The purpose of this research was to define the effects of various growth-promoting factors on in vitro embryonic development of in vitro matured and in vitro fertilized bovine embryos. The control medium was a chemically defined medium which improves the possibility of closely determining the in vivo conditions the embryo is actually exposed to. The growth-promoting factors tested in this experiment included transferrin, IGF-I (insulin-like growth factor-one), IGF-II (insulin-like growth factor-two), TGF-a (transforming growth factor-alpha) , TGF-B1 (transforming growth factor-beta1) , PDGF (platelet derived growth factor), EGF (epidermal growth factor), NGF (nerve growth factor), and bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor). Transferrin was included at 10 micrograms/milliliter , while all other factors were utilized at 10 nanograms/milliliter in the control medium. Bovine cumulus-oocytes were retrieved from slaughterhouse ovaries and were matured i n Medium-199 containing 10% feta l bovine serum for 24 hours at 39°C in a 5% C02 atmosphere. Frozen-thawed bull spe r m were s wim-up separated and capacitated in medium containing heparin for 3 hours prior to insemination. Gametes were co- incubated fo r 18 hours and then cumulus cells were stripped from the ova. Ova which did not cleave were removed from culture 36 hours after insemi nati on and were stained for evidence of fertilization. Embryos were cultured in one of the 10 conditions (including control) described above. A total of 150 total oocy.t.es were cultured per treatment for a tota l of 10 days. EGF improved embryo development, while TGF-Bl and TGF-a only slightly improved embryo development compared to the control. All other factors tested did not have a beneficial effect on embryo development in this culture medium. In summary, EGF improved in vitro development of bovine embryos obtained from in vitro maturated and in vitro fertilized bovine oocytes. Other factors which were t est ed did not significantly improve in vitro bovine embryo development. Further experiments are necessary fo r determining the requirements of bovine embryos in vitro.

Läraryrket är en viktig komponent i ett fungerande samhälle, men det råder lärarbrist vilket ökar arbetsbördan för verksamma. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka gymnasielärares upplevda hälsa i arbetslivet ur ett salutogent perspektiv (dvs hälsofrämjande) genom att undersöka vilka generella och specifika motståndsresurser gymnasielärare upplever i sitt arbete. Följande frågeställningar undersöktes: vilka faktorer upplever gymnasielärare påverkar deras hälsa och välbefinnande positivt? och vilka faktorer anser gymnasielärare har hjälpt dem att hantera stressfulla situationer? Åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes och analyserades utifrån en tematisk analys, som resulterade i fem friskfaktorer: (1) förmågan att avgränsa, (2) goda relationer till kollegor, elever och skolledning, (3)kompetensutveckling, (4) personlighetsfaktorer och (5) erfarenhet. De slutsatser som kan dras är att lärare i läraryrket behöver vissa generella och specifika motståndsresurser för att kunna hantera den stressfyllda miljön. Men för att bättre förbereda lärare i yrkeslivet kan simuleringsspel, att försöka återskapa verkligheten i en kontrollerad miljö, användas.

Vilka faktorer som främjar återhämtning från substansberoende kan vara komplex. Olika faktorer så som uppväxtvillkor och sociala färdigheter samspelar. I arbetet med substansberoende personer kan främjande faktorer och individuella förutsättningar förbises. Ökad kunskap skulle bidra till att förbättra vården av dessa personer. Syftet med den här studien var att belysa tidigare substansberoende personers upplevelser av främjande faktorer för återhämtning och bibehållen drogfrihet utan behandling med metadon eller buprenorfin. I studien intervjuades tre män och tre kvinnor med tidigare substansberoende. Intervjuerna analyserades med hjälp av kvalitativ innehållsanalys. I resultatet beskrev intervjupersonerna sina upplevelser från tidig återhämtning fram till många års drogfrihet. De berättade om att de stärkts genom inre förändring, att de utvecklat sunda relationer och fått gemenskap, att de blivit en del av samhället och att de utvecklats som individer. Slutsatsen är att det är viktigt att lyfta fram dessa erfarenheter för att förbättra vården av personer med substansberoende.

En viktig determinant för hälsa är delaktighet på arbetsmarknaden. Det framkommer att denna delaktighet inte alltid är lika stor för alla grupper i samhället. Andelen individer med olika former av funktionsnedsättningar som är delaktiga på arbetsmarknaden är lägre jämfört med den övriga arbetsföra befolkningen. Detta kan betraktas som en orsak till ojämlik i hälsa.Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur individer med psykiska funktionsnedsättningar samt inlärningssvårigheter upplever att delaktighet på arbetsmarknaden påverkar deras hälsa. För att besvara syftet användes en kvalitativ metod med sex halvstrukturerade intervjuer som datainsamlingsmetod. Det insamlade datamaterialet analyserades med hjälp av en manifest innehållsanalys. Resultatet i studien visar på att sådant som hindrar delaktighet på arbetsmarknaden bland annat var avsaknad av stöd men också krav. En sen upptäckt av funktionsnedsättningen upplevs även det hindrande för delaktighet på arbetsmarknaden. Främjande för delaktighet var erhållande av stöd och krav samt att den omgivande miljön är förstående för vad som kan behövas vid en funktionsnedsättning. Det framkommer också att delaktighet på arbetsmarknaden har positiv betydelse för den självupplevda hälsan. Slutsatser som kan dras av denna studie är bland annat att funktionsnedsattas delaktighet på arbetsmarknaden är ett viktigt område att arbeta med för att minska ojämlikhet i hälsa. / An important determinant of health is participation in the labour market. It appears that participation in the labour market not always is equal for all groups in the society. The proportion of individuals with various forms of disabilities involved in the labour market is lower in comparison with rest of the working population. This is something that can be seen as a cause of inequality in health.The purpose of this study was to examine how individuals with psychological impairments and learning disabilities experience that participation in the labour market affects their health. To answer the purpose of this study a qualitative method with six semi-structured interviews was used to collect data. The collected data were analyzed with a manifest content analysis. The results of the study indicate that barriers for participation in the labour market were the lack of support but also demands. A late discovery of the disability is experienced to be a barrier for participation in the labour market. Promoting factors for the participation was to receive support and demands as well as a surrounding environment that understands what might be needed in the event of a disability. The results also indicate that participation in the labour market has positive effects on self-perceived levels of health. Conclusions that can be drawn from this study are that disabled people's participation in the labour market is an important area that requires work, in order to reduce health inequalities.

Uppsatsens syfte var att undersöka socialarbetares erfarenheter av att stödja deltagare i arbetsmarknadsinsatser. För att undersöka detta genomförde vi fem kvalitativa intervjuer med socialarbetare som är verksamma inom arbetsmarknadsenheter i två olika kommuner. Efter intervjuerna genomfördes en innehållsanalys. Resultatet av denna visar att socialarbetarna upplever att klienten påverkas positivt av rutiner och känsla av sammanhang, samt får en viktig referens att tillföra i CV:et. Respondenterna beskrev även ökad självkänsla och ett kontaktnät som främjande för individen. Enligt resultatet finns det faktorer som hindrar socialarbetarna i arbetet med individen. Dessa faktorer är otydlighet i rollfördelningen mellan arbetsförmedlingen och kommunen, otydligheter i lagen samt att det ibland infinner sig en känsla av tvång hos individen avseende deltagande i en arbetsmarknadsinsats. Slutsatsen är att arbetsmarknadsinsatser ger individen möjlighet att utvecklas på individuell nivå för att på sikt nå ett arbete. Direkta resultat av en arbetsmarknadsinsats är ovanligt, då det tar lång tid att se resultat. / The purpose of this essay was to investigate social workers experiences of supporting participants in labor market initiatives. By interviewing social workers in labor market units, in two different municipalities, and by analyzing their narration of what factors increase a client's chance of employment. After the interviews we performed a content analysis. The result of the analysis shows that the social workers feel that the client is positively affected by routines, the sense of context and receive an important reference to add on the resume. The respondents also described increased self-esteem and a network of contacts as promotion for the individual. According to the result, there are factors that prevent social workers from working with the individual. These factors are ambiguity in the division of roles between the employment service and the municipality, ambiguities in the law and that there is sometimes a feeling of coercion in the individual regarding participation in a labor market initiative. The conclusion is that labor market initiatives give the individual the opportunity to develop on an individual level in order to eventually reach a job. Direct results from a labor market effort are unusual, as it takes a long time to see results.

<p>The aim of this study was to examine how some Swedish school counsellor’s describe their school social work and how they look at its content. Further more the aim is to look at what restraining and promoting factors the school counsellor’s experience in their working situation. The approach of the study is qualitative and interviews have been made with five school counsellors. The results show that school counsellors have a variety of different working-areas, which consist of supporting and consulting pupils, parents and teachers through dialogue. Another assignment is to work preventive with groups and classes. Other scientists have found similar results as the ones in this study. About restraining and promoting factors in their work, the school counsellors expressed, for example, time and resources as restraining factors and as promoting factors they mentioned closeness to the pupils and working preventive. Their offices were mentioned being both a restraining and promoting factor due to the central activity of dialogue. They expressed that they were all satisfied with their work, but that it would be enough to work full-time on just one school. To analyse the results the time-geographic perspective was used.</p>

The aim of this study was to examine how some Swedish school counsellor’s describe their school social work and how they look at its content. Further more the aim is to look at what restraining and promoting factors the school counsellor’s experience in their working situation. The approach of the study is qualitative and interviews have been made with five school counsellors. The results show that school counsellors have a variety of different working-areas, which consist of supporting and consulting pupils, parents and teachers through dialogue. Another assignment is to work preventive with groups and classes. Other scientists have found similar results as the ones in this study. About restraining and promoting factors in their work, the school counsellors expressed, for example, time and resources as restraining factors and as promoting factors they mentioned closeness to the pupils and working preventive. Their offices were mentioned being both a restraining and promoting factor due to the central activity of dialogue. They expressed that they were all satisfied with their work, but that it would be enough to work full-time on just one school. To analyse the results the time-geographic perspective was used.

I dagens Sverige drabbas allt fler barn och unga av psykisk ohälsa, i rapporter framkommer dystra framtidsutsikter om att antalet barn och unga kommer att öka. Då det kommer till barn och unga med komplexa behov, ställer det i sin tur högre krav på samverkan mellan kommun och region. För att säkra att barn och unga får den rätta hjälpen är samverkan lagstadgad och något socialtjänsten och barn- och ungdomspsykiatrin (BUP) behöver förhålla sig till. Därmed syftade denna studie till att undersöka hur kuratorer inom barn- och ungdomspsykiatrin och socialsekreterare som arbetar med barn och unga inom socialtjänsten upplever samverkan sinsemellan. För att undersöka studiens syfte användes kvalitativ metod varvid tre kuratorer från BUP samt fyra socialsekreterare från socialtjänstens barn och ungdomsenhet intervjuades. I arbetet med att tolka resultatet för studien användes tidigare forskning samt de teoretiska begreppen handlingsutrymme och samverkan. I analysen av empirin uppmärksammandes fyra teman som utgjorde grunden för resultatet, personbundet, kunskap och förståelse för varandras verksamheter, framgångsfaktorer för samverkan samt förhindrande faktorer för samverkan. Några viktiga slutsatser utifrån dessa var att en god relation till samverkanspartner var nödvändig samt att en mer omfattande kunskap och förståelse för varandras verksamheter önskades. Vidare nämndes brist på resurser samt avsaknad av insatser som förhindrande faktorer och högt engagemang samt uppvisande av respekt som främjande faktorer i samverkansarbetet. / In Sweden today more and more children and youths suffer from mental illness, and reports show that this decline in mental health will continue downwards. This puts more pressure on communal and regional instances to have better cooperative structures regarding the complex needs of these individuals. This cooperation between social services and child and adolescent psychiatry are obligated by law to ensure that the correct assistance is offered. This study therefore regard this cooperation and mainly focuses on the working relationship between the two. The method of gaining more knowledge in the matter was to use a qualitative form of research. This information was obtained by interviewing three curators from child and adolescent psychiatry and four social secretaries. To interpret this information former research results was studied and the meaning of the theoretical terms “room to maneuver” and “cooperation” was outlined. During the analysis four themes emerged. Person bound, knowledge and understanding of each other´s operation and inhibitory and promoting factors ofcooperation. The most important conclusions of the study were that in order for a good cooperation to take place, both parties needed to have a deeper understanding of each other’s operation. Moreover, the study showed that the lack of resources and effort from both parties complicated the partnership. Meanwhile displaying respect and commitment increased the likelihood of a good working relation.

The purpose of this study was to identify and describe factors that affect the utilisation of antenatal services by pregnant adolescents in Muheza district, Tanzania. Quantitative, descriptive study was used. The Andersen and Newman Framework of Health Services Utilisation were used as a conceptual framework. The study population consisted of 235 adolescents who delivered in the Muheza district while attending postnatal clinics and health centres providing reproductive health services between January 2012 and March 2012. The findings revealed a high percentage of under- utilisation of ANC due to low level of education, low individual and household income, inadequate knowledge about sexuality and poor attitudes towards reproductive health services as exemplified by low prevalence of contraceptive use. The distance from clinic, the use of family planning methods, source of antenatal care and having more than four children under 16 years were associated with adequate utilisation of antenatal services. Recommendations were made to promote antenatal services usage by pregnant adolescents in Tanzania. / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

The purpose of this study was to identify and describe factors that affect the utilisation of antenatal services by pregnant adolescents in Muheza district, Tanzania. Quantitative, descriptive study was used. The Andersen and Newman Framework of Health Services Utilisation were used as a conceptual framework. The study population consisted of 235 adolescents who delivered in the Muheza district while attending postnatal clinics and health centres providing reproductive health services between January 2012 and March 2012. The findings revealed a high percentage of under- utilisation of ANC due to low level of education, low individual and household income, inadequate knowledge about sexuality and poor attitudes towards reproductive health services as exemplified by low prevalence of contraceptive use. The distance from clinic, the use of family planning methods, source of antenatal care and having more than four children under 16 years were associated with adequate utilisation of antenatal services. Recommendations were made to promote antenatal services usage by pregnant adolescents in Tanzania. / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)