<p>Many Swedish urban neighborhoods have since they were constructed suffered from a bad reputation and have had a lack of strong socioeconomic groups settling there. This study is about a suburb in a medium-sized Swedish town and the purpose is to find out which social problems that exist there. The aim is also to explain the actors who work with adolescents in the area, which interventions and activities are offered, and whether they can be characterized as pro-social, as well as how the cooperation between the actors looks like. A qualitative approach with semi-structured interviews was carried out, involving nine respondents, who are active in the public and nonprofit sector. The interview guide used is designed and divided into different themes based on the survey questions. The result shows that the social problems that mainly distinguishes it selves in the area are unemployment and segregation, and as a result of this a certain family and youth problems occur. There exists a large number of actors in the residential area and thus a variety of actions and activities targeted to children and adolescents exist. Most of these actors cooperate and mainly and foremost, the municipality plays a significant role as a coordinator through a so-called community group, where the majority of all actors participate. Some of the respondents expressed that more organization and commitment are needed. They believe that one of the biggest obstacles to the pro-social efforts is that the residential area has an undeserved bad reputation and that it is particularly the media's stigmatization of the residents that is a major problem, with focus on the young people.<strong></strong></p> / <p>Många svenska storstadsförorter har sedan de konstruerades utifrån miljonprogrammets ideologier dragits med ett dålig rykte och har haft en brist på inflyttning av socioekonomiskt starka samhällsgrupper. Denna studie handlar om en förort till en medelstor svensk stad och syftet är att ta reda på vilka sociala problem som existerar där. Syftet är vidare att redogöra vilka aktörer som arbetar med ungdomar i bostadsområdet, vilka insatser och aktiviteter som finns och om de kan betecknas som prosociala, samt hur samarbetet mellan aktörerna ser ut. En kvalitativ ansats med semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts, involverande nio aktörer som är verksamma inom offentlig och ideell sektor. Intervjuguiden som använts är utformad och uppdelad i olika teman utifrån studiens frågeställningar. Resultatet som framkom visar att de sociala problem som främst utmärker sig i området är arbetslöshet och segregation och till följd av detta en viss familje- och ungdomsproblematik. Det existerar ett stort antal aktörer i bostadsområdet och därmed även en mängd insatser och aktiviteter som är riktade mot barn och ungdomar. De flesta av dessa samarbetar och främst kommunen har en betydande roll att agera som koordinator genom en så kallad områdesgrupp, där majoriteten av alla aktörer medverkar. Respondenterna uttrycker dock att en mer organisering och engagemang behövs. De anser att ett av de största hindren för pro-sociala insatser är att bostadsområdet har ett oförtjänt dåligt rykte och att det är särskilt mediernas stigmatisering av de boende som är ett stort problem, med fokus på ungdomar.</p>

Many Swedish urban neighborhoods have since they were constructed suffered from a bad reputation and have had a lack of strong socioeconomic groups settling there. This study is about a suburb in a medium-sized Swedish town and the purpose is to find out which social problems that exist there. The aim is also to explain the actors who work with adolescents in the area, which interventions and activities are offered, and whether they can be characterized as pro-social, as well as how the cooperation between the actors looks like. A qualitative approach with semi-structured interviews was carried out, involving nine respondents, who are active in the public and nonprofit sector. The interview guide used is designed and divided into different themes based on the survey questions. The result shows that the social problems that mainly distinguishes it selves in the area are unemployment and segregation, and as a result of this a certain family and youth problems occur. There exists a large number of actors in the residential area and thus a variety of actions and activities targeted to children and adolescents exist. Most of these actors cooperate and mainly and foremost, the municipality plays a significant role as a coordinator through a so-called community group, where the majority of all actors participate. Some of the respondents expressed that more organization and commitment are needed. They believe that one of the biggest obstacles to the pro-social efforts is that the residential area has an undeserved bad reputation and that it is particularly the media's stigmatization of the residents that is a major problem, with focus on the young people. / Många svenska storstadsförorter har sedan de konstruerades utifrån miljonprogrammets ideologier dragits med ett dålig rykte och har haft en brist på inflyttning av socioekonomiskt starka samhällsgrupper. Denna studie handlar om en förort till en medelstor svensk stad och syftet är att ta reda på vilka sociala problem som existerar där. Syftet är vidare att redogöra vilka aktörer som arbetar med ungdomar i bostadsområdet, vilka insatser och aktiviteter som finns och om de kan betecknas som prosociala, samt hur samarbetet mellan aktörerna ser ut. En kvalitativ ansats med semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts, involverande nio aktörer som är verksamma inom offentlig och ideell sektor. Intervjuguiden som använts är utformad och uppdelad i olika teman utifrån studiens frågeställningar. Resultatet som framkom visar att de sociala problem som främst utmärker sig i området är arbetslöshet och segregation och till följd av detta en viss familje- och ungdomsproblematik. Det existerar ett stort antal aktörer i bostadsområdet och därmed även en mängd insatser och aktiviteter som är riktade mot barn och ungdomar. De flesta av dessa samarbetar och främst kommunen har en betydande roll att agera som koordinator genom en så kallad områdesgrupp, där majoriteten av alla aktörer medverkar. Respondenterna uttrycker dock att en mer organisering och engagemang behövs. De anser att ett av de största hindren för pro-sociala insatser är att bostadsområdet har ett oförtjänt dåligt rykte och att det är särskilt mediernas stigmatisering av de boende som är ett stort problem, med fokus på ungdomar.

Vagal tone, a measure of parasympathetic activity via the vagus nerve, is known to be associated with positive emotion because it promotes social engagement and self-soothing behavior. Heart rate variability (HRV), especially high frequency oscillation, is a direct measure of vagal tone, and has been used in previous studies to test the correlation between vagal tone and positive emotion. This study aims to determine if the two major oscillations of heart rate variability, high frequency (HF-HRV) and low frequency (LF-HRV) can predict pro-social behavior, which is classified as giving donations to charities. Baseline LF- and HF-HRV levels were recorded, and compared to how much each participant donated after watching several donation appeals by charities. Results showed there was no significant difference in either LF- or HF-HRV levels between donors and non-donors. A negative correlation was found between both LF and HF-HRV levels and donation behavior, contradicting research that predicts a positive correlation between the two variables. There was no significant effect of gender on donation amount. This research gives insight in to how physiological changes can affect psychological processes, such as emotional expression.

No description available.

In an everchanging world where information flows freely and we are continually awash with new truths, we need to equip our children and our youth with the ability to face it with confidence and knowledge. To understand values such as democracy and the equal value of all, reflection and argumentation must take place in the room. Our young people must be able to communicate, critically examine and take a position on arguments. Our young people also need to be able to create trusting relationships and develop other pro-social skills. The school is an arena that has the mission to educate and equip our young people with these skills. The educational system must therefore create opportunities for our pupils to become part of their word not just a person in the world. Key to philosophical dialogue as a method, on which this intervention study is based, is the common exploration of different perspectives and arguments. To listen to and show respect for the thoughts and opinions of others but still, in a constructive way, dare to challenge each other's thoughts and ideas. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a series of six conversations, based on the model of philosophical dialogue, contributed to students experiencing an increased sense of participation in conversations with each other and the teacher. To investigate this, the special education authority's (SPSM) definition of participation was used through the six aspects of the participatory model (Delaktighetsmodellen), accessibility, belonging, autonomy, recognition, engagement, and co-operation. The study involved two intervention groups and two control groups; the two intervention groups participated in the philosophical dialogue series. Before the intervention started, the groups conducted a pre-survey and after the intervention was completed, a final survey was carried out. The results of the surveys were analyzed and after that a respondent validation was carried out with some of the participants. In comparison with previous studies, this study is considered a short intervention. The results of this study showed that even a short series of philosophical dialogue had a bearing on students' sense of participation. Not for the intervention group as a whole but for some of the participants. Participants described that with these dialogues they have gotten to know each other better and gained an increased sense of security. The participants also told us that it has been fun to talk to each other and to listen to other people's opinions and share their own with others. / I en föränderlig värld där informationen flödar fritt och vi översköljs av nya sanningar kontinuerligt krävs det att vi rustar våra barn och ungdomar att möta den med tillförsikt och kunskap. För att förstå värden som demokrati och allas lika värde måste reflektionen och argumentationen ta plats i rummet. Våra unga måste kunna kommunicera, kritiskt granska och ta ställning till argument. Våra unga behöver också kunna skapa tillitsfulla relationer och utveckla andra prosociala färdigheter. Skolan är en arena som har uppdraget att utbilda och rusta våra unga med dessa färdigheter. Skolan måste därför skapa möjligheter för våra elever att bli delaktiga i sin omvärld. Centralt för metoden filosofiska samtal, som denna interventionsstudie bygger på, är det gemensamma utforskandet av olika perspektiv och argument. Att lyssna till och visa respekt för andras tankar och åsikter men ändå, på ett konstruktivt sätt, våga utmana varandras tankar och idéer. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om en serie på sex samtal, baserade på modellen filosofiska samtal, bidrog till att eleverna upplevde en ökad känsla av delaktighet i samtal med varandra och läraren. För att undersöka detta användes specialpedagogiska skolmyndighetens definition av delaktighet genom Delaktighetsmodellens sex aspekter, tillgänglighet, tillhörighet, autonomi, erkännande, engagemang, och samhandling. I studien deltog två interventionsgrupper och två kontrollgrupper, de två interventionsgrupperna deltog i den filosofiska samtalsserien. Innan interventionen startade gjorde grupperna en förenkät och efter att interventionen avslutades genomfördes en slutenkät. Resultatet av enkäterna analyserades och efter det genomfördes en respondentvalidering med några av deltagarna. I jämförelse med tidigare forskning är denna studie att betrakta som en kort intervention. Resultatet av denna studie visade att även en kort serie med filosofiska samtal har betydelse för elevers känsla av delaktighet. Inte för interventionsgruppen som helhet men hos några av deltagarna. Deltagare beskrev att de i och med dessa samtal hade lärt känna varandra bättre och fått en ökad känsla av trygghet. Deltagarna berättade också att det var roligt att få samtala med varandra och att få lyssna på andras åsikter och få delge sina egna till andra.

The main research question in this thesis explores why some people volunteer and give money compared to those that do not. The thesis builds on existing research that explains volunteering and giving, but is primarily concerned with showing how the social environment – or the context – in which people live can explain individual decisions to volunteer and give. This thesis answers three main research questions with this central theme in mind. First, how do the background characteristics of people explain whether they volunteer or give? Second, net of background characteristics of people, how does the social environment (context) that people live in explain volunteering and giving? Third, how do background characteristics of people and the social environment in which they live interact to explain volunteering and giving? Each of the four empirical chapters focuses on research questions that have received limited attention in the literature, while also utilizing relatively unique data, in relatively unique contexts. The main results of this study are as follows. Comparatively, the shared profile of a volunteer and charitable giver is someone who is middle aged, more educated, married, richer, healthier, and a religious service attendee. Contextual country characteristics also displayed an independent effect of these individual-level characteristics: religious diversity and belonging to a religious minority group was associated with a greater likelihood of volunteering, but are not associated with giving. Income inequality is associated with a decreased likelihood of volunteering and giving for respondents in developed countries, whereas the opposite is true for respondents in developing countries, supporting Wilkinson’s relative income hypothesis. A curvilinear relationship exists between national devoutness and volunteering, whereas a strong positive correlation exists between national devoutness and giving. Females are more likely to volunteer and give in societies that exhibit more gender equality; and the lower educated are more likely to volunteer in more educated societies, but that they are not more likely to give in these societies. There is no support for the idea that income disparities in volunteering and giving are exacerbated in more socially unequal societies. In England, there was no support for the idea that a stable residential area promotes volunteering and giving among adults, while neighbourhood deprivation and ethnic diversity were strong negative predictors of both behaviours. Among the youth demographic in England, religious diversity of schools is not associated with any form of civic engagement. Ethnic diversity is positively related to school extra curricular activities, but negatively with youth club participation. Youths attending private schools were more likely to take part in school-based extra-curriculars, but less likely to take part in out of school clubs and groups.

Video games have become a new platform for social interaction. I review the sociality of video games and the relationship between virtual- and real-world behaviors. I review and address the pros and cons of methods of measuring social behavior. Finally, I present two studies drawn from internet populations. In Study 1 (N = 250), I develop a scale, The Sociality in Multiplayer Online Games Scale (SMOG), which measures the frequency of social gaming behaviors in team-based, multiplayer online games. I hypothesized these to align on dominance and affiliation dimensions of social interaction (Kiesler, 1982). In Study 2 (N = 104), I conduct a confirmatory factor analysis, which supports a two-factor structure—Destructive and Constructive social behavior, resulting in the SMOG-6. I examine construct validity using measures of dominance and affiliation. Controlling for age, gender, and frequency of game-play, both factors predict dominance. SMOG-Destructive negatively, and SMOG-Constructive positively, predicted affiliation.

O presente trabalho é uma avaliação do efeito da administração de ocitocina nasal sobre o perfil de ativação do sistema nervoso autônomo e níveis salivares de cortisol, buscando compreender a relação entre esses vetores dentro da perspectiva da teoria polivagal e da concepção da ocitocina como um peptídeo de ação pró-social. A hipótese testada foi se o sistema pró-social, mediado pela ocitocina, exerce um efeito de ativação no ramo parassimpático, diminuindo o nível salivar de cortisol, comprovando o efeito anti-stress dessa molécula, ao desligar o sistema de alarme, reação filogenética para a preparação fisiológica para a interação social (relaxamento e tranquilidade). Para tanto, utilizou-se do Trial Social Stress Test, cuja tarefa é falar em público, situação em que parâmetros autonômicos foram medidos em sujeitos humanos, assim como o nível de cortisol salivar avaliado, em dois grupos: um experimental (com administração de ocitocina) e um controle (com administração de placebo) e em dois momentos (pré e pós stress social), relacionando-os a dados de personalidade (teste Bateria Fatorial da Personalidade). Os achados foram indicativos que a ocitocina exerce um efeito inibitório notável sobre os níveis de cortisol, não encontrando dados conclusivos sobre o vinculo ou não da atividade parassimpática relacionada com a presença da ocitocina e baixo nível de cortisol, embora se tenha encontrado forte influência da presença da ocitocina na atividade cardíaca (mediada pelo sistema nervoso autônomo). O fator de personalidade se mostrou bastante relevante nos resultados de cortisol e efeitos de ocitocina, correlacionados com o índice de Neuroticismo e se encontrou indicativos de que outros fatores de personalidade podem também ser importantes / The present work is an evaluation of nasal administration effect of oxytocin over the activation profile of the autonomic nervous system and salivary levels of cortisol, seeking to understand the relationship between these vectors within the perspective of the polyvagal theory and the conception of oxytocin as a pro social peptide. The hypothesis tested was whether the pro-social system, mediated by oxytocin, exerted an activation effect over the parasympathetic branch, reducing the salivary level of cortisol, proving the anti-stress effect of this molecule, when the alarm system was turned off, phylogenetic reaction to the physiological preparation for social interaction (relaxation and tranquillity). For this purpose, the Trial Social Stress Test was used, whose task is to speak in public, in which its autonomic parameters were measured, as well as the level of salivary cortisol evaluated, in two groups: one experimental (with oxytocin administration) and one control (with placebo administration) and at two moments (pre and post social stress), relating these results with personality data (Personality Factor Battery test). The findings were indicative that oxytocin exerts a remarkable inhibitory effect on cortisol levels, and we did not find conclusive data about the relationship or not of the parasympathetic activity related to the presence of oxytocin and low cortisol level, although strong oxytocin influence was found over the cardiac activity (mediated by the autonomic nervous system). The personality factor was shown to be very relevant in the cortisol and oxytocin effects correlated with the Neuroticism Index and it was found that other personality factors may also be important

Submitted by Adriana Alves Rodrigues (aalves@espm.br) on 2018-10-09T16:13:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MPCC - CLAUDIA BARBOSA LEONARDOS.pdf: 5789340 bytes, checksum: 8b27cf8308f46fdd80311b20df39e5cb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Alves Rodrigues (aalves@espm.br) on 2018-10-09T16:14:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MPCC - CLAUDIA BARBOSA LEONARDOS.pdf: 5789340 bytes, checksum: 8b27cf8308f46fdd80311b20df39e5cb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Debora Cristina Bonfim Aquarone (deborabonfim@espm.br) on 2018-10-09T16:15:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MPCC - CLAUDIA BARBOSA LEONARDOS.pdf: 5789340 bytes, checksum: 8b27cf8308f46fdd80311b20df39e5cb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-09T16:15:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MPCC - CLAUDIA BARBOSA LEONARDOS.pdf: 5789340 bytes, checksum: 8b27cf8308f46fdd80311b20df39e5cb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-27 / Closed groups, as an environment for interaction, have been gaining importance in Facebook. Among such, Diamond Agenda, a group for exchanging information, guidance and tips regarding the most variable subjects, stands out due to the number of participants and interactions. The users post a solicitation for assistance which is promptly answered by the participants. The present research investigates the motivations for the behavior of collaborating without any material compensation. By means of in depth interviews and bibliographic review, nine motivational factors were identified: pleasure, altruism, self-sufficiency, learning, empathy, engagement, reputation, reciprocity and economy. A quantitative survey with 383 members identified that the group has a strong informational characteristic, concretized by prosocial behaviors such as reciprocity. Administrators of such kind of communities can stimulate the engagement of the participants by reinforcing the social exchange among the members. Other studies, with groups targeted to assisting in day-to-day matters, should be conducted in order to deepen the understanding and role of Facebook communities and to evaluate new ways in using them in business communication / Os grupos fechados, como ambientes de interação, vêm ganhando importância no Facebook. Entre esses, a Agenda Diamante, um grupo de troca de informações, orientações e dicas sobre os mais variados assuntos, destaca-se pelo número de participantes e interações. Os usuários postam um pedido de ajuda, que prontamente é respondido pelos demais participantes. Esta pesquisa investiga a motivação para o comportamento de colaborar com os demais sem recompensa material. Empregando entrevistas em profundidade e revisão bibliográfica foram identificados 9 fatores motivacionais: prazer, altruísmo, autoeficácia, aprendizagem, empatia, engajamento, reputação, reciprocidade e economia. Uma pesquisa quantitativa junto a 383 membros identificou que o grupo tem uma forte característica informacional, que se concretiza por meio dos comportamentos pró-sociais como a reciprocidade. Os administradores de comunidades dessa natureza podem estimular o engajamento dos participantes, reforçando a troca social dos membros. Outros estudos, com grupos que tenham como tema o auxílio às pessoas em questões do dia-a-dia, deverão ser conduzidos para aprofundar o entendimento e o papel dessas comunidades do Facebook e avaliar novas formas de empregá-los na comunicação de negócios.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A presente dissertaÃÃo teve por objetivo analisar em que medida os estilos de socializaÃÃo parental e das prioridades valorativas dos filhos influenciam o comportamento de mentir nas crianÃas. Ademais, especificamente, este estudo visou observar a ocorrÃncia dos dois principais tipos de mentira na infÃncia (antissocial e prÃ-social); verificar a congruÃncia entre os valores dos filhos e aqueles percebidos em seus pais/responsÃveis; identificar a relaÃÃo entre estilos parentais e os valores dos pais; analisar os estilos parentais que mais se relacionam com o comportamento de mentir; e finalmente, identificar os valores que melhor predizem o comportamento de contar mentiras antissociais e prÃ-sociais em crianÃas. Para tanto, desenvolveram-se em dois estudos independentes sobre os principais tipos de mentiras verificados na infÃncia. O Estudo I, o qual teve por objetivo observar a ocorrÃncia de mentiras antissociais em crianÃas, alÃm de analisar em que medida os estilos de socializaÃÃo parental e as prioridades valorativas dos filhos exercem influÃncia sobre esse comportamento, empregou o Paradigma de ResistÃncia à TentaÃÃo; especificamente, contou-se com uma amostra nÃo probabilÃstica de 56 crianÃas entre 6 e 12 anos (m=9,68; dp=1,88), a maioria do gÃnero feminino (58,9%), protestante (55,4%), declarando como principal responsÃvel a mÃe (71,4%). O Estudo II objetivou observar a ocorrÃncia de mentiras prÃ-sociais em crianÃas, e analisar em que medida os estilos de socializaÃÃo parental e as prioridades valorativas dos filhos exercem influÃncia sobre esse comportamento e se utilizou o Paradigma do Presente Indesejado; contou com uma amostra, diferente daquela utilizada no Estudo I, nÃo probabilÃstica de 63 participantes, com idades entre 6 e 12 anos (m=9,06; dp=1,89), a maioria do gÃnero feminino (61,9%), protestante (42,4%), declarando como principal responsÃvel a mÃe (77,8%). Em ambos os estudos, as crianÃas responderam a uma versÃo do InventÃrio de Estilos Parentais (IEP) e a duas versÃes do QuestionÃrio de Valores BÃsicos â Infantil (QVB-I). As anÃlises de dados foram efetuadas por meio do SPSS 20; foram realizadas estatÃsticas descritivas, correlaÃÃes intra-diÃticas e correlaÃÃes &#961; de Spearman, testes t de Student e anÃlises de regressÃo logÃstica. Os resultados dos dois estudos indicaram que os valores das crianÃas sÃo congruentes com aqueles percebidos em seus pais; nÃo houve diferenÃas significativas no tocante aos estilos parentais de pais de crianÃas que mentiram e nÃo mentiram, e ainda, que os estilos parentais e valores humanos nÃo predizem a probabilidade de contar mentiras antissociais e prÃ-sociais. NÃo obstante algumas limitaÃÃes, ressalta-se que os objetivos foram alcanÃados e que a consecuÃÃo desse estudo forneceu dados significativos acerca do estudo do comportamento de mentir em contexto brasileiro; ademais, propÃem-se estudos futuros que contribuam para a ampliaÃÃo de pesquisas em contexto brasileiro sobre esta temÃtica, inclusive com o emprego de paradigmas experimentais que sÃo comumente desenvolvidos e empregados em outros paÃses.