service teachers from different backgrounds participate in academic stays in several universities located in different countries and complete their internships in an external context. This research paper seeks to analyze the beliefs of seven pre-service teachers regarding intercultural competence, taking into account their life experiences and the master’s program. Through the qualitative study of seven semi-structured interviews, results show a lack of definition in the concept of intercultural competence and its teaching, a tight link between life experiences and the conception of this competence and a need for theoretical training during the master’s program regarding this topic. The discussion and conclusions offer some proposals based on these observations and suggest further research lines. / Dans le cadre du programme Erasmus Mundus pour l'enseignement et l'apprentissage de l'espagnol en contextes multilingues et des internationaux (MULTIELE), des futurs enseignants de différents horizons participent à des séjours universitaires dans plusieurs universités situées dans différents pays et complètent leurs stages dans un contexte externe. Ce travail vise à analyser les croyances de sept futurs enseignants par rapport à la compétence interculturelle, en tenant compte de leurs expériences de vie et au long du programme de maîtrise. Grâce à l'étude qualitative de sept entretiens semi-structurés, les résultats montrent un manque de définition de la notion de compétence interculturelle et de son enseignement, un lien étroit entre les expériences de vie et la conception de cette compétence et la nécessité d'une formation théorique pendant le programme de maîtrise en ce qui concerne ce sujet. La discussion et les conclusions offrent des propositions fondées sur ces observations et suggèrent de nouvelles lignes de recherche.

Despite a growing body of research on trainee teachers’ learning during pre-service programs, intensive introductory TESL training courses are still designed to instruct a “standard” type of trainee teacher. This research study investigates the factors that mediate trainee teachers’ learning process as well as the interaction between these factors, which either facilitate and/or hinder trainee teachers’ success during an intensive introductory TESL training course. Using a qualitative holistic single-case study, informed by an interpretivist perspective, this study explores how three trainee teachers learned how to teach during a course in Southern Ontario, Canada. An integrated conceptual framework, formed by a sociocultural perspective of teacher learning, a holistic view of curriculum, and transformative pedagogy was employed and the findings include four major factors that mediated trainee teachers’ teacher learning process and three types of interaction that facilitated and/or hindered their success during the program.

Despite a growing body of research on trainee teachers’ learning during pre-service programs, intensive introductory TESL training courses are still designed to instruct a “standard” type of trainee teacher. This research study investigates the factors that mediate trainee teachers’ learning process as well as the interaction between these factors, which either facilitate and/or hinder trainee teachers’ success during an intensive introductory TESL training course. Using a qualitative holistic single-case study, informed by an interpretivist perspective, this study explores how three trainee teachers learned how to teach during a course in Southern Ontario, Canada. An integrated conceptual framework, formed by a sociocultural perspective of teacher learning, a holistic view of curriculum, and transformative pedagogy was employed and the findings include four major factors that mediated trainee teachers’ teacher learning process and three types of interaction that facilitated and/or hindered their success during the program.

Ce travail de thèse a pour objectif de comprendre l’influence des parcours de formation initiale en éducation à la santé sur la professionnalisation des enseignants débutants. La multiplicité de ces parcours au sein du Master « Métier de l’Enseignement, de l’Éducation et de la Formation » (MEEF) repose sur la filière choisie (1er ou 2nd degré), la mention (Professeur des écoles, Conseiller Principal d’Éducation, Professeur de Lycées et Collèges), le statut de l’enseignant débutant (étudiants ou fonctionnaire stagiaire) et le site de formation. La professionnalisation des enseignants débutants est envisagée dans une perspective de développement professionnel qui permet de prendre en compte le parcours de formation, l’enseignant débutant et l’objet éducation à la santé dans toute sa complexité. La psychologie ergonomique a été retenue comme cadre théorique pour décrire les produits et processus de ce développement. Les études conduites visent à investiguer les tâches comprises et appropriées des enseignants débutants ainsi que les processus et les facteurs corrélés. Au plan de la stratégie de recherche, c’est une approche fondée sur les méthodes mixtes qui a été choisie. Trois études ont été conduites, elles s’appuient sur les méthodes de collecte de données suivantes : un suivi longitudinal par questionnaire, un recueil par journal de bord et des instructions au sosie en prenant en compte différentes temporalités et parcours de formation. Nos résultats montrent que l’offre de formation en éducation à la santé diffère fortement d’un parcours de formation à l’autre. Ceci impacte le processus de redéfinition de la tâche. Il semblerait que les savoirs théoriques influencent plutôt les caractéristiques de la tâche comprise (but(s), objets santé et éducation à la santé, propriété(s)) alors que les expériences avec les élèves influencent davantage les caractéristiques des enseignants débutants (intérêt, sentiment de compétences, place accordée à l’éducation à la santé dans la future pratique). L’appropriation de la tâche, lorsqu’elle a lieu, confirme l’adoption d’une perspective promotrice de santé. Elle a pour objectif la construction des compétences de base en santé, la prise en compte des élèves dans le processus éducatif et une attention à l’environnement dans lequel prennent place les interventions. Les significations avancées, alors, sont plutôt en référence aux expériences professionnelles et de formation et moins en référence aux facteurs individuels. Nous concluons que le caractère alternatif et intégrant de la formation initiale serait le moteur du développement et de la professionnalisation des enseignants débutants en éducation à la santé / This PhD aims to understand how pre service education programmes in health education might have an impact on young teachers' professionalization. The diversity of training programmes at stage in the Master « Métier de l'Enseignement, de l'Education et de la Formation » (MEEF) depends on the chosen degree (1er ou 2nd degré), the type (Professeur des écoles, conseiller principal d'éducation, professeur de lycées et collèges), young teacher's status, (étudiants ou fonctionnaires stagiaires) and place where students are trained. This professionalization has to be seen from a professionnal development's prospect that enables us to take into account the training programme, as well as young teachers and the complexity of health education. Ergonomic psychology has been chosen as a theoretical frame to describe products and processes of this development. Studies seek to approach the tasks understood and grasped by young teachers as well as the various processes involved and factors closely connected. The MMR strategy consists of a longitudinal follow-up, by questionnaires, a sort of logbook gathering all the information and peer's instructions taking into account the various time factors and training programmes. Our results show that health education's training plans can reveal great variations from one training programme to another and influence the task's redefining process. It seems that theoretical knowledges would rather impact on the way the task is understood, whereas practical experiences with pupils would strongly impact on young teachers characteristics (interest, self-confidence feeling, health education's relevance in the forthcoming practice.) The task appropriation when it does take place, confirms the adoption of a promotive health's perspective which aims to build the health skills grounds, pupils careful consideration, and an environmental awareness where practices take place. The advanced justifications refer to professional and training experiences, rather than to individual factors. To conclude, it is indeed the alternative and incorporating nature of the pre service education that seems to act as the driving force of the young teachers 'development and professionalization, regarding health education

The quest for a better way to learn and teach programming, in particular object-oriented programming, is a challenge that continues to intrigue computer science educators. Even after decades of research in learning to program, educators still search for the optimal instructional approach that will solve the `learning to program effectively' problem among introductory programming students. The aim of this study was to gain insight into, and to suggest possible explanations for, the "qualitatively different ways" in which students experience learning to program using an object-oriented programming language, and to recommend teaching and learning strategies as a result of the outcomes of the research. In order to achieve these aims, a combination of phenomenographic research methods and elements of activity theory have been employed to gain an in depth understanding of pre- and in-service teachers' learning experiences. The categories of description for the phenomenon, learning to program and the influence of the learning context have been analysed and described in detail. It is argued that understanding learning to program using Java, in order to teach programming involves more than understanding learning to program as it is normally taught in university programming courses. In addition to object-oriented concepts such as message passing, inheritance, polymorphism, delegation and overriding, it entails understanding how learning to program is reflected in the goals of instruction and in different instructional practices. Knowledge of learning to program must also be linked to knowledge of students' thinking, so that teachers have conceptions of typical trajectories of student learning, and can use this knowledge to recognize landmarks of understanding in individuals. The findings suggest relationships among students' affective appraisals of the value of learning to program, their conceptions of learning to program, their approaches to learning it, their evaluations of their performance in tests and examinations and outcomes of their actions. The relationships emerged from student descriptions of their actions and the way in which different aspects of their learning and outcomes related to one another were qualitatively described and in some cases, quantified. In particular, the tensions between prior programming knowledge of a procedural language and current learning of an object-oriented language have emerged in the study. This has implications for teaching, as this study was set against the backdrop of the change in programming language in high schools, from a procedural to an object-oriented language. / Mathematical Sciences / PhD (Maths, Science and Technology Education)

Like so many aspects of South African society, teacher education is undergoing change. The researcher studied existing school-based in-service education and training (SBINSET) programmes in the Northern Province and to improve the programmes, proposes Continuous Self-Renewal School-Based INSET (CSR SB INSET). Based on the extensive literature survey, strategies that would improve effective educational transformation are identified. Different concepts of INSET are explained. Components of teacher education are examined as are those factors that influence educational transformation. Advantages and limitations are identified and guidance on how to overcome these are suggested. The aim of this study was to examine INSET towards educational transformation with reference to primary schools in the Northern Province in order to introduce and assess a CSR SBINSET. The study examines the existing SBINSET programmes which are run in the Northern Province. The importance of teachers' continued professional growth is emphasised throughout this study. The researcher views systematic in-service training programmes for teachers as an educational necessity for the continuing professional growth of primary school teachers. An empirical survey has been undertaken to ascertain the effectiveness of CSR SBINSET and the type of delivery strategy that may be implemented.The research considers particular aspects of classroom practice addressed in the programme. The research was guided by the following questions: + Which methods do teachers use in their subject teaching? + What are their approaches to learners and learning? + How do teachers reflect on their teaching? + What strategies do teachers use? This research aims to improve existing SBINSET programmes run in the Northern Province inter alia by observing practising teachers. CSR SBINSET attempts to improve the competencies teachers, lecturers and District Officials, through such means as the presentation of centre-based, school-based and cluster-based workshops. Although the educational authorities should take initiative to provide educational transformation, the following share responsibility in this vital aspect of education: + those in the Department of Education who are responsible for planning; + superintendents of education within districts and regions; + training institutions such as universities, technikons, colleges and private agencies. The importance of and necessity for, continuous professional development of primary school teachers by means of SBINSET programmes, is emphasised. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (Didactics)

Practical work forms an integral part of physical science. Most schools in Venda have no laboratories for practical work. Teachers use the telling method. Students learn by rote. They learn without understanding science concepts. They cannot apply their knowledge to real life situations. This research investigates the use of equipment from inexpensive material in teaching physical science. Teachers trained to improvise equipment use them in classroom teaching. These help teachers to understand many science concepts and use the process approach in their teaching. The research found that when science is taught through experiments with improvised apparatus, student learning occurs at various domains of science education. The bad effects of lack of facilities for practical work are mostly eliminated. Meaningful learning leads to the understanding of science concepts. Students construct their own knowledge, apply it to any situation and enjoy learning the subject. / Curriculum and Instructional Studies / M. Ed. (Didactics)

Curriculum 2005 together with its learning areas has been introduced in South Africa in 1998. All learning areas, except Technology Learning Area, are not new. Technology is growing so rapidly that it gives so many challenges to people. These challenges include making technology part of our curriculum, formulating and adapting technological solutions to problems people may experience. We have to ask ourselves what technology or Technology Education means. Therefore, this study provides the meaning and the rationale for Technology Education in our curriculum. This study also attempts to shed light on the form of training educators should attend for Technology Education. Although there are different methods of training, for example PRESET and INSET, this study concentrates on various forms of INSET. INSET is chosen because it is a means through which the present need for Technology Education educators can be solved. The percentage of educators involved in part-time study will increase in relation to the number in full-time education. The closing down of some of colleges of education in South Africa reduces the use of PRESET and increases INSET as a means of educator training. The advantages of using INSET instead of PRESET are provided in this study. The National Teacher Audit of 1995 has shown that the quality of INSET in South Africa is poor. In addition, it seems the present ad hoc way of running INSET will not cope with challenges of training educators for Curriculum 2005 and Technology Education. Normally, INSET is the prime strategy for addressing problems in PRESET. Unfortunately, INSET has to train educators for Technology Education (Technology Learning Area) which was never touched by PRESET before. For this reason, this study provides an INSET model, guidelines and recommendations to make the suggested model of INSET work successfully. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Comparative Education)

Traditionally, K-5 students' writing has had a primarily academic aim-to help students master concepts and express themselves. Even if students take a professional writing course later, they typically do not have the opportunity to practice-over the long period of time mastery requires-the non-academic writing skills they will be required to use as part of their jobs and in their civic life. Based on a limited K-5 study, Texas' McKinney Independent School District is doing a good job of preparing students at the elementary-school level in the areas of collaboration and presentation. A fair job of helping elementary-school students understand the communication situation, define audience, clarify purpose, gather and evaluate resources, and test usability. [And] a poor job of helping elementary-school students with analysis and organization. With their teachers' help, K-5 students eventually grasp the communication situation and can broadly identify their audience and purpose, but they do not appear to select words, format, communication style, or design based on that audience and purpose. Their writer-based focus affects their presentations as well, although they do present frequently. If teachers routinely incorporated audience and purpose considerations into every aspect of communication assignments (format, communication style, design), students would be better prepared for non-academic communication. Texas pre-service teachers practice the types of documents they will write on the job but do not receive training in design or style. Likewise, they practice researching, collaborating, and presenting but receive little training in those skills. If Texas K-5 teachers are to supplement the curriculum with professional writing principles, as trends suggest they should, education programs need to focus on these principles in their pre-service teacher curriculum. Professional writing principles need to become part of ingrained writing patterns because these are the skills that will best serve students after they graduate, both in their careers and civic lives. Understanding how to tailor communication for audience and purpose; how to effectively collaborate; how to select, evaluate, analyze, and organize information efficiently and productively; and how to format presentations effectively requires practice over a long period of time.

Cette étude quantitative vise à 1) mesurer les connaissances métalinguistiques des futurs enseignants, 2) décrire la qualité de la rétroaction corrective écrite (RCÉ) des futurs enseignants de français langue seconde (FLS), et 3) examiner la relation entre les connaissances métalinguistiques des futurs enseignants et la qualité de leur rétroaction corrective à l’écrit. Un groupe de 18 futurs enseignants de français langue seconde inscrit dans le programme de formation initiale des maîtres à Montréal a participé à l'étude. Les participants ont accompli 1) une tâche d’analyse de phrases pour mesurer leurs connaissances métalinguistiques, et 2) une tâche de rétroaction corrective écrite, pour évaluer la qualité de leurs pratiques rétroactives à l’écrit en termes de localisation d'erreur et d'explication métalinguistique fournie. Alors que les analyses descriptives sont effectuées pour répondre aux deux premières questions de la présente étude, des analyses de corrélation ont été réalisées pour déterminer s’il existe des relations entre les connaissances métalinguistiques des futurs enseignants et la qualité de leur rétroaction corrective à l’écrit. Les résultats indiquent que 1) la localisation de l'erreur de la RCÉ fournie est précise, mais 2) l'explication métalinguistique l’est moins, 3) il existe une relation entre les connaissances métalinguistiques des futurs enseignants et la qualité de leur rétroaction corrective à l’écrit. / The present quantitative study seeks to 1) measure pre-service teachers’ metalinguistic knowledge, 2) describe the quality of French as a second language (FSL) pre-service teachers’ written corrective feedback (WCF), and 3) examine the relationship between pre-service teachers’ metalinguistic knowledge and the quality of their written corrective feedback (i.e., teachers’ metalinguistic awareness). A group of 18 French as a second language pre-service teachers following the initial teacher training program in Montreal, participated in the study. Participants were assigned 1) a task of analytical abilities to measure their metalinguistic knowledge, and 2) a task of written corrective feedback provision to evaluate the quality of their written corrective feedback in terms of error location and the metalinguistic explanation provided. Descriptive analyses were undertaken to answer the first two research questions. Correlation analyses were performed to examine whether there exist any relations between pre-service teachers’ metalinguistic knowledge and the quality of their WCF. Among other things, results indicated that 1) while the error location of WCF provided was precise, 2) the metalinguistic explanation provided by the participants was not accurate, 3) there is a relationship between pre-service teachers’ metalinguistic knowledge and the quality of written corrective feedback.