I NTRODUÇÃO: Apesar da importância do tabagismo no processo de doença cardiovascular da sociedade moderna, os estudos de avaliação de risco cardíaco pré-operatório não têm demonstrado a associação entre o hábito de fumar (como variável independente) e os eventos cardíacos pós-operatórios. Nestas pesquisas, as variáveis independentes continuam sendo infarto do miocárdio prévio, insuficiência renal crônica, diabetes, angina, idade, dentre outras. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o papel do tabagismo nas complicações cardíacas pós-operatórias de operações não cardíacas. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de uma coorte retrospectiva de um Hospital Geral, onde foram incluídos 1072 pacientes. Estes foram estratificados em Tabagistas Atuais (n=265), Ex- Tabagistas (n=335) e Não Tabagistas (n=472). Os três grupos foram analisados para os desfechos cardiovasculares combinados no pós-operatório (infarto, edema pulmonar, arritmia com instabilidade hemodinâmica, angina instável; morte cardíaca) e mortalidade em 30 dias. Foram usados o teste quiquadrado e Regressão logística, considerando-se p<0,05 como significante. RESULTADOS: Os desfechos cardiovasculares combinados no pós-operatório e a mortalidade em 30 dias foram 71 (6,6%) e 34 (3,2%), respectivamente. Os Tabagistas Atuais e Pregressos apresentaram 53 (8,8%) eventos cardíacos combinados enquanto que os Não Tabagistas 18 (3,8%), p=0,002. Em relação à mortalidade, Tabagistas Atuais e Pregressos apresentaram 26 (4,3%) enquanto que os Não Tabagistas 8 (1,7%), p=0,024. Na análise multivariada, faixa etária, cirurgia de emergência, insuficiência cardíaca, sobrecarga ventricular esquerda, revascularização do miocárdio e extra-sístole ventricular associaram-se independentemente aos eventos cardiovasculares perioperatórios enquanto que faixa etária, cirurgia de emergência, insuficiência cardíaca, alterações laboratoriais, história de hepatopatia, operações por neoplasia e tabagismo se associaram a mortalidade em 30 dias após a operação de alto risco. CONCLUSÃO: Os Tabagistas atuais e pregressos apresentaram mais eventos cardíacos e mortalidade do que os Não tabagistas. Entre as variáveis independentes associadas a eventos cardíacos e mortalidade em 30 dias, o tabagismo Atual foi á única variável modificável detectada. / I NTRODUCTION: Despite the importance of smoking in the process cardiovascular disease in modern society, the assessments of cardiac risk preoperative haven´t demonstrated an association between smoking (as independent variable) and postoperative cardiac events. Generally, in the researches, indicate as independent variables : myocardial infarction, chronic renal failure, diabetes, angina, age, etc. OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of smoking in postoperative cardiac complications of non-cardiac surgery. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study designed at General Hospital with 1072 patients. The patients were divided into Current Smokers (n = 265), Past Smokers (n = 335) and Nonsmokers (n = 462). The three groups were analyzed for combined cardiovascular outcomes in postoperative (infarction, pulmonary edema; arrhythmia with hemodynamic instability, unstable angina, cardiac death) and 30-days mortality. The chi-square test and logistic regression were used, considering p<0.05 as significant. RESULTS: The combined cardiovascular outcomes in postoperative and 30-days mortality were 71 (6.6%) and 34 (3.2%), respectively. The Current and Past Smokers presented 53 (8.8%) combined cardiac events than Nonsmokers which showed 18 (3.8%), p = 0002. The 30-days mortality, Current and Past Smokers presented 26 (4.3%) while Nonsmokers 8 (1.7%), p= 0024. At multivariate analysis, age, emergency operation, cardiac failure, left ventricular hypertrophy, coronary-artery revascularization and ventricular premature contractions were independent variables associated with postoperative cardiac events. Another hand, age, emergency operation, cardiac failure, left ventricular hypertrophy, operation of cancer, liver failure, and abnormality laboratories tests were independent variables associated with 30-days mortality after surgery. CONCLUSION: There are more cardiac events and high mortality with Current and Past smokers when compared to nonsmokers. Many independent variables were associated with cardiac postoperative cardiac events and 30-days mortality. However, Current Smoking was unique modifiable variable find out.

Introdução: O jejum prolongado pré-operatório aumenta a resistência periférica à insulina. Foi investigado se a abreviação do jejum pré-operatório com uma bebida contendo carboidrato e glutamina melhora a resposta orgânica ao trauma cirúrgico. Métodos: Quarenta e oito pacientes adultas, do sexo feminino (19-62 anos) candidatas a colecistectomia videolaparoscópica eletiva. As pacientes foram aleatoriamente divididas em quatro grupos: grupo jejum convencional (grupo Jejum), ou em três grupos para receber três tipos diferentes bebidas oito horas (400 mL) e duas horas antes da indução anestésica (200ml): água pura (grupo Placebo), água mais dextrinomaltose (grupo carboidrato; 12,5% de dextrinomaltose) e grupo glutamina (grupo glutamina; 12,5% de dextrinomaltose e respectivamente 40 e 10g de glutamina). As amostras de sangue foram coletadas no período pré e pós-operatório. Resultados: não houve nenhum evento de aspiração ou regurgitação do conteúdo gástrico manifesto por sinais e sintomas clínicos, durante a indução anestésica, ou em qualquer outro momento do estudo. Também não houve nenhum óbito ou complicação pós-operatória. A média e o erro padrão médio da resistência à insulina determinada pelo HOMA-IR realizada no pós-operatório foi maior (p<0,05) no grupo que permaneceu em jejum (4,3±1,3) quando comparado com os outros três grupos de pacientes (Placebo, 1,6±0,3); carboidrato, (2,3±0,4) e glutamina, (1,5±0,1). A medida da glutationa peroxidase sérica, medida nos dois períodos foi maior no grupo glutamina (40±3,0) que nos grupos carboidrato (32±2,0) e jejum (32±2,0) (p<0,01). Ao se comparar o comportamento da IL-6 sérica em cada grupo estudado no período pré e pós-operatório, observou-se que o grupo glutamina foi o único sem diferença, enquanto nos demais a IL-6 aumentou no pós-operatório (p<0,01). No período pós-operatório a razão proteína-C-reativa/albumina foi maior no grupo jejum quando comparado com os grupos carboidrato (p=0,04) e glutamina (p=0,01). O balanço nitrogenado acumulativo foi menos negativo no grupo glutamina (-2,5±0,8 gN) que nos grupos placebo (-9,0±2,0 gN; p=0,001) e jejum (-6,6±0,4 gN; p=0,04). Conclusão: A abreviação do jejum pré-operatório com uma bebida contendo carboidrato e glutamina melhora a resistência periférica a insulina, a resposta anti-oxidativa e diminui a resposta inflamatória de pacientes submetidas à colecistectomia videolaparoscópica eletiva / Introduction: Prolonged preoperative fasting increases insulin resistance. We investigated whether an abbreviated preoperative fast with glutamine plus a carbohydrate based beverage would improve the organic response after surgery. Methods: Forty-eight female patients (19-62 years) candidates for video-cholecystectomy were randomized to either standard fasting (fasting group) or to fasting with one of three different beverages. Beverages were consumed 8 hours (400 mL; placebo group: water; glutamine group: water with 50 g maltodextrine plus 40 g glutamine; and carbohydrate group: water with 50 g maltodextrine) and 2 hours (200 mL; placebo group: water; glutamine group: water with 25 g maltodextrine plus 10 g glutamine; and carbohydrate group: water with 25 g maltodextrine) before anesthesia. Blood samples were collected pre- and postoperatively. Results: There were no cases of regurgitation during anesthesia. The mean [SEM] postoperative HOMA-IR was greater (p<0,05) in fasted patients (4,3±1,3) than in the other groups (placebo, 1,6±0,3); carbohydrate, (2.3±0,4); and glutamine, (1,5±0,1). Glutathione peroxidase (U/g hemoglobin) was significantly higher (40±3,0) in glutamine group than both carbohydrate (32±2,0) and fasting (32±2,0) groups (p< 0,01). Interleukin-6 increased in all groups except the glutamine group. The C-reactive protein/albumin ratio was higher in fasting subjects than carbohydrate (p=0,04) and glutamine (p=0,01) groups. The nitrogen balance was less negative in glutamine (-2,5±0,8 gN) than both placebo (-9,0±2,0 gN; p=0,001) and fasting (-6,6±0,4 gN; p=0,04) groups. Conclusions: Preoperative intake of a glutamine-enriched carbohydrate beverage improves insulin resistance and antioxidant defenses, and decreases the inflammatory response after videolaparoscopic cholecystectomy

Submitted by Fabiana Gonçalves Pinto (benf@ndc.uff.br) on 2015-12-11T11:55:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Thalita Gomes do Carmo.pdf: 1449238 bytes, checksum: 36ba4ec665b7ebb30bea7e692a81f261 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-11T11:55:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thalita Gomes do Carmo.pdf: 1449238 bytes, checksum: 36ba4ec665b7ebb30bea7e692a81f261 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Mestrado Acadêmico em Ciências do Cuidado em Saúde / O objeto desta pesquisa reside na Visita Pré-Operatória do enfermeiro com o Idoso que será submetido à Cirurgia Cardíaca. A visita de enfermagem pré-operatória enquanto rotina, em muito contribui para a redução de algumas complicações no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca, a qual por vezes, tem sua base no medo do desconhecido e na ansiedade ocasionadas possivelmente pela falta de informações e orientações. Tendo em vista o aumento da expectativa de vida e sua relação com as doenças cardiovasculares, que acometem consideravelmente os idosos, levando-os a um maior risco de serem submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca, consideramos importante a assistência de enfermagem pré – operatória, nesta faixa etária. Este estudo trata-se de uma dissertação correspondente ao Mestrado Acadêmico em Ciências do Cuidado em saúde da Universidade Federal Fluminense, com o objetivo de: descrever a necessidade dos idosos em relação ao pré-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca a partir do discurso deles. E, discutir os discursos produzidos pelos idosos e as implicações para o atendimento aos padrões de conhecimento do enfermeiro no pré-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca. É uma pesquisa do tipo descritiva e exploratória, com perspectiva crítico-reflexiva, com abordagem qualitativa, do tipo pesquisa de campo. Foi realizada no Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia – RJ. Os sujeitos foram idosos de ambos os sexos internados para realizarem cirurgia cardíaca. Foram entrevistados 10 idosos, sendo 6 homens e 4 mulheres. Três deles se encontram na faixa etária entre 60 aos 65 anos, seis na faixa etária entre 66 aos 70 anos, um na faixa etária acima de 70 anos, três possuem o ensino fundamental incompleto, dois o ensino médio incompleto, quatro possuem o ensino médico completo e um possui o ensino superior. Quatro realizaram troca de válvula aórtica (TVAo), três revascularização do miocárdio (RVM), um troca de válvula aórtica com revascularização do miocárdio, um idoso submeteu-se a troca de válvula aórtica com revascularização do miocárdio mais plastia de tricúspide e um troca de válvula mitral com plastia de tricúspide. A técnica empregada foi à análise do discurso do sujeito coletivo segundo Lefèvre. Os aspectos éticos foram respeitados conforme a resolução 196/96 e a pesquisa obteve aprovação nº. 0268/26.02.2010 do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa referente a Instituição pesquisada. Os resultados foram apresentados e discutidos a partir das cinco questões discursivas: rede de apoio familiar, padrão do conhecimento pessoal, empírico, estético e ético. Percebeu-se que a família para o idoso é vista na figura da esposa, do marido, dos filhos, sobrinhos e netos. O fato de estarem internados para se submeterem a uma cirurgia os deixa ansiosos e temerosos quanto ao futuro de seus familiares. O cuidado do enfermeiro é visto como uma atividade importante e relevante, porém os mesmos relatam um cuidar de enfermagem centrado nos aspectos biológicos do corpo. Entretanto observa-se também que esses idosos sentem necessidade de outras vertentes do cuidar, que não só a biológica. A partir do momento que entendemos melhor o cotidiano da nossa prática, vista sob o enfoque do cliente (e nesta pesquisa, do idoso) percebemos o quanto detalhes como o olhar, o toque, as palavras e os gestos podem ser importantes para o bem-estar dos mesmos. / The objective of this research lies in Nursing Care Visit during pre-operative evaluation of elderly patients scheduled to heart surgery. According to Regis and Santiago (2008) nursing visits, as a pre-operative routine, greatly contributes in reducing some complications after cardiac surgery. These are sometimes related to fear of the unknown and anxiety caused by lack of information and guidance. Nurses should be prepared to care for the elderly patient who is being prepared to heart surgery since this procedure is increasely being performed. We consider nursing care during pre-operative period of heart surgery an important factor. The nurse that takes care of these patients may ignore some of subjects needs due to the complexity of cardiac surgery and the advances in technology that involves this treatment. This study in part of a Master Degree thesis corresponding to the Academic Master of Science in Health Care at the Universidade Federal Fluminense, in order to: describe the expectations of care from elderly patients facing cardiac surgery based on the analysis of their speech b) discuss the speech of the elderly and the implications for compliance with the standards of knowledge of nurses in the pre-operative period of cardiac surgery. It is a descriptive and exploratory survey, with a critical and reflective perspective and a qualitative approach, using field research. It was held at the National Institute of Cardiology – RJ -Brazil. The subjects were old (>60 years old) patients of both sexes admitted to perform heart surgery. We interviewed 10 seniors, including 6 men and 4 women. Three of them are aged between 60 to 65 years, six aged 66 to 70 years, one aged over 70 years. Three have completed elementary school, two have an incomplete high school education, four have complete high school and one has graduated from university. Four underwent aortic valve replacement (AVR), three coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), an aortic valve replacement with CABG, one underwent aortic valve replacement with CABG and tricuspid valve annuloplasty and one underwent a mitral valve replacement and tricuspid annuloplasty. The technique used was the analysis of the collective subject discourse according to Lefèvre. The ethical aspects were respected according to the Resolution 196/96 and the research was approved under the number 0268/26.02.2010 from the Research Ethics Committee from the National Institute of Cardiology. The results were presented and discussed based on the five essay questions that emerged after the interviews. It was felt that the family, from elderly point of view, is seen in the figure of the wife, husband, sons, nephews and grandchildren. The fact they are hospitalized to undergo a surgery leaves them anxious and fearful about the future of their families. The nursing care is viewed as an important and relevant activity, but only focused on the biological aspects of the body. Nonetheless it was observed that these individuals feel the need for other aspects of care, not just the biological one. Once we understand better the daily aspects of our practice, viewed from the standpoint of the client (in this research, the elderly) we may realize how small details such as the look, touch, words and gestures may be important to the their well-being.

Bakgrund: Hypotermi innebär en kärntemperatur under 36 °C och är en vanlig komplikation under perioperativa förloppet. Vid anestesi störs kroppens normala fysiologiska temperatureglering. Hypotermi kan leda till flertalet allvarliga komplikationer som kan orsaka ett lidande för patienten samt en ökad kostnad för samhället. Trots att forskning länge visat att preventiva åtgärder minskar risken för hypotermi kvarstår problemet. Syfte: Syftet är att identifiera preoperativa aktiva värmebevarande metoder och vilken effekt dessa har på att minska risken för perioperativ hypotermi hos den vuxna patienten. Metod: En systematisk litteraturstudie valdes som metod för att besvara syftet. Sökningar genomfördes i CINAHL, PubMed och Web of Science. Totalt 19 kvantitativa artiklar inkluderades och data extraherades genom en extraktionsmall. Resultat: Resultatet är sammanfattat i två huvudkategorier, preoperativa aktiva värmebevarande metoder och effekten av preoperativ aktiv värmning på patientens perioperativa temperatur. Fem olika värmebevarande metoder identifierades. Resultatet visar att preoperativa aktiva värmemetoder har en positiv effekt på att minska uppkomst av hypotermi under det perioperativa förloppet. Slutsats: Perioperativ hypotermi kan förebyggas genom ökad medvetenhet hos vårdpersonal kring problemet och genom aktiva värmebevarande metoder under det perioperativa förloppet. / Background: Hypothermia means a core temperature below 36 ° C and is a common complication during the perioperative process. In the event of anesthesia, the body's normal physiological temperature control is disturbed. Hypothermia can lead to a number of serious complications that can cause a patient suffering and an increased cost for society. Although research has long shown that preventive efforts reduce the risk of hypothermia, the problem persists. Aim: The aim is to identify preoperative active heat-saving methods and the effect they have on reducing the risk of perioperative hypothermia in the adult patient. Method: A systematic literature study was chosen as a method of answering the purpose. Searches were conducted in CINAHL, PubMed and Web of Science. A total of 19 quantitative scientific articles were included and data extracted by an extraction template. Result: The result is summarized in two main categories, preoperative active heat-saving methods and the effect of preoperative active warming at the patient's perioperative temperature. Five different heat-saving methods were identified. The result shows that preoperative active heat methods have a positive effect on reducing the appearance of hypothermia during the perioperative process. Conclusion: Perioperative hypothermia can be prevented through increased awareness of healthcare professionals around the problem and through active heat-saving methods during the perioperative process.

Introduktion: Vården som operationssjuksköterskan bedriver ska ske i enlighet med etiska riktlinjer och lagar. Kognitiv funktionsnedsättning innebär intellektuell nedsättning där bristande kommunikationsförmåga och förståelse kan föreligga. Studier har visat att etiska dilemman kan uppstå vid omvårdnad av kognitivt funktionsnedsatt patient. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva operationssjuksköterskors erfarenheter och upplevelser av etiska dilemman vid pre- och intraoperativ vård av patienter med kognitiv funktionsnedsättning. Metod: Konventionell, kvalitativ innehållsanalys (Hsieh &amp; Shannon, 2005) med induktiv ansats och semistrukturerade intervjuer (n=10) användes. Strategiskt- och bekvämlighetsurval användes. Resultat: Resultatet gav tre kategorier med totalt sju subkategorier. Operationssjuksköterskorna upplevde svårigheter med att definiera etiska dilemman. Det definierades som situationer där en vårdhandling önskas utföras men patienten inte vill deltaga på grund av begränsad förståelse. Etiska dilemman kunde vara vård under tvång eller avgöra huruvida anhöriga bör närvara. Konklusion: Etiska dilemman var svårt att definiera för operationssjuksköterskor. De upplevde att rädsla hos patienten kan leda till att etiska dilemman uppstår. Operationssjuksköterskorna beskrev åtgärder och arbetssätt för att motverka etiska dilemman, vilket kan användas till förbättringsarbete och vidare forskning. Det är av vikt att ta sig tid och arbeta för att främja autonomin och personcentrera vården och undvika rädsla, därmed motverka etiska dilemman. / Introduction: As a theatre nurse, nursing care should be performed in relation to ethical guidelines and laws. Cognitive impairment implies intellectual impairment where difficulties in communication and understanding may be present. Studies have shown that ethical dilemmas can arise when nursing patients with cognitive impairment. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe the theatre nurses’ experiences of ethical dilemmas in pre- and intraoperative nursing of patients with cognitive impairment. Method: A conventional, qualitative content analysis (Hsieh &amp; Shannon, 2005) with an inductive approach and semi-structured interviews (n=10) was used. Purposive and convenience sampling methods were used. Results: The results showed three categories with a total of seven subcategories. The theatre nurses experienced difficulties in defining ethical dilemmas. It was defined as situations in which a caring intervention wishes to be conducted, yet the patient refuses to participate due to limited understanding. Forced care or determine whether a patient’s relative should participate could be ethical dilemmas. Conclusion: Ethical dilemmas were difficult for the theatre nurses to define. They experienced that patients’ fear may result in ethical dilemmas. The theatre nurses described working methods to avoid ethical dilemmas, which might be used for improvements within the clinic as well as in further research. It is important to dedicate time to work towards person-centered care and to avoid fear, and accordingly counteract ethical dilemmas.

Syftet med denna litteratur studie var att undersöka om den preoperativa patient- informationen hade någon effekt på patientens oro, samt om den preoperativa informationen och oron hade någon inverkan på patientens postoperativa smärta.Metoden som användes var en litteraturstudie. Resultatet var baserat på tio vetenskapliga artiklar av kvantitativ design. Litteratur sökningen gjordes i databaserna PubMed, CINAHL och Cochrane Library Resultatet visade att patienter som fick sjukhusets rutininformation i kombination med specifik preoperativ information hade en statistisk signifikant lägre grad av oro under sjukhusvistelsen. Studien visade även att patienter som fick specifik preoperativ information hade signifikant lägre grad av postoperativ smärta. / The aim of this literature review was to investigate if the preoperative patient education had any effects on patients’ anxiety and if the preoperative information and anxiety had any impact on patients’ postoperative pain.The method used was a literature review where our results were based on ten scientific articles of quantitative design. Searchers were made in the databases PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Library.The results showed that patients who received routine hospital information in combination with specific preoperative education had a statistically significant less anxiety. Studies also showed that patient who received specific preoperative education had lower postoperative pain.

Alla patienter som genomgår någon typ av operation där man penetrerar huden har en ökad risk att drabbas av en postoperativ sårinfektion.Syftet var att utforska de preoperativa åtgärderna huddesinfektion och hårborttagning relaterat till uppkomsten av postoperativa sårinfektioner.Metoden var en systematisk litteratur studie där nio artiklar användes som underlag.Resultatet visade att klorhexidin reducerar bakterierna på huden, men ingen signifikant minskning av antalet postoperativa sårinfektioner kunde påvisas. Av hårborttagningsmetoderna rakhyvel, rakapparat och hårborttagningskräm ger rakhyvel upphov till fler små sår. / All patients going through any type of surgery where the skin will be penetrated have an increased risk to be afflicted to a postoperative wound infection. The aim of this study was to explore the preoperative preventions skin disinfections and hair removal related to development of postoperative wound infection. This literature review was based on nine articles. The results showed that chlorhexidine do reduce the incidence of bacteria on the skin but no significant reduction of postoperative wound infections was proved. Between the hair removal methods shaving with razor, electric clipper and depilatory the razor cause more cuts on the skin.

För att förebygga komplikationer vid kirurgiska ingrepp är den preoperativa fasen viktig. Sjuksköterskans roll innebär bland annat att försöka skapa trygghet samt ge adekvat information till patienten. Syftet med studien var att undersöka följsamheten gällande preoperativa riktlinjer och allmänna omvårdnadsåtgärder. Vid datainsamlingen utfördes totalt nio observationer på sju sjuksköterskor i deras arbetsmiljö. Studien utgör en kvalitets¬säkring och sammanställdes med stöd av innehållsanalys. Resultatet visade att tiden var en påverkande faktor, mer tid och resurser hade kunnat öka följsamheten ytterligare. Trots det speglar resultatet en god följsamhet gällande de praktiska preoperativa riktlinjerna, men det saknades fullgod kommunikation för att se till patientens inre behov. Slutsatserna visar på att det behövs fortlöpande utbildning gällande patientundervisning. Det är av stor vikt att lyssna på patienten, inte endast vad hon eller han säger, utan vad hon eller han egentligen förmedlar, med bland annat sitt kroppsspråk. / The preoperative phase is important to prevent complications during surgical procedures. The nursing role is to create safety and to give adequate information to the patient. The aim of the study was to examine the compliance regarding the preoperative guidelines and general caregiving procedures. During the data collection, nine observations were made on seven nurses in their working environment. The study can be applied as a quality assurance and was analysed by content analysis. The result shows that time was an influencing factor, and more time and resources would make it easier to increase the compliance. The result also shows that the compliance was good regarding practical preoperative guidelines. However complete communication skills were missing, to see the inner needs of the patient. The conclusion shows that there is a continuing need to develop the nurses skill regarding patient education. It is important to listen to the patient, not only to what is being said, but to what he or she really means, including body language.

El presente trabajo es una revisión crítica que tiene por finalidad Conocer medidas preventivas que se utilizan para controlar las infecciones del sitio quirúrgico (ISQ) durante el preoperatorio. La ISQ es la infección más común en los centros hospitalarios; esto ocasiona un mayor tiempo de permanencia en el hospital, aumenta el costo del tratamiento y la posibilidad de complicaciones que afectan gravemente la salud del paciente e incluso le ocasionen la muerte. El método utilizado fue la EBE, se realizó el esquema PIS para plantear la pregunta clínica: ¿Qué medidas preventivas se utilizan para el control de la ISQ durante el preoperatorio?. La búsqueda de investigaciones se realizó mediante los sistemas de datos como Scielo, PubMed, Biblioteca Virtual de Salud (BVS), Google académico. Se logró obtener el total de 10 investigaciones, y al aplicar la Guía de validez y utilidad aparente de Gálvez Toro se redujo a 2. Al final se seleccionó una GPC y se utilizó el instrumento AGREE II para evaluar la calidad de ésta, tiene un nivel de evidencia alta y un grado de recomendación fuerte. La respuesta a la pregunta menciona que las medidas más utilizadas para controlar la ISQ son: profilaxis antibiótica, el lavado de manos quirúrgico, la irrigación de las heridas, no remover el pelo en el sitio quirúrgico y tener en cuenta comorbilidades de los pacientes. / The present work is a critical review whose purpose is to know preventive measures that are used to control infections of the surgical site during the preoperative period. Surgical wound infection is the most common nosocomial infection in postoperative patients; This causes them to stay longer in the hospital, increases the cost of treatment and the possibility of complications that seriously affect their health and even death. The method used was EBE, the PIS scheme was performed to ask the clinical question: What preventive measures are used to control surgical site infection during the preoperative period? The research search was carried out through data systems such as Scielo, PubMed, Virtual Health Library (VHL), and academic Google. A total of 10 articles were obtained, and after applying Gálvez Toro's Apparent Validity and Utility Guide, it was reduced to 2. In the end, a CPG was selected and the AGREE II instrument was used to assess its quality. It has a high level of evidence and a strong degree of recommendation. The answer to the question mentions that the most used measures to control surgical site infection are: antibiotic prophylaxis, surgical handwashing, wound irrigation, not removing hair in the surgical site, and taking into account comorbidities of the patients. patients.

No / There are few data on the associations between anaemia, allogeneic blood transfusion (ABT), patient blood management, and outcome after arthroplasty in the UK. National agencies nevertheless instruct NHS Trusts to implement blood conservation measures including preoperative anaemia management. Internationally, blood management programmes show encouraging results. METHODS: We retrospectively audited 717 primary hip or knee arthroplasties in a UK general hospital and conducted regression analyses to identify outcome predictors. We used these data to modify previously published algorithms for UK practice and audited its introduction prospectively. The retrospective audit group served as a control. RESULTS: Preoperative haemoglobin (Hb) concentration predicted ABT (odds ratio 0.25 per 1 g dl(-1), P<0.001). It also predicted the length of stay (LOS, effect size -0.7 days per 1 g dl(-1), P=0.004) independently of ABT, including in non-anaemic patients. Patient blood management implementation was associated with lower ABT rates for hip (23-7%, P<0.001) and knee (7-0%, P=0.001) arthroplasty. LOS for total hip replacement and total knee replacement decreased from 6 (5-8) days to 5 (3-7) and 4 (3-6) days, respectively, after algorithm implementation (P<0.001). The all-cause re-admission rate within 90 days decreased from 13.5% (97/717) before to 8.2% (23/281) after algorithm implementation (P=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that preoperative Hb predicts markers of arthroplasty outcome in UK practice. A systematic approach to optimize Hb mass before arthroplasty and limit Hb loss perioperatively was associated with improved outcome up to 90 days after discharge.