Contexte : Il est établi que les traitements hormonaux de la ménopause à base d’estroprogestatifs augmentent le risque de cancer du sein, mais ce risque pourrait varier selon les types de progestatifs utilisés. Par ailleurs, le rôle des traitements à base de progestatifs seuls dans le cancer du sein a été peu étudié. Du fait des particularités françaises dans la prescription de ces traitements, nous avons analysé le risque de cancer du sein en fonction des types de traitement hormonaux prescrits chez les femmes en France.Le surpoids et l’obésité sont associés à une diminution du risque de cancer du sein en préménopause, mais augmentent le risque en période post-ménopausique. Les mécanismes sous-jacents ne sont pas complètement élucidés et des questions restent en suspens quant au rôle du gain de poids à différentes périodes de la vie. Méthodes : Ce travail porte sur les données d’une étude cas-témoins réalisée en population générale en France, incluant 1232 cas et 1317 témoins recrutés chez les femmes des deux départements d’Ille-et-Vilaine et de Côte d’Or, entre 2005 et 2007. Des informations détaillées sur l'utilisation des traitements hormonaux, sur le poids à différentes périodes de la vie et sur diverses caractéristiques reproductives et médicales ont été obtenues au cours d'entretiens en face-à-face. Les odds ratios et intervalles de confiance à 95% après ajustement sur les facteurs de risque du cancer du sein ont été calculés à l’aide de modèles de régression logistique. Des analyses de trajectoires d’indice de masse corporelle entre l’âge de 20 ans et l’âge au moment du diagnostic ont été pratiquées.Résultats : Le risque de cancer du sein était augmenté chez les utilisatrices de progestatifs de synthèse combinés ou non avec un estrogène. Ce risque était restreint à la prise récente du traitement hormonal et augmentait avec la durée d’utilisation. A l’inverse, les traitements à base de progestérone naturelle n’étaient pas associés à une augmentation du risque de cancer du sein. Chez les femmes non ménopausées, un IMC élevé et un gain de poids antérieur étaient associés à une diminution du risque de cancer du sein. Chez les femmes ménopausées, seul un gain de poids dans la période précédant la ménopause (entre 40 et 50 ans) était associé à une augmentation du risque de cancer du sein. Cette association était plus marquée chez les femmes maigres à 20 ans (IMC≤ 18,5 kg/m²), ou chez les femmes plus âgées. Conclusion : Ce travail confirme d’une part les effets cancérogènes des traitements hormonaux à base de progestatifs de synthèse, et d’autre part l’absence d’effet délétère de la progestérone naturelle sur le risque de cancer du sein. L’utilisation de progestérone naturelle doit toutefois être évaluée au regard des bénéfices et des risques qu’elle peut entraîner. Nous avons également pu préciser les relations existant entre le gain de poids et le risque de cancer du sein, et suggéré qu’un gain de poids pendant la période précédant la ménopause pouvait être plus favorable à la survenue de cancer du sein en post-ménopause. / Background: There is evidence that menopausal combined estrogen-progestagen therapy increases the risk of breast cancer, but the risk may vary depending on the types of progestagen used. Moreover, the role of progestagen-only therapy in breast cancer has been little studied. Because of French specificities in prescribing these treatments, we analyzed the risk of breast cancer based on these different types of hormone treatment prescribed among women in France.Overweight and obesity are associated with a reduced risk of premenopausal breast cancer, but increase the risk in postmenopausal period. The underlying mechanisms are not fully understood, and questions remain about the role of weight gain in different periods of life.Methods: This work relates on data from a case-control study in the general population in France, including 1232 cases and 1317 controls recruited among women in two departments of Ille-et-Vilaine and Côte d'Or, between 2005 and 2007. Detailed information on hormonal treatments use, on weight at different periods of life and various reproductive and medical characteristics were obtained during a face-to-face interview. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals after adjustment for breast cancer risk factors were calculated using logistic regression models. Analyzes of BMI trajectories between the age of 20 and the age at diagnosis were performed.Results: The risk of breast cancer was increased in users of synthetic progestagen combined or not combined with an estrogen. This risk was restricted to the recent use of the hormone treatment and increased with the duration of use. Conversely, the natural progesterone based treatment was not associated with an increased risk of breast cancer.In premenopausal women, higher BMI and a previous weight gain were associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer. In postmenopausal women, only weight gain in the period preceding the menopause (40 to 50 years) was associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. This association was stronger among women who were lean women at the age of 20 (IMC≤ 18.5 kg / m²), or in older women.Conclusion: This study confirms the carcinogenic effects of hormonal treatments with synthetic progestagen, and the absence of deleterious effects of natural progesterone on breast cancer risk. However, the use of natural progesterone must be evaluated according to the benefits and risks that may result. We could also clarify the relationship between weight gain and the risk of breast cancer, and suggested that weight gain during the period before menopause could be more favorable to the occurrence of breast cancer in post-menopausal .

O câncer de mama corresponde a aproximadamente um quarto das neoplasias malignas em mulheres. A incidência do câncer de mama no Brasil é de cerca de 50.000 novos casos por ano, sendo considerado importante problema de saúde pública. HER2 e receptores hormonais (receptores de estrógeno e progesterona) são considerados os mais importantes marcadores prognósticos e preditivos em carcinoma de mama. A amplificação do gene HER2 ou a superexpressão da proteína HER2, que ocorre em cerca de 20 porcento dos carcinomas de mama, está associada a curso clínico mais agressivo e determina elegibilidade para terapia específica anti-HER2 com trastuzumabe. A terapia hormonal reduz em mais de 50 porcento o risco relativo de recorrência da doença em pacientes com tumores sensíveis a esse tratamento. Os testes de HER2 e receptores hormonais são partes essenciais da avaliação clínica das pacientes com carcinoma de mama; resultados precisos são fundamentais na identificação de pacientes que podem ser beneficiadas por terapias específicas. O presente estudo investigou a concordância nos resultados dos testes de HER2 e receptores hormonais determinados por imuno-histoquímica em 500 carcinomas invasivos de mama entre um laboratório referência e laboratórios locais de todas as regiões geográficas do Brasil. Os resultados demonstram baixa concordância geral (171/500 casos, 34,2 porcento) em relação aos resultados do teste de HER2 entre laboratórios locais e referência, o que pode estar relacionado ao baixo volume de testes de HER2 realizados, inexperiência com o sistema de escores de HER2 e/ou questões técnicas relacionadas à imuno-histoquímica nos laboratórios locais. A concordância nos resultados do teste de receptores de estrógeno e progesterona foi de 89,4 porcento (447/500 casos) e de 85,0 porcento (425/500 casos), respectivamente, entre laboratórios locais e referência. Padronização dos testes de HER2 e receptores hormonais com medidas de controle de qualidade rigorosas por laboratórios locais é fortemente recomendada para se evitar o tratamento inadequado de pacientes com câncer de mama / Breast cancer accounts for approximately one quarter of all cancers in females. The incidence of breast cancer in Brazil is about 50,000 new cases per year, and it is considered an important public health problem. HER2 and hormone receptors (estrogen and progesterone receptors) are considered the main prognostic and predictive markers for breast carcinoma. HER2 gene amplification or HER2 protein overexpression, detected in about 20 percent of breast carcinomas, predicts a more aggressive clinical course and determines eligibility for targeted therapy with trastuzumab. Hormonal therapy reduces the relative risk of recurrence by more than 50% in breast cancer patients with hormone-sensitive tumors. HER2 and hormone receptors testing has become an essential part of the clinical evaluation of all breast carcinoma patients, and accurate results are critical in identifying patients who may benefit from targeted therapy. The present study investigated the concordance in the results of HER2 and hormone receptors immunohistochemistry assays performed in 500 invasive breast carcinomas between a reference laboratory and local laboratories from all geographic regions of Brazil. Our results showed an overall poor concordance (171/500 cases, 34.2 percent) regarding HER2 results between local and reference laboratories, which may be related to the low-volume load of HER2 assays, inexperience with HER2 scoring system, and/or technical issues related to immunohistochemistry in local laboratories. The concordance of estrogen and progesterone receptors results was 89.4 percent (447/500 cases) and 85.0 percent (425/500 cases), respectively, between local and reference laboratories. Standardization of HER2 and hormone receptors testing with rigorous quality control measures by local laboratories is highly recommended in order to avoid erroneous treatment of breast cancer patients

A hiperplasia adrenal congênita (HAC) é um grupo de doenças hereditárias causadas por uma deficiência em uma das enzimas necessárias para a síntese de cortisol no cortex adrenal. Mais de 95% de todos os casos de HAC são devidos a 21-Hidroxilase (21-OHD). Existem 3 formas principais, duas com manifestações clínicas no período neonatal, a forma mais grave perdedora de sal (HAC-PS) e a forma virilizante simples (HAC-VS). Além da perda salina, o excesso de andrógenos leva à virilização de recém nascidas femininas. As formas neonatais são chamadas de clássicas, atividade enzimática da 21-OH bastante reduzida, de < 2% na HAC-PS e de 2-10% na HAC-VS. A forma parcial de início tardio é chamada de HAC não clássica (HAC-NC) e a principal manifestação na infância é a adrenarca precoce. Nesta forma a atividade da 21-OH é de 20-60%. Os programas de triagem para HAC visam, principalmente, ao diagnóstico precoce da forma clássica perdedora de sal, mais grave e potencialmente letal. No Brasil, a triagem pública é realizada no Estado de Goiás desde 1997 e em Santa Catarina desde 2001. No Rio Grande do Sul (RS) foi implantada em maio de 2014 na fase IV do Programa Nacional de Triagem Neonatal. A inclusão da HAC trouxe consigo muitos desafios e a exigência de um fluxo de triagem e diagnóstico bem estruturados. O diagnóstico precoce é crucial para prevenir o óbito de lactentes por insuficiência adrenal. Dosa-se, em papelfiltro, a 17OH progesterona (17-OHP). Elevações podem ocorrer em recém-nascidos sem HAC (falso-positivos), devido a situações de estresse perinatal e por prematuridade. Após avaliação dos dados do primeiro ano de triagem para HAC neste estudo, a mediana da idade da coleta nos casos diagnosticados foi de 8 dias (4.25-15.75). Dos 8 casos diagnosticados de maio de 2014 a abril de 2015, 6 casos com forma perdedora de sal (incluindo 1 caso de óbito por coleta tardia do TP aos 38 dias de vida). A incidência encontrada em nosso meio no primeiro ano foi de 1:13.551 casos. Com a estratégia do uso de pontos de corte estratificados pelo peso de nascimento18, o índice total de resultados positivos em nosso meio foi de 0,5% da amostra avaliada (“n” total de 514 bebês), sendo mais frequente em recém nascidos com menos de 2000g de peso ao nascer. Além da confirmação clínica e laboratorial, o genótipo é importante, além de confirmar, para estabelecer gravidade da doença e também para ratificar o diagnostico dos falsos positivos na ausência de uma mutação do gene CYP21A2. Um dos casos confirmados de HAC-PS foi associado a múltiplas malformações e craniossinostose severa, suscitando a hipótese de um a associação com defeito de FGFR2. A correlação genótipo- fenótipo na avaliação dos casos em dois anos da triagem alcançou um alto nível de concordância de 87%. Diagnosticada, portanto, de forma assertiva a HAC forma clássica, instituise a terapia glicocorticóide para as formas virilizante simples e acrescenta-se mineralocorticóide para as formas perdedoras de sal. A triagem neonatal é um importante programa de saúde populacional e visa ao diagnóstico precoce de uma patologia com potencial risco à vida pela perda de sal, além de permitir adequada atribuição de sexo nas meninas com virilização genital e à saúde da criança. Estabelecer os fluxos adequados de triagem e manejo, além de ampliar o conhecimento sobre a HAC, com o reconhecimento dos desfechos e tratamentos adequados é essencial para minimizar as possíveis complicações nesta população de maior vulnerabilidade. / Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a group of inherited diseases caused by a deficiency in one of the enzymes required for the cortisol synthesis by the adrenal cortex. More than 95% of all CAH cases are due to 21-hydroxylase (21-OHD). There are 3 forms, two with neonatal clinical manifestation: salt-wasting CAH (SW-CAH\) and the simple virilizing form (HAC-VS). In addition to salt loss, androgens excess lead to the virilization of female newborn. Neonatal forms are defined as classical CAH. The 21-OHD enzymatic activity in SWCAH is less than <2% and in the SV-CAH 2-10%. A late-onset form, with partial enzymatic defect (20-60%) is called non-classical HAC (NC-CAH) and the main manifestation in childhood is early adrenarche. In Brazil, public health screening has been conducted in the State of Goiás since 1997 and in te Sate of Santa Catarina since 2001. In Rio Grande do Sul (RS) it was implemented in May 2014, in phase IV of the National Neonatal Screening Program. The inclusion of CAH in the local screening program brought many challenges and the need of a well structured screening and diagnosis flowchart. Early diagnosis is crucial to prevent infant death due to adrenal insufficiency. Around de world, the screening programs for CAH main purpose is the early diagnosis of the more severe classical forms, especially SW-CAH. The cortisol precursor 17OH progesterone (17-OHP) is the main disease marker and is measured on filter paper. Elevations may occur in infants without CAH (false positive) due to perinatal stress and prematurity. Of newborns screened in the first year, median age of collection in diagnosed cases was 8 days (4.25-15.75) and 8 patients were diagnosed with CAH (four males, four females). The incidence of CAH in the state was 1:13,551. Six cases were identified as classic salt-was-ting CAH and two were cases of virilizing CAH. The overall rate of positive results was 0.5% (n = 514 infants). The number of false positive results was higher among newborns with birth weight < 2,000 g. In addition to clinical and laboratory confirmation, the genotype is important to confirme 21-OH deficiency, to establish disease severity and also in the absence of a mutation of the CYP21A2 gene to more precise exclude the diagnosis of suspected false positives. One of the confirmed cases of SW-CAH was associated with multiple malformations and severe craniosynostosis, raising the hypothesis of an association with FGFR2 mutation. A high genotype- phenotype correlation of 87% was found in the cases after two years of screening. Once the classic CAH is diagnosed, glucocorticoid therapy is instituted and mineralocorticoid is added for SW-CAH. CAH neonatal screening is an important population health program and aims to the early diagnosis of a pathology with a potential risk due to salt loss crisis. The early detection of cases also allows to adequate sex assignment in girls with genital virilization. Establishing adequate screening flows, proper diagnosis and management, in addition to increase knowledge about the disease, with the appropriate recognition of outcomes and treatments is essential to minimize complications in this population of greater vulnerability.

Introdução: A endometriose é uma doença ginecológica comum caracterizada pela presença de estroma e/ou glândula endometrial fora da cavidade uterina, e que não possui sua etiopatogenia bem estabelecida. A transição epitélio-mesênquima (TEM) é um processo que consiste em uma série de mudanças no fenótipo de células epiteliais que fazem com que estas células assumam características de células mesenquimais. Assim como observado na TEM, as células endometriais no contexto da endometriose apresentam capacidade migratória, invasibilidade e elevada resistência à apoptose. As moléculas de adesão têm adquirido crescente relevância na TEM, pois relacionam-se à perda de adesão célula-célula com o aumento da invasão e metástase. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a expressão de marcadores relacionados com a TEM na endometriose superficial, ovariana e profunda. Pacientes e Métodos: Foram selecionadas 103 mulheres que preenchiam os critérios de inclusão estabelecidos, constituindo 2 grupos de estudo independentes entre si: 18 mulheres com endometriose peritoneal, ovariana e profunda concomitantes; 85 mulheres com endometriose ovariana e/ou profunda, dividido em 44 mulheres com endometriose ovariana e 41 com endometriose intestinal. Através de reações de imunoistoquímica, a expressão proteica dos marcadores e-caderina, n-caderina, betacatenina, receptor de estrogênio e receptor de progesterona foram avaliados nos tecidos de interesse em cada grupo de estudo. Além dos locais de doença, as mulheres foram avaliadas quanto à relação com a fase do ciclo e à classificação histológica da doença. Resultados: As lesões de endometriose de ovário mostraram uma menor expressão de n-caderina em comparação às lesões de intestino e peritônio (p=0,032). O receptor de estrogênio e receptor de progesterona se mostraram significativamente menos expressos no componente epitelial da doença de ovário do que no epitélio da endometriose de peritônio e intestino (p=0,002; p=0,48). A expressão da n-caderina apresentou uma correlação direta com a expressão do receptor de estrogênio no estroma da endometriose de intestino (p=0,036). Conclusão: Estes resultados sugerem que a transição epitélio-mesênquima esteja envolvida na etiopatogenia da endometriose, demonstrando que a doença de ovário se comporta de maneira diferente da doença superficial e da doença infiltrativa profunda, sendo a n-caderina um importante fator envolvido neste processo possivelmente influenciada pela ação do estrogênio / Background: Endometriosis is a common gynecological disease defined as the presence of ectopic endometrial glands and stroma outside the uterine cavity, and its pathogenesis is not well established. The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process consisting of a series of changes in the phenotype of epithelial cells that make these cells assume the characteristics of mesenchymal cells. As observed in the EMT, endometrial cells in the context of endometriosis have the capacity of migration, invasiveness and high resistance to apoptosis. . The adhesion molecules have become progressively relevant in EMT, in view of the cell-to-cell adhesion loss, with increased invasion and metastasis. The goal of this study was to investigate the expression of markers related to EMT in superficial, ovarian and deep endometriosis. Patients and Methods: 103 women were selected who met the inclusion criteria, constituting two independent study groups: 18 women with peritoneal, ovarian and deep concomitant endometriosis, 85 women with ovarian and / or deep endometriosis, divided in 44 women with ovarian endometriosis and 41 with intestinal endometriosis. Through immunohistochemical reactions, the protein expression of e-cadherin, ncadherin, beta-catenin, estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor markers were evaluated in tissues of interest in each study group. In addition to the sites of the disease, menstrual phase and histological classification (well-differentiated, undifferentiated, mixed pattern and stromal) of the disease were recorded. Results: The ovarian endometrisis showed less n-cadherin marker than lesions of the peritoneum and bowel (p=0,032). Ovarian endometriosis also showed markedly decreased expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors in epithelial cells, compared with peritoneal and deep endometriosis (p=0,002; p=0,48). The expression of N-cadherin showed a direct correlation with estrogen receptor expression in the stroma of bowel endometriosis (p = 0.036). Conclusion: These results suggest that epithelial to mesenchymal transition involved in the pathogenesis of endometriosis, demonstrating that the ovary disease behaves differently disease than peritoneal and deep disease, so that the n-cadherin is an important factor involved in this process, possibly influenced by the action of estrogen

A fertilização in vitro tem sido associada com um aumento na incidência das hipospádias, e alguns hormônios esteróides usados em seus protocolos têm sido implicados neste processo. Para testar essas hipóteses em um modelo animal, descrevemos neste trabalho as alterações morfológicas ocorridas no tubérculo genital de camundongos, expostos à progesterona durante a vida intrauterina. Foi administrado acetato de medroxiprogesterona por via subcutânea no período pré-natal em animais normais e animais desprovidos de receptores androgênicos (Tfm). A progesterona induziu a formação de hipospádia nos animais do sexo masculino, virilização nos do sexo feminino e não causou alterações nos animais Tfm / In vitro fertilization (IVF) has been associated with an increase incidence of hypospadias. IVF protocols require the maternal use of progesterone which may be a factor in causing hypospadias. To test these hypotheses in an animal model, we describe the effects of maternal progesterone exposure on genital development in mice. Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) was administered by subcutaneous injection during the pre-natal period to wild type mice and animals knockout to androgen receptors (Tfm mice). Progesterone caused hypospadias in male mice fetuses, a virilizing effect in the female mice genitalia and didn't have any effect in Tfm animals

Ovarian steroid hormones are neuroactive steroids with widespread actions in the brain, and are thus able to influence mood, behavior and cognition. In this thesis the effects of progesterone withdrawal and the direct effects of the progesterone metabolite allopregnanolone are evaluated. Allopregnanolone, through binding to the GABAA receptor complex, enhances inhibitory neurotransmission, thus exerting anxiolytic, sedative and antiepileptic effects. The acoustic startle response (ASR) is a withdrawal reflex evoked by sudden or noxious auditory stimuli, and can be measured in humans as an eye blink. ASR is significantly increased in several anxiety disorders, and notably also during progesterone withdrawal. Sensorimotor gating can be assessed by measuring prepulse inhibition of the startle response (PPI). The CNS circuits regulating PPI are sensitive to hormone fluctuations. GABAergic drugs are involved in cognitive impairment and animal studies have indicated that allopregnanolone may inhibit learning. The main purpose of this research was to evaluate the behavioral effects of progesterone withdrawal on the startle response and sensorimotor gating in PMDD patients and healthy controls, in healthy third trimester pregnant women and healthy postpartum women. A second aim was to evaluate allopregnanolone effects on memory and cognition in healthy women and also on the startle response and PPI. We found that PMDD patients have an increased startle response across the menstrual cycle and a deficiency in sensorimotor gating during the late luteal phase. Ovarian steroids affect sensorimotor gating; pregnant women have lower levels of PPI than late postpartum women. Acutely administered allopregnanolone did not affect the ASR or PPI. Allopregnanolone impairs episodic memory in healthy women. In conclusion, our studies suggest that ovarian steroids, including allopregnanolone, do not influence the startle response. Ovarian steroids affect sensorimotor gating; pregnancy, a condition with high levels of ovarian steroids, suppresses PPI. Theoretically, the variability in PPI across reproductive events is due to effects mediated by the progesterone or estradiol receptors but is not mediated by allopregnanolone. PMDD patients display decreased PPI during the late luteal phase, suggesting underlying pathophysiology in common with other anxiety disorders. The most vulnerable memory system, the episodic memory, is impaired by the allopregnanolone in healthy women.

This thesis focuses on the involvement of apoptosis and proliferation in the mechanisms of menstruation and hormonal replacement therapy, HRT, as well as in the mechanisms of progesterone therapy in endometrial carcinoma. The aim of the first study was to investigate endometrium for 4 days before and for 2 days during menstruation. In the epithelium, rapid increase in the apoptotic index, decreasing expression of estrogen receptor α (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR), and minimal proliferation were observed prior to menstruation. In the stroma, an increase in the expression of ER and PR and proliferation was seen before the final decrease, and increased apoptosis was seen during menstruation. Thus, apoptosis is involved in the remodeling of the endometrium during menstruation. Postmenopausal endometrium showed unaffected homeostasis, i.e. unchanged ratio between apoptotic index and Ki-67 index during substitution therapy. ER expression was decreased both in the epithelium and stroma, while PR showed some increase in receptor expression. The unchanged homeostasis contributes to endometrial safety during combined continuous HRT. Unchanged apoptosis and increasing proliferation were observed with increasing tumor grade in 29 patients with endometrioid endometrial carcinoma, which may contribute to greater aggression as tumor grade increases. Decreased proliferation was observed after medroxy-progesterone at 20 mg per day particularly in the foci of maximal proliferation in G1 and G2 tumors. The expression of ER was unchanged, while PR was decreased in the foci of maximal expression for PR in G1 and G2 tumors. Since high proliferation and PR expression also coexisted in the same foci, evaluated in G1 and G2 tumors, the effect of progesterone could be facilitated in these tumor groups. High expression of sex steroid receptors was also a predicting factor for good response to progesterone (= decrease in proliferation), while the amount of stroma could not predict that effect.

Background: Estrogen has been reported to enhance well-being and quality of life during the climacteric phase. In women with an intact uterus estrogen treatment is always combined with progestins in order to protect the endometrium from hyperplasia and malignancies. However, in certain women the addition of progestins causes cyclicity in negative mood symptoms and physical symptoms similar to those encountered during ovulatory cycles in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). The ovarian hormones estradiol and progesterone have profound effects on a number of neurotransmitter systems in the brain, such as the gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) system and the serotonergic system. Progesterone metabolites, such as allopregnanolone and pregnanolone (also referred to as neurosteroids) modify the GABAA receptor in the central nervous system (CNS) and enhance GABAergic inhibitory transmission. Neurosteroid sensitivity in human studies can be studied by saccadic eye movement measurements using pharmacodynamic challenges with pregnanolone. Altered neurosteroid sensitivity has been suggested as a possible contributory factor to the progesterone/progestin-induced adverse mood effects of hormone replacement therapy (HRT). There is also evidence of estrogen treatment affecting the serotonergic system in postmenopausal women, although progestin addition has been less well studied. Aims and method: The aim was to investigate whether the negative mood symptoms experienced during the progestin or progesterone phase of HRT were associated with changes in neurosteroid sensitivity, or changes in platelet serotonin uptake site (transporter) and serotonin2A (5-HT2A) receptor binding. The intention was also to investigate whether hormonal changes during the normal menstrual cycle affect these peripheral serotonergic parameters. Postmenopausal women with climacteric symptoms were given HRT in two randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover studies. The women received 2 mg estradiol (E2) continuously during 28- day cycles. Synthetic progestins or natural progesterone were added sequentially during the last 14 days, and compared to a placebo addition. Before treatment, as well as during the last week of each treatment cycle the pharmacodynamic response to pregnanolone was assessed using saccadic eye movement measurements. Throughout the studies daily symptom ratings were made. In the study regarding synthetic progestins, platelet serotonin transporter and 5-HT2A receptor binding were assayed before entering the study, as well as during the last week of each treatment cycle. In the study on reproductive women, blood samples were collected for analysis of platelet serotonin transporter and 5-HT2A receptor binding at six different points in time during the menstrual cycle. Results and conclusion: The addition of synthetic progestins to estrogen treatment increased negative mood symptoms and physical symptoms, whereas positive symptoms decreased. The addition of progestins also increased the sensitivity to pregnanolone. The addition of natural progesterone to estrogen treatment increased the sensitivity to pregnanolone. However, in this study the pregnanolone sensitivity was enhanced also during estrogen treatment. Women expressing cyclicity in negative mood symptoms were more sensitive to pregnanolone than women without symptom cyclicity. Thus, it is evident that mood deterioration during HRT is associated with altered neurosteroid sensitivity. Platelet serotonin transporter and 5-HT2A receptor binding did not change during the different treatment conditions in HRT. Thus, we were unable to explain the negative mood changes of HRT by use of these peripheral serotonergic parameters. In the study on reproductive women however, it was clear that the serotonergic variables did change during the menstrual cycle. Binding to the serotonin transporter was higher in the late follicular phase than in the ovulatory, early luteal or mid-luteal phases. Binding to the 5-HT2A receptor was higher in the early follicular phase and the early luteal phase than in the mid-luteal phase. These findings may provide a link between the ovarian steroids, and the GABAergic and serotonergic neurotransmitter systems, which in turn, could explain part of the specific vulnerability that women have for the development of adverse mood effects during HRT, mood and anxiety disorders and for the deterioration of mood so frequently seen during the luteal phase.

It is known that some psychiatric disorders may deteriorate in relation to the menstrual cycle. However, in some conditions, such as premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), symptomatology is triggered mainly by the variations in ovarian steroid hormones. Although symptoms induced by fluctuations in ovarian steroids often are affective, little is known about how emotion processing in women is influenced by variations, or actual levels, of ovarian steroid hormones. The general aim of this thesis was to evaluate menstrual cycle effects on reactivity in emotion generating and controlling areas in the corticolimbic system to emotional stimulation and anticipation, in healthy controls and women with PMDD. A second aim was to evaluate corticolimbic reactivity during long-term administration of exogenous ovarian steroids. In study I, III and IV effects of the menstrual cycle on emotional reactivity in women with PMDD was studied. In study I, women with PMDD in displayed higher amygdala reactivity than healthy controls to emotional faces, not in the luteal phase as was hypothesised, but in the follicular phase. No difference between menstrual cycle phases was obtained in women with PMDD, while healthy controls had an increased reactivity in the luteal phase. The results of study I was further elaborated in study III, where women with PMDD were observed to have an increased anticipatory reactivity to negative emotional stimuli. However, no differences in amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli were obtained across the menstrual cycle. Finally, in study IV the hypothesis that amygdala reactivity increase in the luteal phase in women with PMDD is linked to social stimuli rather than generally arousing stimuli was suggested, tested and supported. In study II, re-exposure to COC induced mood symptoms de novo in women with a previous history of COC-induced adverse mood. Women treated with COC reported increased levels of mood symptoms both as compared to before treatment, and as compared to the placebo group. There was a relatively strong correlation between depressive scores before and during treatment. The effects of repeated COC administration on subjective measures and brain function were however dissociated with increased aversive experiences accompanied by reduced reactivity in the insular cortex.

No description available.