- / This article provides an academic and professional context for the articles written for this special issue. It discusses 4 broad questions often asked about the public health approach to palliative care: what is the evidence for the effectiveness of the approach?; will this approach embedded inside palliative care services deliver the kinds of social changes needed to address the social epidemiology of living with life limiting illness, long term caregiving and grief and bereavement?; Is recent interest in this approach simply all about cost-savings for governments?; and will an emphasis on health promotion and community development subtract from efforts to increase or maintain clinical supports at the end of life?

Meiosis is a specialized cell cycle, which generates haploid gametes from diploid parental cells. During meiosis one round of cohesion establishment during premeiotic DNA replication mediates two rounds of chromosome segregation. During meiosis I homologous chromosomes separate, whereas sister chromatids segregate during the second meiotic division without an intervening round of DNA replication. Both rounds of chromosome segregation are triggered by an ubiquitin ligase called the Anaphase-Promoting Complex or Cyclosome (APC/C). APC/C-dependent destruction of securin/Pds1 is required to activate separase, a thiol protease that mediates chromosome segregation by cleavage of the cohesin complex. The first meiotic division is preceded by an extended prophase I, during which maternal and paternal chromatids undergo recombination. The persistence of cohesion during premeiotic S- and prophase I is essential for recombination and both meiotic nuclear divisions. In order to prevent premature loss of cohesion, the APC/C has to be inactivated during early meiosis. How the APC/C is kept inactive during premeiotic S- and prophase I was unknown. This question has been addressed by studying the APC/C subunit Mnd2 from the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This work demonstrates that Mnd2 is required for the persistence of cohesion during premeiotic S- and prophase I. Mnd2 prevents premature activation of the APC/C by the meiosis-specific substrate recognition factor Ama1. In cells lacking Mnd2, the APC/C-Ama1 enzyme triggers premature ubiquitin-dependent degradation of Pds1, which leads to premature separation of sister chromatids due to an unrestrained activity of separase. Thus, chromosome segregation during meiosis depends on both inhibition of a meiosis-specific APC/C and timely activation of APC/C- dependent proteolysis. / Die Meiose ist ein spezialisierter Zellzyklus, der zum Ziel hat haploide Gameten aus diploiden Vorläuferzellen zu produzieren. Dafür erfolgen nach der prä-meiotischen DNA Replikation zwei aufeinanderfolgende Kernteilungen. In der ersten meiotischen Teilung erfolgt die Trennung der homologen Chromosomen. In einer zweiten meiotischen Teilung werden dann die Schwesterchromatiden getrennt. Die Trennung der Chromosomen wird durch den Anaphase-Promoting Complex oder Cyclosome (APC/C), einer Ubiquitin Ligase, reguliert. Der APC/C initiiert den Abbau von Securin/Pds1, einem Inhibitor der Thiol-Protease Separase, welche für die Trennung der Chromosomen zum Beginn der Anaphase verantwortlich ist. In einer im Vergleich zur Mitose extrem langen meiotischen Prophase I findet Rekombination zwischen maternalen und paternalen Chromosomen statt. Für diesen Vorgang, sowie für die beiden folgenden meiotischen Teilungen, wird Kohäsion zwischen den Schwesterchromatiden benötigt. Ein frühzeitiger Verlust der Kohäsion führt zur frühzeitigen Trennnung der Schwesterchromatiden, wodurch aneuploide Gameten produziert werden können. Daher muss die Aktivität des APC/C während der meiotischen Prophase I inhibiert werden. Wie der APC/C während der Prophase I inaktiviert wird, war bisher unbekannt. Einsicht in dieses Problem ergab sich aus der Untersuchung der APC/C Untereinheit Mnd2 aus der Bäckerhefe Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Es wird gezeigt, dass Mnd2 für den Verbleib der Kohäsion zwischen den Schwesterchromatiden während der meiotischen S- und Prophase I benötigt wird. Während dieser Phase verhindert Mnd2 die frühzeitige Aktivierung der Meiose-spezifischen Form des APC/C-Ama1. In meiotischen Zellen, die kein Mnd2 besitzen, löst das APC/C-Ama1 Enzym die Ubiquitin-abhängige Zerstörung von Pds1 aus. Dies führt zu einer frühzeitigen Aktivierung von Separase, welches die Trennung der Schwesterchromatiden schon während der meiotischen S- und Prophase I zur Folge hat. Die korrekte Verteilung der Chromosomen hängt daher sowohl von der Inhibierung als auch der Aktivierung des APC/C ab.

Meiosis is a specialized cell cycle, which generates haploid gametes from diploid parental cells. During meiosis one round of cohesion establishment during premeiotic DNA replication mediates two rounds of chromosome segregation. During meiosis I homologous chromosomes separate, whereas sister chromatids segregate during the second meiotic division without an intervening round of DNA replication. Both rounds of chromosome segregation are triggered by an ubiquitin ligase called the Anaphase-Promoting Complex or Cyclosome (APC/C). APC/C-dependent destruction of securin/Pds1 is required to activate separase, a thiol protease that mediates chromosome segregation by cleavage of the cohesin complex. The first meiotic division is preceded by an extended prophase I, during which maternal and paternal chromatids undergo recombination. The persistence of cohesion during premeiotic S- and prophase I is essential for recombination and both meiotic nuclear divisions. In order to prevent premature loss of cohesion, the APC/C has to be inactivated during early meiosis. How the APC/C is kept inactive during premeiotic S- and prophase I was unknown. This question has been addressed by studying the APC/C subunit Mnd2 from the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This work demonstrates that Mnd2 is required for the persistence of cohesion during premeiotic S- and prophase I. Mnd2 prevents premature activation of the APC/C by the meiosis-specific substrate recognition factor Ama1. In cells lacking Mnd2, the APC/C-Ama1 enzyme triggers premature ubiquitin-dependent degradation of Pds1, which leads to premature separation of sister chromatids due to an unrestrained activity of separase. Thus, chromosome segregation during meiosis depends on both inhibition of a meiosis-specific APC/C and timely activation of APC/C- dependent proteolysis. / Die Meiose ist ein spezialisierter Zellzyklus, der zum Ziel hat haploide Gameten aus diploiden Vorläuferzellen zu produzieren. Dafür erfolgen nach der prä-meiotischen DNA Replikation zwei aufeinanderfolgende Kernteilungen. In der ersten meiotischen Teilung erfolgt die Trennung der homologen Chromosomen. In einer zweiten meiotischen Teilung werden dann die Schwesterchromatiden getrennt. Die Trennung der Chromosomen wird durch den Anaphase-Promoting Complex oder Cyclosome (APC/C), einer Ubiquitin Ligase, reguliert. Der APC/C initiiert den Abbau von Securin/Pds1, einem Inhibitor der Thiol-Protease Separase, welche für die Trennung der Chromosomen zum Beginn der Anaphase verantwortlich ist. In einer im Vergleich zur Mitose extrem langen meiotischen Prophase I findet Rekombination zwischen maternalen und paternalen Chromosomen statt. Für diesen Vorgang, sowie für die beiden folgenden meiotischen Teilungen, wird Kohäsion zwischen den Schwesterchromatiden benötigt. Ein frühzeitiger Verlust der Kohäsion führt zur frühzeitigen Trennnung der Schwesterchromatiden, wodurch aneuploide Gameten produziert werden können. Daher muss die Aktivität des APC/C während der meiotischen Prophase I inhibiert werden. Wie der APC/C während der Prophase I inaktiviert wird, war bisher unbekannt. Einsicht in dieses Problem ergab sich aus der Untersuchung der APC/C Untereinheit Mnd2 aus der Bäckerhefe Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Es wird gezeigt, dass Mnd2 für den Verbleib der Kohäsion zwischen den Schwesterchromatiden während der meiotischen S- und Prophase I benötigt wird. Während dieser Phase verhindert Mnd2 die frühzeitige Aktivierung der Meiose-spezifischen Form des APC/C-Ama1. In meiotischen Zellen, die kein Mnd2 besitzen, löst das APC/C-Ama1 Enzym die Ubiquitin-abhängige Zerstörung von Pds1 aus. Dies führt zu einer frühzeitigen Aktivierung von Separase, welches die Trennung der Schwesterchromatiden schon während der meiotischen S- und Prophase I zur Folge hat. Die korrekte Verteilung der Chromosomen hängt daher sowohl von der Inhibierung als auch der Aktivierung des APC/C ab.

Aim of the study - to evaluate the opportunities for implementation of Health Promoting initiatives and International Health Promoting Standards in hospitals of Lithuanian HPH Network. Objectives: 1. To evaluate managers’ knowledge and attitudes towards implementation of Health Promoting initiatives in hospital. 2. To ascertain structures and personnel which could implement Health Promotion activities at hospital. 3. To compare attitudes towards possibilities of establishment and implementation of Health Promoting initiatives and Health Promoting standards among managers from Kaunas Medical University hospital (KMUH) and hospitals involved in Lithuanian HPH Network. Methods. The study was carried out in KMUH and hospitals of Lithuanian HPH Network. A standard questionnaire was distributed via internet both to managers (n=33) of all departments in KMUH and those from Lithuanian HPH Network (n=11). The questionnaire included two parts: general (created by author of survey) and special (based on WHO experts’ questionnaire, translated into lithuanian). The response rate was 88%. Results. The majority of respondents define HP initiatives as a very wide spectrum of activities including health education programs both for staff and patients, support in creating healthy and safe workplace, continuous quality improvement plans and efficient management of financial and human resources. According to the survey, level of awareness of HPH’s aims and goals appeared to be rather low among... [to full text]

Magister Scientiae (Physiotherapy) - MSc(Physio) / Transition from school to work entails the preparation, education and training of learners, leading to their placement in desired work situations. The right of children with disabilities to be included in ordinary schools and employment thereafter is being advocated internationally. However, despite this, preparation for transition from school to work still poses a major challenge for many learners with intellectual disabilities. The aim of this study was to explore how schools in the Cape Metropole, South Africa, are preparing adolescent learners with Down syndrome for the transition to work. The objectives of the study were to explore: school policies related to the transition process; schools’ physical and psychosocial environments; the link between schools and the community; learners’ acquisition of skills and education support services. Collaborative qualitative research design was used with a partnership between the researcher and the Western Cape Down Syndrome Association. The participants included two teachers with experience of teaching learners with intellectual disabilities, two parents of adolescent learners with Down syndrome, ten participants with Down syndrome, amongst them, two adolescent youths in post school training who were identified in this study as role models and eight learners at school. As learners with Down syndrome might not be fluent in verbal communication, an alternative research strategy, photovoice was used. Photovoice (photography) was used a means of accessing learners’ views of the transition planning and making these views accessible to others. The eight schoolgoing learners were given cameras and requested to take photographs of things and experiences that helped to prepare them for work. The learners were then interviewed. Subsequently adults with Down syndrome (role models), who were in post school training, were also interviewed. Finally, parents and teachers were interviewed. Data analysis included translating, transcribing of raw data from the recorded tapes and content analysis by using codes and identifying themes. The synthesis of the findings from all the participants yielded multiple themes including: education support services: acquisition of skills: supportive relationships; home, community, classroom and school environments; and dreams of the participants. Ethical considerations included getting permission from the University of the Western Cape, the Western Cape Education Department, the principals of the schools, the participants and their parents/guardians. The study has illustrated that, given opportunities and proper preparation in school, adolescent learners with Down syndrome have the potential to become active members of society. For better outcomes of the transition planning process, there is need for: teachers to work closely with the parents; increased government support; job coaches and class assistants in the schools and a greater collaboration between government departments.

Denna kvalitativa studie syftar till att synliggöra pedagogiska miljöers möjligheter att främja alla barns språk- och kommunikationsutveckling. Studien genomfördes på två förskolor på olika orter där respondenterna var förskollärare. Som datainsamlingsmetod valdes turistguidning. Hela studien präglas av den posthumanistiska teorin för att synliggöra hur miljön eller materialet agerar främjande för barnen. För att synliggöra miljöerna och materialens agens analyserades turistguidningen i två omgångar. Den första för att, ur ett posthumanistiskt perspektiv, synliggöra vilka visuella miljöer och material som existerar i den pedagogiska miljön. Den andra analysen genomfördes med fokus på respondenternas utsagor angående miljön och materialets agens. Koder, etiketter och kategorier framställdes därefter ur datan vilket skapade studiens analysmetod. I resultatet framställdes de språkfrämjande material och miljöer samt respondenternas tolkningar av material och miljöer som synliggjordes i de besökta förskolorna. De mest framträdande var: litteratur och läsmiljöer, pedagogisk dokumentation samt alternativ och kompletterande kommunikation. Av resultatet kom studien fram till slutsatsen att material och miljö kan agera språk- och kommunikationsfrämjande. / This qualitative study aims to highlight the opportunities for educational environments to promote all children's language and communication development. The study was conducted at two preschools in different locations where the respondents were preschool teachers. Tourist guidance was chosen as the data collection method. The whole study is characterized by the posthumanist theory to make it visible how the environment or the material acts to promote children's development. To make the environments and the agents of the materials visible, the tourist guide was analyzed in two rounds. The first to, from a posthumanist perspective, make visible which visual environments and materials exist in the pedagogical environment. The second analysis was conducted with focus on the respondents' statements regarding the environment and the material's agents. Codes, labels and categories were then produced from the data, which created the study's analysis method. The results presented the language-promoting materials and environments as well as the respondents' interpretations of materials and environments that were made visible in the preschools visited. The most prominent were: literature and reading environments, educational documentation as well as alternatives and complementary communication. From the results, the study came to the conclusion that materials and the environment can act to promote language and communication.

Sammanfattning Ett hälsofrämjande ledarskap bidrar till att främja hälsan hos sina medarbetare. Året 2020 blev ett speciellt år på många sätt, men speciellt inom vård och omsorg. Syftet med denna studie var att öka kunskapen om olika synsätt som finns på ett hälsofrämjande ledarskap hos vård och omsorgspersonal. En kvalitativ metod valdes och datainsamlingsmetod var semistrukturerade intervjuer. Fem informanter deltog i studien varav alla jobbar inom kommunal vård och omsorg i Göteborgs Stad. Informanterna intervjuades med hjälp av en intervjuguide och materialet analyserades enligt en innehållsanalys. De framkom tre teman ur materialet ledarskap, hälsofrämjande insatser och arbetsplatsen. Resultatet visar centrala delar inom ledarskap var närvarande, information, kommunikation och återhämtning. Hälsofrämjande insatserbeskrevs som friskvård och planeringsdagar. Under arbetsplats framkom sjukfrånvaro och vikarier samt skyddsutrustning. Slutsatsen är att ledarskapet varit positivt om än literörigt under pandemin. Under året 2020 har störst skillnader varit skyddsutrustningen och frånvaro eller anpassningar kring planeringsdagar.

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

BACKGROUND: The need to create controlled vocabularies such as ontologies for knowledge organization and access has been widely recognized in various domains. Despite the indispensable need of thorough domain knowledge in ontology construction, most software tools for ontology construction are designed for knowledge engineers and not for domain experts to use. The differences in the opinions of different domain experts and in the terminology usages in source literature are rarely addressed by existing software. METHODS: OTO software was developed based on the Agile principles. Through iterations of software release and user feedback, new features are added and existing features modified to make the tool more intuitive and efficient to use for small and large data sets. The software is open source and built in Java. RESULTS: Ontology Term Organizer (OTO; http://biosemantics.arizona.edu/OTO/) is a user-friendly, web-based, consensus-promoting, open source application for organizing domain terms by dragging and dropping terms to appropriate locations. The application is designed for users with specific domain knowledge such as biology but not in-depth ontology construction skills. Specifically OTO can be used to establish is_a, part_of, synonym, and order relationships among terms in any domain that reflects the terminology usage in source literature and based on multiple experts' opinions. The organized terms may be fed into formal ontologies to boost their coverage. All datasets organized on OTO are publicly available. CONCLUSION: OTO has been used to organize the terms extracted from thirty volumes of Flora of North America and Flora of China combined, in addition to some smaller datasets of different taxon groups. User feedback indicates that the tool is efficient and user friendly. Being open source software, the application can be modified to fit varied term organization needs for different domains.

There is a breadth of literature on educating international students. The typical foci are on international students as economic contributors to foreign countries, or on challenges they face. Canadian educational institutions have the most rapidly growing population of international students, yet literature on how to create successful and health-promoting experiences and campus environments is lacking. The purpose of this study was to break new ground by using a mixed-method, secondary analysis approach guided by settings-based health promotion and Health Promoting University theories to explore and understand the health-related experience of international students. The secondary analysis drew on international student data generated from a CB-PAR guided study, The VOICE Study 2012: Revisiting healthy campus development at UBC’s Okanagan campus (UBCO). The two research objectives were: (a) to identify and understand health-related experiences of international students on post-secondary campuses; and (b) recommend strategies for enhancing health-promoting change in campus communities, particularly UBCO, that take into account the international student health-related experience. Responses to 378 community dialogue questionnaires, transcripts from two focus groups (4 participants) and one interview were analyzed. Quantitative analysis was done using descriptive and frequency statistics, and Pearson’s Chi-square test was performed to further understand the statistical findings. Qualitative analysis was done to identify over-arching categories related to participants’ health-related experiences. A synthesis of the qualitative and quantitative findings identified fourteen categories that encompassed the health-related experience of international students at UBCO, and are consistent with the principles of health promotion. The fourteen categories are policy/rules, cleanliness, campus environment, sense of community, orientation, discrimination, food, water, activity, transportation, services, substance use, expenses, and cheating. Of the fourteen categories, international students most frequently selected food, study spaces, and physical activity. Each category was discussed in detail and linked to relevant literature when possible. In the end, this Master’s thesis reflects the health-related interests and experiences of international students, and suggests ways to create a university that promotes health and well-being. / Graduate / 0680 / 0569 / 0745 / robyndwiebe@gmail.com