近年來隨著金融市場的多元化，各公司企業莫不努力尋找一種成本較低、對投資者亦較有利的金融商品，兼具普通股與債券二種性質的特別股，由於具有高度設計彈性的優點，相信將是公司在進行理財活動所不可或缺的重要工具之一。 由於台灣特別股市場遠小於普通股，而市場中的特別股多數又屬於到期時強迫轉換的可轉換特別股，因此學術上以多以可轉換特別股作為研究標的，研究其市價與理論價格間的關係。本文在研究台灣證券市場中三家公司所發行的特別股，其權利義務條件幾乎與普通股無異，這樣一種「可說就是普通股」的特別股，甚至比普通股更好，對投資人更有保障。理論上這樣由同一公司所發行的二種條件相近的證券，應會反應相同資訊，而使二者價格維持著某種穩定的關係。但從歷史股價看出，特別股與普通股股價間似乎並未有一致的關係，本文即在討論是何種因素導致特別股與普通股股價間呈現如此差異。 實證結果發現，整體而言公司的基本面與交易面都會影響股價價差的改變，在單因子的檢定中，來自交易面的影響效果略顯著於基本面，可見市場交易狀況對股價有不容忽視的因重要性。但若以價差的大小作為分期基礎，將期間分為前後兩期，並以相同方法重新進行實證研究後發現，早期公司基本面對價差的改變並不顯著，影響方向也相當凌亂；但後期基本面因素則有逐漸重要之趨勢。此外，在考慮因素間的關係，選取相關係數較低的變數繼續進行多元複迴歸檢定，實證發現在同時考慮基本面與交易面時，基本面因素仍為價差改變的重要因素，來自交易面的影響力會減小。 此外本文亦對普通股及特別股進行績效評估，實證結果發現，三家公司六支股票的績效好壞各半，未有特別股的績效一定大於普通股或普通股的績效一定大於特別股的一致結論出現。 第一章 緒論1 第一節 研究動機與目的 1 第二節 論文架構 7 第二章 文獻探討 9 第一節 特別股發行之目的 9 第二節 特別股之事件研究 11 第三節 特別股的價格行為 13 第四節 二種相關證券收益率差異分析 15 第三章 公司介紹 17 第一節 國喬石油化學股份有限公司 17 第二節 華隆股份有限公司 26 第三節 中國鋼鐵股份有限公司 36 第四節 簡介台灣證券交易所上市之特別股 43 第四章 研究方法 47 第一節 研究範圍與資料來源 47 第二節 研究假說 48 第三節 變數的定義與分析 50 第四節 研究方法 54 第五章 實證結果分析 57 第一節 單因子迴歸模型檢定 57 第二節 多元迴歸模型檢定 64 第三節 特別股績效分析 68 第六章 結論與研究限制 71 參考文獻 附錄 表 目 錄 表1.1 三公司股價統計資料 4 表2.1 我國歷年企業發行特別股之目的與性質 11 表3.1 國喬石油化學公司上市前主要股東名單 19 表3.2 國喬石油化學公司上市時股權比例佔前十名之股東名稱 19 表3.3 國喬公司近年重大轉投資公司與其獲利狀況 23 表3.4 國喬公司財務分析 25 表3.5 民國58年至民國60年華隆公司生產狀況 26 表3.6 華隆公司主要業務內容與經營比重 30 表3.7 華隆公司轉投資事業概況 32 表3.8 中鋼歷年擴建表 36 表3.9 中鋼六次釋股彙總表 37 表3.10 中鋼公司主要產品及用途表 38 表3.11 中鋼擴建工程資金來源表 42 表3.12 中鋼公司財務結構 42 表3.13 上市公司增資發行特別股計畫一覽表 46 表5.1 單因子迴歸模型檢定結果 58 表5.2 國喬公司財務指標相關係數矩陣 65 表5.3 華隆公司財務指標相關係數矩陣 66 表5.4 中鋼公司財務指標相關係數矩陣 67 表5.5 多元迴歸模型變數 68 表5.6 多元迴歸模型檢定結果 69 表5.7 特別股與普通股之持有之績效表 68 圖 目 錄 圖1.1 國喬石油化學股份有限公司股價圖 5 圖1.2 華隆股份有限公司股價圖 5 圖1.3 中國鋼鐵股份有限公司股價圖 6 圖3.1 石化產業關連簡圖 21 附 錄 附錄一 特別股權利義務一覽表 I 附錄二 特別股發行程序 XIX 附錄三 台灣證券交易所股份有限公司有價證券上市審查準則歷史沿革摘錄 XX 附錄四 國喬石油化學股份有限公司大事紀要 XXIV 附錄五 華隆股份有限公司大事紀要 XXVIII 附錄六 中國鋼鐵股份有限公司大事紀要 XXXIII

To investigate eye-movement control in reading, the present thesis examined three phenomena related to the eyes’ landing position within words, (1) the optimal viewing position (OVP), (2) the preferred viewing location (PVL), and (3) the Fixation-Duration Inverted-Optimal Viewing Position (IOVP) Effect. Based on a corpus-analytical approach (Exp. 1), the influence of variables word length, launch site distance, and word frequency was systematically explored. In addition, five experimental manipulations were conducted. <br><br> First, word center was identified as the OVP, that is the position within a word where refixation probability is minimal. With increasing launch site distance, however, the OVP was found to move towards the word beginning. Several possible causes of refixations were discussed. The issue of refixation saccade programming was extensively investigated, suggesting that pre-planned and directly controlled refixation saccades coexist. Second, PVL curves, that is landing position distributions, show that the eyes are systematically deviated from the OVP, due to visuomotor constraints. By far the largest influence on mean and standard deviation of the Gaussian PVL curve was exhibited by launch site distance. Third, it was investigated how fixation durations vary as a function of landing position. The IOVP effect was replicated: Fixations located at word center are longer than those falling near the edges of a word. The effect of word frequency and/or launch site distance on the IOVP function mainly consisted in a vertical displacement of the curve. The Fixation-Duration IOVP effect is intriguing because word center (the OVP) would appear to be the best place to fixate and process a word. A critical part of the current work was devoted to investigate the origin of the effect. It was suggested that the IOVP effect arises as a consequence of mislocated fixations, i.e. fixations on unintended words, which are caused by saccadic errors. An algorithm for estimating the proportion of mislocated fixations from empirical data was developed, based on extrapolations of landing position distributions beyond word boundaries. As a new central theoretical claim it was suggested that a new saccade program is started immediately if the intended target word is missed. On average, this will lead to decreased durations for mislocated fixations. Because mislocated fixations were shown to be most prevalent at the beginning and end of words, the proposed mechanism generated the inverted U-shape for fixation durations when computed as a function of landing position. The proposed mechanism for generating the effect is generally compatible with both oculomotor and cognitive models of eye-movement control in reading. / Um Blickbewegungen beim Lesen zu untersuchen, wurden in der vorliegenden Dissertation drei Phänomene in Bezug auf die Landeposition des Auges innerhalb des Wortes betrachtet, (1) die optimale Blickposition (OVP), (2) die präferierte Blickposition (PVL) und (3) der Invertierte Optimale Blickpositionseffekt für Fixationsdauern (IOVP). In einem corpus-analytischen Ansatz (Exp. 1) wurde systematisch untersucht, wie die Variablen Wortlänge, Sakkadenstartdistanz und Wortfrequenz die Parameter der OVP-, PVL-, bzw. IOVP-Funktion beeinflussen. Des weiteren wurden fünf experimentelle Manipulationen durchgeführt. <br><br> Erstens, die Wortmitte wurde als OVP identifiziert, operationalisiert als die Buchstabenposition innerhalb eines Wort, an der die Refixationswahrscheinlichkeit minimal ist. Mit zunehmender Sakkadenstartdistanz verschob sich die OVP jedoch in Richtung Wortanfang. Verschiedene in Betracht kommende ursächliche Faktoren für Refixationen wurden diskutiert. Des weiteren wurden Fragen zur Programmierung von Refixationen untersucht, wobei die Ergebnisse nahe legen, dass vorgeplante und unmittelbar gesteuerte Refixationssakkaden koexistieren. Zweitens, Landepositionsverteilungen (PVL-Kurven) zeigen, dass die Augen systematisch von der OVP abweichen, was im Wesentlichen auf visuomotorische Faktoren zurückzuführen ist. Mittelwert und Standardverteilung der normalverteilten PVL-Kurven wurden v.a. von der Sakkadenstartdistanz beeinflusst. Als dritter Schwerpunkt wurde untersucht, wie Fixationsdauern als Funktion der Landeposition variieren. Der Invertierte Optimale Blickpositionseffekt wurde repliziert: In der Wortmitte lokalisierte Fixationen sind länger als solche, die sich an den Worträndern befinden. Der Effekt von Wortfrequenz bzw. Sakkadenstartdistanz auf die IOVP-Funktion zeigte sich im Wesentlichen in einer vertikalen Verschiebung der Kurve. Der Befund eines invertierten OVP-Effektes für Fixationsdauern ist kontraintuitiv, denn die Wortmitte (OVP) wird als optimaler Ort betrachtet, um ein Wort zu fixieren und zu verarbeiten. Ein wesentlicher Beitrag der vorliegenden Arbeit bestand darin, ursächliche Faktoren für den IOVP-Effekt zu identifizieren. Es wurde vorgeschlagen, dass der Effekt auf sog. fehlplazierte Fixationen, d.h. Fixationen auf nicht-intendierten Wörtern, zurückzuführen ist. Fehlplazierte Fixationen werden durch okulomotorische Fehler in der Sakkadenprogrammierung verursacht. Es wurde ein Algorithmus entwickelt, um den Anteil fehlplazierter Fixationen aus empirischen Lesedaten abzuschätzen, basierend auf Extrapolationen von Landepositionsverteilungen über die Wortgrenzen hinweg. Als zentrale theoretische Annahme wurde formuliert, dass ein neues potentiell korrigierendes Sakkadenprogramm unverzüglich gestartet wird, wenn das intendierte Zielwort verfehlt wurde. Dadurch verringert sich die mittlere Dauer von fehlplazierten Fixationen. Da fehlplazierte Fixationen am häufigsten am Wortanfang und am Wortende auftreten, generierte der vorgeschlagene Mechanismus die invertierte U-Form für Fixationsdauern als Funktion der Landeposition. Der Mechanismus, der – gemäß der hier entwickelten Argumentation – dem IOVP-Effekt zugrunde liegt, ist prinzipiell sowohl mit okulomotorischen als auch mit kognitiven Theorien der Blicksteuerung beim Lesen vereinbar.

The main purpose of this study is to conduct a contrastive analysis on a corpus of Swedish and Spanish family conversations with respect to two adjacency pairs: opinion-agreement/disagreement (OADs) and offer-acceptance/rejection (OARs). On one hand, from a structural perspective, based on the methodology of Conversation Analysis, one of the objectives is to observe how (dis)preferred turns of the OADs and OARs are managed by the interlocutors. On the other hand, from a functional perspective, based on the methodology of Sociocultural Pragmatics, the intention is to study how face is constructed and how politeness is managed by the family members when expressing OADs and OARs. The structural analysis of OADs and OARs shows that the majority of agreements and acceptances follow the rules for preferred turns proposed by orthodox conversation analysts, i.e. they appear directly after the first part of the adjacency pair (opinion or offer), and they are brief and unambiguous. However, the structural analysis also reveals that 70% (Swedish corpus) and 72% (Spanish corpus) of the disagreements as well as 64% (Swedish corpus) and 70% (Spanish corpus) of the rejections have a tendency to not follow the proposed rules for dispreferred turns, i.e. they are not delayed or accompanied by hesitations, justifications, etc. and nor are they evaluated as dispreferred by the participants. This indicates that social perspective, especially face, has to be considered when deciding what is considered (dis)preferred. The functional analysis of the OADs indicates that the majority of the disagreements in both Swedish (68%) and Spanish (79%) corpus are not mitigated, but rather are expressed in a fairly direct manner. Swedes tend to avoid disagreements, and therefore we expected to find a major difference between the two groups. One explanation could be that family members enjoy close relationships, and therefore the Swedes feel free to express their disagreements. As for the impact on the family members face, in both groups, it is both autonomy face and affiliation face that are influenced when OADs are expressed. As for agreement, for example, it is usually autonomy face that is affected. We interpret this as a way for the participants to show that both speakers and listeners have valuable opinions that deserve to be both voiced and commented on. This reveals the more discursive (rather than ritual) nature of OADs. In addition, the functional study of OARs shows that acceptances and rejections in both corpora are expressed using both ritual and attenuating politeness according to the norms required by the situation. Concerning the impact on face, autonomy face has different requirements in the two cultures: in the Swedish conversations, it is important to offer food without insisting several times, and in the Spanish corpus, it is important to offer food more than one or two times, and there is also a tendency to refuse the offer several times before accepting it. Therefore, according to one’s situational role, one has to know how to both give and receive offers, which points to the more ritual nature of OARs. Finally, we want to emphasize that by adding a social perspective to the structural one, we can interpret the meaning of the conversations in a way that provides a broader understanding of what is being said as participants express OADs and OARs.

Kommersiella fastigheter har blivit allt viktigare inom svensk ekonomi. Fastighetssektorn har haft en särskilt hög tillväxt under de senaste åren där fastigheter kan anses vara en kapitalkrävande reell tillgång. Finansieringen av fastighetsbolag har traditionellt utgjorts av banklån men på senare tid söker fastighetsbolag alternativa finansieringsmetoder. Allt vanligare blir det att finna finansiering genom kapitalmarknaden. I regel är en av de största kostnaderna för ett fastighetsbolag dess finansieringskostnader. Således är det av vikt att bearbeta kapitalstrukturen för att använda den mest rationella givet bolagets förutsättningar, där ett sätt kan vara att i större utsträckning använda sig av eget kapital i balansräkningen. Vid första emissioner av preferensaktier i Sverige användes de av fastighetsbolagen ett sätt att inhämta eget kapital. De erbjöd investerarna en förutsägbar hög direktavkastning, samtidigt var utdelningen prioriterad framför andra aktieslag, dock utformade med en inlösenkurs. Efter ett antal år kom en första emission av D-aktier vilka populariserades bland fastighetsbolag. Dessa liknade preferensaktier med en löpande hög direktavkastning, dock utan prioritet. På senare tid har många preferensaktier kommit att lösas in av större fastighetsbolag. Samtidigt har många bolag kreditbetyget investment grade av ratinginstituten. Denna uppsats syftar till att reda ut vilken funktion preferensaktier har fyllt i form av källa till eget kapital och varför D-aktier delvis använts i form av ett substitut till preferensaktier. Undersökningen baserades på intervjuer med ett antal personer med erfarenhet och olika perspektiv av den kommersiella fastighetsmarknaden. Det framgår att emittering av preferensaktier kan vara rationellt för fastighetsbolag med höga tillväxtmål. Preferensaktier har historiskt varit en förmånlig källa till eget kapital vilket varit effektiv då det haft en låg utspädningseffekt relativt stamaktier. Preferensaktier blev dyra att behålla utestående för fastighetsbolag vilka sökte en investment grade-rating då dessa behövde förhålla sig till ratingbolagens syn på preferensaktier. Till följd av detta har D-aktier men även hybridobligationer används i form av ett substitut till preferensaktier. / Commercial properties have become increasingly important in the Swedish economy. The real estate sector has had a particularly high growth in recent years where real estate is considered a capitalintensive real asset class. Bank lending has traditionally been the method of financing real estate companies. As of recent years, the real estate companies seek to find alternative methods of financing, where it is becoming more common to finance through the capital markets. Generally, the biggest cost of a real estate company is its cost of finance. Therefore, it is important to process the capital structure to find the most rational one given the circumstances, where the use of equity found in the balance sheet can be an alternative. With the first issues of preferred shares in Sweden, the shares were used to obtain equity. The preferred shares offered the investors a high and predictable yield that was prioritized over the common shares, though designed as retractable at a specific price. Subsequently, the first dividend shares were issued, and the dividend share was popularized with real estate companies. The dividend share is similar to the preferred shares with a continuous high yield but without the priority. In recent years, many preferred shares have been retracted by the larger real estate companies. In the meantime, the demand for credit ratings has increased, with the goal of obtaining an investment grade rating by the rating agencies. This thesis aims to study what function the preferred shares have had as a source of equity and why dividend shares have partly been used as a substitute to preferred shares. The inquiry was based on interviews with persons of experience from the commercial real estate market that could offer different perspectives of the manner. What can be derived is that the issue of preferred shares can be rational for real estate companies with high set growth targets. Historically, preferred shares have been a competitive source of equity that has been effective due to its low dilution compared to common shares. Preferred shares became expensive to keep outstanding for the real estate companies that wanted the investment grade rating. This since the companies needed to operate in a way that the rating agencies favored regarding the preferred shares. As a result of this, dividend shares as well as hybrid bonds have been used as a substitute for preferred shares.

Submitted by Daniele Amaral (daniee_ni@hotmail.com) on 2016-10-07T19:22:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseRRGP.pdf: 3041523 bytes, checksum: f8585bab1f9c1565717516794f4e8831 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-20T19:31:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseRRGP.pdf: 3041523 bytes, checksum: f8585bab1f9c1565717516794f4e8831 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-20T19:31:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseRRGP.pdf: 3041523 bytes, checksum: f8585bab1f9c1565717516794f4e8831 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-20T19:31:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseRRGP.pdf: 3041523 bytes, checksum: f8585bab1f9c1565717516794f4e8831 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / This study analyses the relationships between synthesis routes and physical properties of the composite system 67.5(PbMg1/3Nb2/3O3) +32.5(PbTiO3), or simply PMN-PT, as ferroelectric phase and BaFe12O19, or BaM, as magnetic phase. The choice of phases was based on the exceptional properties that both PMN-PT and BaM possess: solid solutions of the complex perovskite PMN-PT in both monocrystalline and polycrystalline forms, particularly those whose composition lies within the region of morphotropic boundary phases, have the largest known piezoelectric coefficients. BaM, or barium hexaferrite, presents relatively high property anisotropy due to its hexagonal crystal structure (expressed in particles that grow in nonequiaxed format) and easy magnetization along the c-Crystallographic axis. Thus, the main objective of this work was to obtain and characterize magnetoelectric composites (either volumetric or as two-dimensional nanostructures) textured from PMN-PT/BaM, by exploiting the quasi-piezomagnectic characteristics and the microstructural, crystallographic and magnetic anisotropyof the BaM phase. With a molar ratio of 80/20 between the ferroelectric and magnetic phases, different routes of synthesis and processing were used for the production of threedimensional ceramic composites with 0-3 connectivity, or thin films with 0-3 and 2-2 connectivity.The Pechini, sol-gel, co-precipitation,and solid state reaction techniques were applied for the synthesis of powders and/or solutions; the pressure-assisted sintering method was used for the densification of three-dimensional bodies; and the spin-coating technique was employed for the deposition of films. Physical, electrical, magnetic and magnetoelectric characterizations were performed in order to clarify the influence of the BaM phase upon composites of different configurations. In a prospective yet not exhaustive manner, relations were assessed among the experimental parameters of the various synthesis routes (with greater focus on the barium hexaferrite phase) and the production of ceramic composites of PMNPT/ BaM system. It was found that the final characteristics of the prepared materials, particularly the hysteresis behavior of the magnetoelectric coefficient as a function of applied magnetic field, were highly susceptible to variations in the morphology, size and orientation of barium hexaferrite grains, which, in turn, depended on the synthesis and sintering routes applied. / Realizaram-se estudos de síntese e de caracterização das propriedades físicas do sistema compósito 67,5(PbMg1/3Nb2/3O3) +32,5(PbTiO3), ou simplesmente PMN-PT, como fase ferroelétrica, e da BaFe12O19, ou BaM, como fase magnética. A escolha dessas fases baseou-se nas propriedades excepcionais que ambas apresentam. A perovskita complexa PMN-PT, tanto na forma monocristalina como policristalina, apresenta soluções sólidas com os maiores coeficientes piezoelétricos conhecidos, particularmente as de composição na região do contorno morfotrópico de fases, como é o caso da 32,5%mol de PT. A fase BaM, ou hexaferrita de bário, apresenta relativamente alta anisotropia de propriedades magnéticas devido à sua estrutura cristalográfica hexagonal (refletida em partículas que crescem em formato não equiaxial) e fácil magnetização ao longo do eixo cristalográfico-c. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi a obtenção e a caracterização de compósitos magnetoelétricos (volumétricos ou como nanoestruturas bidimensionais) texturados de PMN-PT/BaM, explorando-se as características quasi-piezomagnéticas e a anisotropia microestrutural/cristalográfica/magnética da fase BaM. Com uma proporção molar de 80/20 entre a fase ferroelétrica e a magnética, foram utilizadas diferentes rotas de síntese e de processamento de materiais para a produção de compósitos com conectividade 0-3, quando no caso de corpos cerâmicos volumétricos; ou 0-3 e 2-2, quando no caso de filmes finos. Os métodos Pechini, sol-gel, de copreciptação e de reação no estado sólido foram utilizadas na síntese dos pós e/ou soluções; o método de sinterização assistida por pressão, para a densificação dos corpos volumétricos, e a técnica “spin-coating”, para a deposição dos filmes. As caracterizações físicas, elétricas, magnéticas e magnetoelétricas buscaram evidenciar a influência das propriedades da fase BaM nas diferentes configurações de compósitos. De forma prospectiva e ainda não exaustiva, foram avaliadas as relações entre os parâmetros experimentais das diversas rotas de síntese (com maior foco na fase hexaferrita de bário) e a produção de compósitos cerâmicos do sistema PMN-PT/BaM. Encontrou-se que as características finais dos materiais preparados, em especial o comportamento histerético do coeficiente magnetoelétrico em função do campo magnético aplicado, foram altamente susceptíveis às variações da morfologia, tamanho e orientação dos grãos da hexaferrita de bário, que, por sua vez, dependem das rotas de síntese e de sinterização aplicadas.

Neste trabalho, sondas solvatocrômicas foram empregadas no estudo da solvatação em solventes puros e misturas aquosas de solventes polares práticos e apráticos. A partir da polaridade de misturas aquosas de solventes orgânicos, determinou-se a concentração de água interfacial de micelas catiônicas. Finalmente, avaliou-se o efeito da polaridade e força iônica interfaciais de micelas catiônicas sobre a velocidade da reação entre p-nitrofenildifenilfosfato e o íon fluoreto. No estudo de misturas aquosas de solventes orgânicos, um novo modelo de solvatação preferencial foi elaborado, segundo o qual três espécies presentes em solução competem pela camada de solvatação da sonda: água, solvente orgânico e o \"complexo\" formado por uma molécula de água e outra de solvente orgânico (Solv-Água). Através deste modelo, analisou-se o efeito da temperatura e das propriedades das sondas e dos solventes orgânicos sobre o fenômeno da solvatação. Em soluções aquosas de micelas catiônicas, observou-se uma desidratação da interface em função do aumento do grupo hidrofílico do tensotativo e da mudança de geometria micelar de esférica para cilíndrica. Verificou-se que a velocidade da reação entre pnitrofenildifenilfosfato e fluoreto é pouco afetada pela interface micelar e pode ser reproduzida, na ausência de micelas, em soluções com mesma concentração de água e força iônica que as micelas. / Solvatochromic probes have been employed to study the polarity of pure solvents and binary mixtures of water with protic and aprotic polar solvents. From polarity data of aqueous organic mixtures, the concentration of interfacial water of cationic micelles has been determined. In aqueous solutions of cationic micelles, the dehydration of interfacial region has been observed as a result of increasing the volume of the surfactant head group and changing micellar geometry from spherical to cylindrical. Finally, the effect of interfacial polarity and ionic force on the rate of the reaction between 4-nitrophenyldiphenylphosphate and fluoride ion has been evaluated. In studying aqueous organic mixtures, a new preferential solvation model has been developed, that considers the competition between three species in solution for the probe micro-solvation shell: water, organic solvent and a 1:1 \"complex\" formed by water and organic solvent (Solv-Água). Based on this new model, the effect of temperature, as well as probe and organic solvent properties on solvation has been analyzed. It has been observed that the rate of the reaction between p-nitrophenyldiphenylphosphate and fluoride ion shows little dependence on the properties of interfacial region of cationic micelles and can be reproduced, in the absence of micelles, in solutions containing the same water concentration and ionic force as the micellar pseudo-phase.

No description available.

The rising costs of health care and burgeoning government deficits have prompted new ways to control costs, while continuing to provide necessary health care. One method increasingly chosen by states to achieve these objectives is managed health care. There are many forms of managed care organization today. There are HMOs that provide the financing and delivery systems under the control of a single for-profit or non-profit organization; preferred provider organizations consisting of providers that have a pre-negotiated and usually discounted rate for services; administration service organizations that provide claims adjudication; and managed indemnity services organizations that use case management to control costs, while providing beneficiary freedom of choice.

La chimie des hétérocycles est un des domaines les plus importants en chimie organique. En effet, 65% de la littérature en chimie organique traite des hétérocycles. Ils sont largement présents dans la nature, essentiels à la vie et leurs applications sont infinies. Parmi eux, les structures dites privilégiées, attirent une attention particulière. Ces structures privilégiées, dont font partie les quinoléines et les indoles, jouent un rôle central dans la chimie médicinale, pour la production de librairies de cibles thérapeutiques. De ce fait, le développement de nouvelles méthodes de synthèse de structures privilégiées, simples, efficaces et sensibles à l’impact environnemental reste un défi pour les chimistes. De nombreuses méthodes de synthèse requièrent l’emploi de dérivés d’anilines acylées en position ortho, mais ces substrats sont peu disponibles. La réaction d’addition en cascade, catalysée au cuivre, d’un réactif de Grignard sur l’anthranilate de méthyle permet l’obtention d’une aniline acylée en position ortho, jamais reportée au préalable, avec un rendement quantitatif. Cette dernière servira alors de substrat de départ pour la synthèse de plusieurs hétérocycles privilégiés dont les quinoléines et les indoles. La réaction de Friedlander est utilisée depuis plusieurs siècles mais souffre de l’emploi de conditions réactionnelles extrêmes et nocives pour l’environnement. Elle a donc été modernisée pour donner accès à une série de huit quinoléines trisubstituées, sans solvant, ni acide fort, ni hautes températures. Par ailleurs, le procédé de Heumann consiste en la synthèse d’indoles substitués en position par alkylation d’anilines acylées en position ortho, suivie d’une étape de saponification et de cyclisation intramoléculaire. Breveté par l’entreprise B.A.S.F., en 1895, ce procédé est rapidement devenu obsolète dû à de faibles rendements et des conditions réactionnelles difficiles. La chimie en flux continu a alors permis la renaissance de ce procédé grâce à l’élaboration d’un protocole plus efficace et plus sécuritaire. Somme toute, les travaux présentés dans cette thèse contribuent au développement de méthodologies simples, efficaces, sensibles aux enjeux environnementaux et menant à des structures plus complexes. / The heterocycle chemistry is one of the most important fields in organic chemistry. Indeed, 65% of the literature in organic chemistry is about heterocycles. They are widely present in nature, essential to life and their applications are endless. Among them, the so-called privileged structures, attract particular attention. Privileged structures, of which quinolines and indoles are a part, play a crucial role in medicinal chemistry, for the production of libraries of therapeutic targets. Therefore, the development of new synthetic methods, simple, efficient and sensitive to environmental impact remains a challenge for chemists. Many synthetic methods require the use of o-acylated anilines, but these substrates are not easily available. The copper catalyzed addition reaction of a Grignard reagent on methyl anthranilate allows to form an o-acylated aniline, never reported before, with a quantitative yield. The latter will then serve as starting material for the synthesis of several privileged heterocycles including quinolines and indoles. The Friedlander reaction has been used for several centuries but suffers from the use of extreme reaction conditions which are harmful to the environment. It has therefore been modernized to give access to a series of eight trisubstituted quinolines, without solvent, strong acid or high temperatures. Furthermore, Heumann's process consists of the synthesis of indoles substituted in position by o-acylated anilines alkylation, followed by saponification and intramolecular cyclization steps. Patented by B.A.S.F. in 1895, this process quickly became obsolete due to low yields and difficult reaction conditions. Continuous flow chemistry has resurrected this process through the development of a more efficient and safer protocol. All in all, the work presented in this thesis contributes to the development of simple, effective methodologies, sensitive to environmental issues and leading to increasingly complex structures.

Experiencing and expressing emotions is an essential part of psychological well-being. It is for this reason that most graphic symbol sets used in the field of AAC include an array of symbols depicting emotions. However, to date, very limited research has been done on children’s ability to recognise and use these symbols to express feelings within different cultural contexts. The purpose of the current study was to describe and compare Afrikaans and Sepedi speaking grade R children’s choice of graphic symbols when depicting four basic emotions, i.e. happy; sad; afraid; and angry. After ninety participants (44 Afrikaans and 46 Sepedi speaking) passed a pre-assessment task, they were exposed 24 emotions vignettes. Participants had to indicate the intensity the protagonist in the story would experience. The next step was for the participants to choose a graphic symbol from a 16 matrix overlay which they thought best represented the symbol and intensity. The results indicated a significant difference at a 1% level between the two groups’ selection of expected symbols to represent emotions. Afrikaans speaking participants more often chose expected symbols than Sepedi speaking participants to represent different basic emotions. Sepedi speaking participants made use of a larger variety of symbols to represent the emotions. Participants from both language groups most frequently selected expected symbols to represent happy followed by those for angry and afraid with expected symbols for sad selected least frequently. Except for a significant difference at the 1% level for happy no significant differences were present between the intensities selected by the different language groups for the other three basic emotions. No significant differences between the two gender groups’ choices of expected symbols to represent emotions or between the intensities selected by the different gender groups were observed. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Centre for Augmentative and Alternative Communication (CAAC) / Unrestricted