The search includes two strategic themes for the contribution of technological and scientific development of the country: the Future Study and Assistive Technology resources to person with deafness and blindness with applicability for education, specifically for higher education, with the axis technology foresight connection. The objective was to conduct prospecting technology patents of TA resources worldwide to identify the position of Brazil as depositor of Assistive Technology. The methodology applied to technological forecasting was the literature review and the extrapolation of trends, such as methods of a Prospective Study in a conceptual approach to the Future Study. The study in patent applications in Assistive Technology for people with deafness and blindness occurred through data mining of a set of 1,241 patents. The data combined keywords Assistive Technology, person with deafness and blindness, education, method, software, products, major depositors, leading countries, organizations, key inventors, IPC codes and annual evolution. From these keywords figures were generated showing interest in the area of assistive technology, its technical and application by the world´s largest depositors. It was identified that the TA resources with applicability in higher education, according to the processing of data in VantagePoint tool, are not developed; we understand that this is because it is new terminology Assistive Technology in other areas of knowledge when compared to the area of education and the International Patent Classification (IPC) does not inform the patent by level of education, but by its technical nature and application. We understand that the term: Instructional Resources is still used for customers with disabilities in the retrieved patent documents; we also understand that the decrease or lack of patents from 2012 may be related to patent secrecy period. China is the leading country in the number of patents deafness and blindness, Japan turn the nation shows up with the most active organizations and the US have a situation of very broad inventive step. Brazil has great potential for development in TA in education, specifically for higher education, for it is a level of education that form human resources. We have seen what has been done to the National Survey on Assistive Technology through the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation and the Brazilian government has encouraged federal institutions to develop this technology to various areas of knowledge, as well as in the educational field; this brings business opportunities for inventors. It takes more detailed future studies for extending the scientific framework of this issue, thus contributing to fostering research on innovation and technology in Brazil. / A Pesquisa integra dois temas estratégicos para a contribuição do desenvolvimento tecnológico e científico do país: o Estudo de Futuro e os recursos em Tecnologia Assistiva para pessoa com surdez e cegueira com aplicabilidade para a área educacional, mais precisamente para o ensino superior, tendo como eixo de ligação a prospecção tecnológica. O objetivo do trabalho foi realizar prospecção tecnológica de patentes dos recursos em TA a nível mundial para identificar a posição do Brasil como depositante de Tecnologia Assistiva. A metodologia aplicada à prospecção tecnológica foi a revisão de literatura e a extrapolação de tendências, como métodos de um Estudo Prospectivo numa abordagem conceitual do Estudo de Futuro. O estudo realizado nos depósitos de patentes em Tecnologia Assistiva para pessoa com surdez e cegueira ocorreu através da mineração de dados de um conjunto de 1.241 de patentes. O tratamento dos dados combinou as palavras-chave Tecnologia Assistiva, pessoa com surdez e cegueira, educação, método, softwares, produtos, maiores depositantes, países líderes, organizações, principais inventores, códigos do IPC e evolução anual. A partir destas palavras-chave foram geradas figuras que mostram o interesse pela área de Tecnologia Assistiva, sua natureza técnica e aplicação por parte dos maiores depositantes mundiais. Foi identificado que os recursos em TA com aplicabilidade no ensino superior, de acordo com o tratamento de dados na ferramenta VantagePoint, não são desenvolvidos; entendemos que isto acontece devido ser nova a terminologia de Tecnologia Assistiva nas outras áreas do conhecimento quando comparamos com a área da educação e a Classificação Internacional de Patentes (IPC) não informa a patente por nível de escolaridade e sim por sua natureza técnica e aplicação. Entendemos que o termo: Recursos Didáticos ainda é utilizado para a clientela com deficiência nos documentos de patentes recuperados; entendemos também que a diminuição ou falta de patenteamento a partir de 2012 pode estar relacionada ao período de sigilo da patente. A China é o país que lidera o número de patentes em surdez e cegueira, o Japão por sua vez mostra-se a nação com as organizações mais ativas e os EUA apresentam uma situação de atividade inventiva bem ampla. O Brasil tem grande potencial para o desenvolvimento em TA na área educacional, mais especificamente para o ensino superior, por se tratar de um nível de instrução que forma recursos humanos. Vimos que já foi realizada a Pesquisa Nacional em Tecnologia Assistiva através do Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação e o governo brasileiro tem estimulado as instituições federais a desenvolverem esta tecnologia para diversas áreas do conhecimento, assim como também no âmbito educacional; isto traz oportunidades de negócios para os inventores. São necessários estudos futuros mais aprofundados para que se amplie o arcabouço científico desta temática, contribuindo assim com fomento à pesquisa sobre inovação e tecnologia no Brasil.

Par sa fréquence et sa gravité, le cancer colorectal pose un problème majeur de santé publique en France et touche majoritairement les sujets âgés. Peu d’études évaluant la qualité de vie au diagnostic de ces patients et son impact sur leur survie ont été menées en population générale. Ce travail s'appuie sur une étude de population réalisée par le Registre Bourguignon des cancers digestifs portant sur les patients âgés de 65 ans ou plus et diagnostiqués entre 2003 et 2005 en Saône et Loire. Parmi les 401 patients éligibles, 246 ont renvoyé un questionnaire à au moins un des temps d'étude. Les non-répondeurs étaient plus âgés et diagnostiqués avec un stade tumoral plus avancé. La qualité de vie des patients s'améliorait avec le temps. Elle n'était pas modifiée par la présence de traitements adjuvants. La qualité de vie au diagnostic était un facteur pronostique indépendant de la survie des patients quand elle était évaluée par les patients eux-mêmes. La concordance entre le niveau de qualité de vie déclaré par les patients et l'appréciation de leur qualité de vie par le médecin traitant était moyenne à faible En conclusion, cette étude montre que chez les patients âgés, l'administration d'un traitement adjuvant n’entraîne pas d'altération de la qualité de vie à court et moyen terme, confirmant la nécessité de ne pas prendre uniquement en compte l'âge chronologique lors de la décision thérapeutique. Enfin, elle souligne l'importance de l'évaluation de la qualité de vie par le patient lui-même, y compris dans un contexte d'étude épidémiologique en population réalisée auprès de patients âgés dont il est parfois difficile d'obtenir la participation à une étude. / Colorectal cancer is one of the most common malignancies in France and predominantly affects older patients. Few studies evaluating baseline quality of life of those patients, its short term evolution and its prognosis value on patients' survival have been performed in the context of a population-based study. This work is based on a prospective longitudinal cohort study performed by the Burgundy Digestive Cancer Registry. All patients aged 65 and over, diagnosed with a new colorectal cancer and registered by the Registry between 2003 and 2005 were eligible. Among the 401 eligible patients, 246 fulfilled at least one questionnaire. Non-respondents were older and diagnosed with a more advanced cancer stage.Patients' quality of life improved with time. Quality of life was affected neither by the presence of adjuvant treatment, nor by the palliative or curative intent of cares. Quality of life was an independent prognosis factor of survival, only when assessed by patients themselves. The agreement between the levels of quality of life declared by patients and the level of quality of life estimated by patients' general practitioner was low. In conclusion, this study shows that quality of life is of major importance when evaluating elderly colorectal cancer patients' care. For those patients, adjuvant treatment did not seem to impact quality of life or its evolution with time, suggesting that chronological age should not determine candidacy for treatments. Lastly, it underlines the value of elderly patients' rating of their quality of life in the context of a population based study, even if getting this assessment is challenging.

Objectives: To determine risk factors of incident onset of use, abuse and dependence of cannabis in a community sample of adolescents and young adults. Methods: Risk factors were examined in a prospective longitudinal design across 4 years in a representative sample (N=2446) aged 14-24 at the outset of the study (EDSP). Patterns of DSM-IV defined cannabis use, abuse and dependence were assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (M-CIDI). Potential risk factors were assessed at baseline. Incident cannabis use, abuse and dependence at second follow-up (on average 42 months after baseline) were the main outcome measures in this study. Associations were analyzed with logistic and negative binomial regressions. Results: Using 11 of a total of 56 variables examined, the predictive value of the final multiple logistic regression for incident cannabis use was moderately good (area under the ROC curve=0.78). Cannabis use frequency was predicted in the final model by 18 variables, cannabis abuse by two variables in the younger subsample and nine factors in the older group, and dependence by eight variables (dependence: ROC curve area=0.97). Incident cannabis use was predicted mainly by availability of drugs, peers’ drug use, a more ‘positive’ attitude towards future drug use, and regular previous use of licit drugs, while cannabis dependence was predicted primarily by parental death before age 15, deprived socio-economic status, and baseline use of other illicit drugs. Conclusion: Different factors predict the onset or severity of cannabis use and the progression to abuse and dependence. In addition to well-documented risk factors such as peer group pressure, drug availability, and low self-esteem, findings suggest that family history (e.g. parental mental disorders, early parental death), and prior experiences with legal drugs play a significant role in the initiation of cannabis consumption and the transition to cannabis use disorders in adolescents and young adults. Findings suggest that early intervention and prevention might be improved by better targeted treatment.

Lynch syndrome (LS), Lynch-like syndrome (LLS) and familial colorectal cancer type X (FCCX) are different entities of familial cancer predisposition leading to an increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of this prospective study was to characterise and to compare the risks for adenoma and CRC in these three risk groups. Data was taken from the registry of the German Consortium for Familial Intestinal Cancer. Patients were prospectively followed up in an intensified colonoscopic surveillance programme that included annual examinations. Cumulative risks for adenoma and CRC were calculated separately for LS, LLS and FCCX, and then for males and females. Multivariate Cox regression was used to analyse the independent contributions of risk group, mismatch repair gene (within LS), sex and previous adenoma. The study population comprised 1448 individuals (103 FCCX, 481 LLS and 864 LS). The risks were similar for colorectal adenomas, but different for first and metachronous CRC between the three risk groups. CRC risk was highest in LS, followed by LLS and lowest in FCCX. Male sex and a prevalent adenoma in the index colonoscopy were associated with a higher risk for incident adenoma and CRC. In patients with LS, CRC risks were particularly higher in female MSH2 than MLH1 carriers. Our study may support the development of risk-adapted surveillance policies in LS, LLS and FCCX. What's new? While associations between colorectal cancer (CRC) risk and Lynch syndrome (LS) are well-described, less is known about CRC risks linked to the closely related Lynch-like syndrome (LLS) and familial colorectal cancer type X (FCCX). In this prospective follow-up study of patients with LS, LLS, and FCCX, risks were similar for colorectal adenomas but considerably different for first and metachronous CRCs. In addition, LS females who carried MSH2 mutations had notably higher CRC risks than female MLH1 mutation carriers. The identification of variations in carcinogenic pathways between LS, LLS, and FCCX could enable risk-adapted CRC surveillance for these syndromes.

Malgré des années de recherches sur la douleur et les incapacités chroniques, peu de conclusions claires émergent quant aux facteurs de risque les plus pertinents. La majorité des auteurs s’entendent toutefois sur un fait, les troubles musculo-squelettiques et l’adaptation à leurs nombreuses conséquences est un processus complexe, multidimensionnel et déterminé par l’interaction de facteurs biopsychosociaux. Deux articles sont présentés avec comme objectifs généraux d’identifier les déterminants importants de l’ajustement à un trouble musculo-squelettique. Le premier article consiste en une recension des écrits systématique visant à résumer tous les facteurs pronostiques biopsychosociaux de l’ajustement multidimensionnel aux troubles musculo-squelettiques et examinant leur pertinence à déterminer ces divers indicateurs d’ajustement, principalement la participation au travail, les limitations fonctionnelles, la douleur, la qualité de la vie, la détresse psychologique et la rechute. Les 105 études prospectives recensées et correspondant aux critères d’inclusion et d’exclusion ont été analysés et chaque association significative a été résumée. Par la suite, 68 études qui ont inclus des facteurs sociodémographiques, biologiques, psychologiques et sociaux ont été analysées séparément. Leur qualité méthodologique a été évaluée, un niveau d’évidence a par la suite été établi pour chaque association entre les facteurs de risque et les diverses variables de résultats. Les divergences dans ces associations entre les différentes phases de chronicité ont également été identifiées. Un niveau d’évidence élevée a été découvert concernant le rôle des attentes de rétablissement, certaines pratiques de gestion intégrées de l’incapacité, les stratégies d’adaptation (coping), la somatisation, la comorbidité, la durée de l’épisode symptomatique et un niveau modéré d’évidence a été découvert pour les comportements de douleur. Lorsque vient le temps de prédire les divers indicateurs d’ajustement de sujets souffrant de troubles musculo-squelettiques, chacun tend à être associé à des facteurs de risque différents. Peu de différences ont été relevées lorsque les phases de chronicité ont été prises en compte. Ces résultats confirment la nature biopsychosociale de l’ajustement aux troubles musculo-squelettiques bien que les facteurs psychosociaux semblent être prédominants. Le second article est une étude prospective avec un suivi de 2 et 8 mois. Elle a été menée auprès de 62 travailleurs accidentés, principalement en phase de chronicité et prestataires d’indemnités de revenu de la CSST (Commission en Santé et Sécurité du Travail du Québec). L’objectif de cette étude était d’identifier les déterminants de l’engagement actif dans un processus de retour a travail par opposition à l’incapacité chronique, tout en adoptant une approche biopsychosociale. Cet objectif a été poursuivi en faisant l’étude, d’une part, de la pertinence de facteurs de risque ayant déjà fait l’objet d’études mais pour lesquelles aucun consensus n’est atteint quant à leur utilité prédictive et d’autre part, de certains facteurs de risque négligés, voire, même omis de ce domaine de recherche. Suite à des analyses multivariées, le genre, les attentes de rétablissement en terme de capacité à retourner au travail et l’importance du travail ont été identifiés comme des déterminants de l’incapacité chronique liée au travail. Après 8 mois, l’âge, la consolidation médicale, les symptômes traumatiques, le support au travail et l’importance du travail ont été également identifiés comme des déterminants d’incapacité chronique liée au travail. Ces résultats démontrent l’importance d’aborder l’étude de l’incapacité chronique et de la réinsertion professionnelle selon une perspective multidimensionnelle. Ces résultats corroborent également les conclusions de notre recension des écrits, puisque les facteurs psychosociaux ont été identifiés comme étant des déterminants importants dans cette étude. / Despite years of research on chronic pain and disability, there is yet little consensus on a core set of risk factors. One thing that most agree on, is the fact that musculoskeletal disorders and the adjustment to its consequences is a complex, multidimensional process determined by biopsychosocial factors interacting with one another. Two articles are presented with the overall goal of identifying significant determinants of adjustment to musculoskeletal disorders. The first article is a systematic literature review that aimed at reviewing all pertinent biopsychosocial prognostic factors of adjustment to musculoskeletal disorders and assessed their relevance in predicting multidimensional outcomes, namely work participation, functional disability, pain, quality of life, psychological distress and recurrence. The 105 prospective studies identified and fitting the inclusion and exclusion criteria were analyzed and all significant associations were summarized. Then, 68 studies that included sociodemoraphic and biopsychosocial risk factors were separately analysed for their methodological quality, level of evidence (LOE) was established for each association between risk factors and outcome variables and existing differences were highlighted between phases of chronicity. Strong evidence was found for recovery expectations, coping, somatization, comorbidity, duration of episode, disability management and moderate evidence was found for pain behaviours. When it comes to predicting different outcomes reflecting the adjustment process of subjects with musculoskeletal disorders, each tends to have a different set of predictors. Few significant differences were found according to phases of chronicity. These results support the biopsychosocial nature of the adjustment to musculoskeletal disorders with a predominance of psychosocial determinants. The second article is a prospective study with follow-ups at 2 and 8 months and was conducted on a sample of 62 mostly chronic occupationally injured workers receiving compensation benefits from the CSST (Quebec Workers’ Compensation Board). The study aimed to identify determinants of active involvement in a return to work process while adopting a biopsychosocial approach. It did so by investigating the pertinence of previously studied risk factors but for which no consensus yet exists, but also by investigating the pertinence of previously neglected or even omitted risk factors. After multivariate analysis, gender, work recovery expectations and importance of work were predictive of work outcomes at 2 months. After 8 months, age, medical consolidation, trauma symptoms, work support and importance of work predicted work outcomes. The results show the importance of approaching chronic work disability from a multidimensional perspective, although corroborating our literature review’s findings that psychosocial variables appear to be more significant predictors in this study.

Introdução: A prevalência de perda auditiva em recém-nascidos (RN) normais e lactentes é estimada em 1,5 a 6/1.000 nascidos vivos, sendo que naqueles considerados de alto risco varia de 1,5 a 17%. Objetivos: Verificar a prevalência de deficiência auditiva adquirida em RN e lactentes que ficaram internados em unidade de cuidados intensivos (UTI) e intermediários; relacionar a deficiência auditiva com a existência de fatores de risco para este evento e determinar o nível anatômico da lesão nos RN que apresentarem esta deficiência. Métodos: Estudo de coorte prospectivo no período de setembro de 2003 a março de 2004, com 71 recém-nascidos de três Hospitais da cidade de São Paulo, com populações de características semelhantes. Em relação ao sexo, 26 (36,62%) eram do sexo feminino e 45 (63,38%) do masculino; a média de peso e idade gestacional ao nascimento foi 2.480,63g (825g-4215g) e 36,14 semanas (25,57 - 41,57 semanas), respectivamente. Os 71 RN realizaram a primeira avaliação auditiva utilizando o método de emissão otoacústica evocada transiente (EOAET) aplicado durante a internação hospitalar. A segunda avaliação foi ambulatorial e além de o método de EOAET foi aplicado também o de audiometria de tronco cerebral (ABR). A média de idade cronológica e idade gestacional corrigida na primeira avaliação auditiva foi 19,36 dias e 38,86 semanas, enquanto na segunda avaliação foi 73,50 dias e 46,61 semanas, respectivamente. Os fatores de risco escolhidos para testar uma possível relação com deficiência auditiva foram: perinatais, respiratórios, infecciosos, metabólicos, uso de equipamentos e outros, como: tempo de ventilação mecânica, utilização de oxigenioterapia não invasiva, tempo de incubadora e tempo de internação na UTI, fármacos ototóxicos, neurológicos, insuficiência renal e retinopatia da prematuridade. Os dados foram avaliados descritivamente pelo cálculo de médias e proporções, análise inferencial e teste de concordância entre a primeira e segunda avaliação audiológica. Resultados: Dos 71 RN avaliados, 23 (32,39%) apresentaram alteração auditiva, sendo 8 (30,77%) do sexo feminino e 15 (33,33%) do masculino. Em relação à lateralidade, 11 (47,83%) RN apresentaram alterações unilaterais e 12 (52,17%) bilaterais e em relação ao local da lesão, 14 (60,87%) apresentaram alterações cocleares, 1 (4,35%) retrococlear e 8 (34,78%) mista. A alteração auditiva esteve estatisticamente associada com: RN pequeno para a idade gestacional, apnéia, hipocalcemia, uso de dois ou mais fármacos ototóxicos, amicacina e furosemida Houve fraca concordância entre as duas avaliações realizadas com EOAET (k=0,138, intervalo de confiança (95%)=[0; 0,364]). Conclusões: a prevalência de perda auditiva nos RN e lactentes internados nas unidades de cuidados intensivos e intermediários foi mais elevada do que a da citada na literatura. Houve associação estatística com seis fatores de risco estudados e não houve diferença entre o comprometimento unilateral e bilateral, com predomínio da freqüência de alterações cocleares, seguidas de alterações mistas e retrococleares / Introdution: The prevalence of newborn and infant hearing loss is estimated to range 1.5 to 6 per 1.000 live births and newborn with risk factors for hearing loss range 1.5 to 17%. Objective: To verify the prevalence of newborns and infants hearing loss admitted in the intensive and intermediary care unit; to relate the hearing loss with the presence of risk factors for such event and to determine the wound anatomic level. Methods: It is a prospective cohort study with 71 newborns (NB), in three Hospitals in São Paulo (September 2003 and March 2004). Twenty six (36.62%) NB females and 45 (63.38%) males. The average of the weight and of the gestational age at the birth were 2,480.63 g (825 g-4,215 g) and 36.14 weeks (25.57-41.57 weeks), respectively. The first evaluation using the transient evoked otoacoustic emission during the hospitalization. The second was performed in the ambulatory of the hospital with transient evoked otoacoustic emission and auditory brainstem response. The average of the chronologic age and of the gestacional age at the first evaluation were 19.36 days and 38.86 weeks and at the second evaluation were 73.50 days and 46.61 weeks, respectively. The risk factors for hearing loss evaluated: perinatal, respiratory, infection, metabolic, use of equipment and others (mechanical ventilation duration, use of non-invasive oxygen-therapy, time in the incubator and neonatal in the intensive unit care), ototoxic medications, neurological, renal ins ufficiency and retinopathy of prematurity. The data were evaluated calculating averages and proportions, inferential analysis and concordance test between the first and the second audiologic evaluation. Results: Twenty three (32.39%) NB of the 71 presented a hearing loss, eight (30.77%) females and 15 (33.33%) males. Eleven (47.83%) newborns presented unilateral alteration and 12 (52.17%) bilateral. Fourteen NB (60.87%) presented cochlear alteration, 1 (4.35%) retrocochlear and 8 (34.78%) mixed. The hearing loss was significantly associated with small for gestational age newborns; apnea, hypocalcaemia, administration ototoxic medications, administration of amicacine and furosemida. The concordance test between the first and the second transient evoked otoacoustic emission was weak (k=0.138, 95%confidence interval 0;0.364). Conclusions: The prevalence of hearing loss in this study was high that in the literature. The hearing loss was significantly associated with six risks factors studied. The difference between unilateral and bilateral alteration wasn\'t observed, the cochlear alteration was more frequent, following the mixed and retrocochlear alteration

Introdução: A prevalência de perda auditiva em recém-nascidos (RN) normais e lactentes é estimada em 1,5 a 6/1.000 nascidos vivos, sendo que naqueles considerados de alto risco varia de 1,5 a 17%. Objetivos: Verificar a prevalência de deficiência auditiva adquirida em RN e lactentes que ficaram internados em unidade de cuidados intensivos (UTI) e intermediários; relacionar a deficiência auditiva com a existência de fatores de risco para este evento e determinar o nível anatômico da lesão nos RN que apresentarem esta deficiência. Métodos: Estudo de coorte prospectivo no período de setembro de 2003 a março de 2004, com 71 recém-nascidos de três Hospitais da cidade de São Paulo, com populações de características semelhantes. Em relação ao sexo, 26 (36,62%) eram do sexo feminino e 45 (63,38%) do masculino; a média de peso e idade gestacional ao nascimento foi 2.480,63g (825g-4215g) e 36,14 semanas (25,57 - 41,57 semanas), respectivamente. Os 71 RN realizaram a primeira avaliação auditiva utilizando o método de emissão otoacústica evocada transiente (EOAET) aplicado durante a internação hospitalar. A segunda avaliação foi ambulatorial e além de o método de EOAET foi aplicado também o de audiometria de tronco cerebral (ABR). A média de idade cronológica e idade gestacional corrigida na primeira avaliação auditiva foi 19,36 dias e 38,86 semanas, enquanto na segunda avaliação foi 73,50 dias e 46,61 semanas, respectivamente. Os fatores de risco escolhidos para testar uma possível relação com deficiência auditiva foram: perinatais, respiratórios, infecciosos, metabólicos, uso de equipamentos e outros, como: tempo de ventilação mecânica, utilização de oxigenioterapia não invasiva, tempo de incubadora e tempo de internação na UTI, fármacos ototóxicos, neurológicos, insuficiência renal e retinopatia da prematuridade. Os dados foram avaliados descritivamente pelo cálculo de médias e proporções, análise inferencial e teste de concordância entre a primeira e segunda avaliação audiológica. Resultados: Dos 71 RN avaliados, 23 (32,39%) apresentaram alteração auditiva, sendo 8 (30,77%) do sexo feminino e 15 (33,33%) do masculino. Em relação à lateralidade, 11 (47,83%) RN apresentaram alterações unilaterais e 12 (52,17%) bilaterais e em relação ao local da lesão, 14 (60,87%) apresentaram alterações cocleares, 1 (4,35%) retrococlear e 8 (34,78%) mista. A alteração auditiva esteve estatisticamente associada com: RN pequeno para a idade gestacional, apnéia, hipocalcemia, uso de dois ou mais fármacos ototóxicos, amicacina e furosemida Houve fraca concordância entre as duas avaliações realizadas com EOAET (k=0,138, intervalo de confiança (95%)=[0; 0,364]). Conclusões: a prevalência de perda auditiva nos RN e lactentes internados nas unidades de cuidados intensivos e intermediários foi mais elevada do que a da citada na literatura. Houve associação estatística com seis fatores de risco estudados e não houve diferença entre o comprometimento unilateral e bilateral, com predomínio da freqüência de alterações cocleares, seguidas de alterações mistas e retrococleares / Introdution: The prevalence of newborn and infant hearing loss is estimated to range 1.5 to 6 per 1.000 live births and newborn with risk factors for hearing loss range 1.5 to 17%. Objective: To verify the prevalence of newborns and infants hearing loss admitted in the intensive and intermediary care unit; to relate the hearing loss with the presence of risk factors for such event and to determine the wound anatomic level. Methods: It is a prospective cohort study with 71 newborns (NB), in three Hospitals in São Paulo (September 2003 and March 2004). Twenty six (36.62%) NB females and 45 (63.38%) males. The average of the weight and of the gestational age at the birth were 2,480.63 g (825 g-4,215 g) and 36.14 weeks (25.57-41.57 weeks), respectively. The first evaluation using the transient evoked otoacoustic emission during the hospitalization. The second was performed in the ambulatory of the hospital with transient evoked otoacoustic emission and auditory brainstem response. The average of the chronologic age and of the gestacional age at the first evaluation were 19.36 days and 38.86 weeks and at the second evaluation were 73.50 days and 46.61 weeks, respectively. The risk factors for hearing loss evaluated: perinatal, respiratory, infection, metabolic, use of equipment and others (mechanical ventilation duration, use of non-invasive oxygen-therapy, time in the incubator and neonatal in the intensive unit care), ototoxic medications, neurological, renal ins ufficiency and retinopathy of prematurity. The data were evaluated calculating averages and proportions, inferential analysis and concordance test between the first and the second audiologic evaluation. Results: Twenty three (32.39%) NB of the 71 presented a hearing loss, eight (30.77%) females and 15 (33.33%) males. Eleven (47.83%) newborns presented unilateral alteration and 12 (52.17%) bilateral. Fourteen NB (60.87%) presented cochlear alteration, 1 (4.35%) retrocochlear and 8 (34.78%) mixed. The hearing loss was significantly associated with small for gestational age newborns; apnea, hypocalcaemia, administration ototoxic medications, administration of amicacine and furosemida. The concordance test between the first and the second transient evoked otoacoustic emission was weak (k=0.138, 95%confidence interval 0;0.364). Conclusions: The prevalence of hearing loss in this study was high that in the literature. The hearing loss was significantly associated with six risks factors studied. The difference between unilateral and bilateral alteration wasn\'t observed, the cochlear alteration was more frequent, following the mixed and retrocochlear alteration

INTRODUÇÃO: A disfunção do trato urinário inferior (DTUI) pode decorrer de contrações vesicais durante a fase de enchimento (hiperatividade do detrusor) ou a falta de coordenação entre a contração vesical e o relaxamento dos músculos do assoalho pélvico durante o esvaziamento vesical (disfunção miccional). Várias publicações sugerem benefícios do uso de biofeedback eletromiográfico (EMG) e eletroestimulação transcutânea parassacral (ENTP) no tratamento destas condições. Contudo faltam estudos controlados comparando estas duas formas de tratamento. OBJETIVO: Comparar a eficácia das técnicas de biofeedback EMG e ENTP em crianças com DTUI. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo e randomizado com 64 crianças, sendo 43 meninas e 21 meninos com idade média 9,39 anos. As crianças foram divididas em dois grupos de tratamento: grupo biofeedback (GB) e grupo de ENTP (GE). Os critérios para avaliar a eficácia do tratamento foram a taxa de resolução dos sintomas noturnos e diurnos, comprovados por diário miccional, urofluxometria, questionários (DVSS - Dysfunction voiding symptoms score), avaliação da qualidade de vida (QV), melhora da constipação e do número de episódios de infecção do trato urinário (ITU).RESULTADOS: No GB 54,9% das crianças tiveram resposta completa e no GE 60,6% em relação a melhora diurna (p=0,483) e 29,6% e 25% em relação a melhora noturna respectivamente (p=0,461). Em relação ao diário miccional, urofluxometria e DVSS, ambos os grupos tiveram melhora estatisticamente significante (p=0,001), porém a QV não teve diferença entre os grupos (p=0,959 e p=0,065). Na avaliação da constipação, houve decréscimo no GB de 61,3% para 19,4% (p=0,002) e no GE de 33,3% para 6,2% (p=0,013). Nenhuma criança apresentou ITU após o término do tratamento (p < 001). CONCLUSÃO: O biofeedback EMG e a ENTP são efetivos para o tratamento de DTUI.Esta eficácia se traduz por melhora dos sintomas diurnos e noturnos bem como na avaliação feita por questionário e urofluxometria. Ambas as técnicas se mostrarm eficazes, embora o biofeedback tenha requerido um menor número de sessões / INTRODUCTION: The lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD) may be due to bladder contractions during the filling phase (detrusor overactivity) or the lack of coordination between bladder contraction and relaxation of the pelvic floor muscles during bladder emptying (voiding dysfunction ). Several publications have suggested benefits of using electromyographic biofeedback (EMG) and parasacral transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) in treating these conditions. However there is a lack of controlled studies comparing these two forms of treatment. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of EMG biofeedback and parasacral TENS techniques in children with DTUI. METHODS: A prospective and randomized study with 64 children, 43 girls and 21 boys, mean age 9.39 years. The children were divided into two treatment groups: biofeedback group and parasacral TENS. The criteria for assessing the effectiveness of techniques were the rate of resolution of daytime and nighttime symptoms, improvements in voiding diary, uroflowmetry and questionnaires. (DVSS - Dysfunction voiding symptoms score). We also acessed changes in quality of life (QOL) constipation and number of episodes of lower urinary tract infection (UTI). RESULTS: GB 54.9% of children had complete response in EMG biofeedback group and 60.6% in those treated by parasacral TENS in daytime symptoms (p = 0.483) and 29.6% and 25% in night time respectively (p = 0.461). Regarding the voiding diary, uroflowmetry and DVSS, both groups had statistically significant improvement (p = 0.001), but the QOL showed no difference between groups (p = 0.959 and p = 0.065). In the evaluation of constipation, there was a decrease in EMG biofeedback group 61.3% to 19.4% (p = 0.002) and in parasacral TENS group 33.3% to 6.2% (p = 0.013). No child had UTI after the end of treatment (p <.001). CONCLUSION: EMG biofeedback and the parasacral TENS are effective for treating DTUI. This efficiency translates into improved daytime and nighttime symptoms as well as in the evaluation made by questionnaire and uroflowmetry. Both techniques showed excellent results, although biofeedback required a fewer number of sessions

INTRODUÇÃO: O diagnóstico microbiológico das infecções em artroplastias é de fundamental importância para a definição da estratégia de uso dos antimicrobianos. As culturas microbiológicas convencionais apresentam elevados índices de falso-negativos, em especial, nas infecções crônicas, em que é frequente a presença do biofilme aderido ao implante. A utilização de amostras deste biofilme, viáveis à cultura, a partir de seu descolamento do implante pela técnica de sonicação, tem mostrado aumento da sensibilidade em publicações recentes. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os resultados das culturas microbiológicas de fragmentos de tecido periprotético, realizadas em meio sólido, àquelas obtidas pelo cultivo do líquido oriundo da sonicação do implante removido, semeado, inicialmente, em frascos de hemocultura e, posteriormente, em meio sólido. MÉTODOS: Neste estudo de análise descritiva, prospectivo e comparativo, 30 pacientes com diagnóstico de infecção em artroplastias de joelho ou quadril, com mais de 90 dias de história, tiveram seus implantes cirurgicamente removidos e foram coletadas seis amostras do tecido periprotético, de locais previamente determinados, para a realização de cultura microbiológica em meios sólidos. Simultaneamente, os implantes foram submetidos ao processo de sonicação e o material resultante foi injetado em frascos de hemocultura BD Bactec e submetidos ao processo de cultura automatizada. Todas as amostras foram pesquisadas quanto à presença de bactérias aeróbias, anaeróbias, micobactérias e fungos, e os resultados comparados por meio de análise estatística, em busca da superioridade de um método sobre o outro. Como objetivo secundário, buscou-se analisar quais os pontos de coleta do tecido periprotético teriam maior sensibilidade em suas culturas. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes da amostra em relação ao gênero, patologia articular primária, tipo de artroplastia, localização do implante ou lateralidade. Em 17 casos (56,7%), houve uso de antimicrobianos no período de 15 dias que antecederam a retirada do implante. O método de cultura do fluido de sonicação mostrou sensibilidade de 86,7% e foi superior, de modo estatisticamente significante (P < 0,001), em relação à cultura dos fragmentos periprotéticos, cujos resultados tiveram sensibilidades entre 26,7 e 53,3%. O uso de antibioticoterapia recente não interferiu de modo estatisticamente significante na sensibilidade da cultura do líquido oriundo da sonicação. (P = 0,113). Quanto ao objetivo secundário, a coleta de fragmentos da membrana periprotética mostrou maior sensibilidade, estatisticamente significante, na comparação com três dos demais cinco pontos de coleta (P < 0,05). CONCLUSÕES: A cultura microbiológica do líquido obtido por sonicação dos implantes removidos de pacientes com diagnóstico de infecção periprotética e semeado inicialmente em frascos de hemocultura mostrou ter sensibilidade superior, estatisticamente significante, à cultura convencional de fragmentos do tecido periprotético semeados em meios sólidos. A cultura microbiológica da membrana periprotética mostrou ter maior sensibilidade em relação à maioria dos outros sítios que tiveram fragmentos de tecido periprotético pesquisados. / INTRODUCTION: Microbiological diagnosis in periprosthetic infection is of fundamental importance to define the most appropriate antimicrobial strategies. Conventional microbiological cultures have high rates of false negatives, especially in chronic infections, in which there is often the presence of biofilm attached to the implant. The use of samples of viable culturable biofilm taken from the detachment of the implant by sonication technique has been shown to increase the sensitivity in recent studies. The objective of this study was to compare the results of microbiological cultures of periprosthetic tissue fragments, made in a solid medium, to those obtained through the cultivation of the liquid coming from the sonication of the removed implant initially seeded in blood culture bottles and later in solid medium. METHODS: Using descriptive, prospective and comparative analysis, thirty patients with a diagnosis of infected knee or hip arthroplasty, with more than ninety days of history, had their implants surgically removed. Six periprosthetic tissue samples, collected at predetermined places, were used for microbiological culture on solid media. Simultaneously, the implants were subjected to the sonication process, and the resulting material was injected into vials of BD Bactec blood cultures and subjected to an automated culture process. All samples were screened for the presence of aerobic bacteria, anaerobes, mycobacteria and fungi and the results compared by statistical analysis to find the superiority of one method over the other. As a secondary objective, this study sought to analyze which of the periprosthetic tissue collecting points would have greater sensitivity in their cultures. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences in the sample as related to gender, primary joint pathology, type of arthroplasty, implant location or laterality. In seventeen cases (56.7%), antimicrobials were used within the 15-day period leading up to the removal of the implant. The sonication culture fluid showed a sensitivity of 86.7% and was higher, statistically significant (P < 0.001) in relation to the culture of periprosthetic fragments, where results displayed sensitivities between 26.7 and 53.3%. The use of recent antibiotic therapy did not affect the sensitivity of the liquid coming from the sonication culture, which was not statistically significant (P = 0.113). As for the secondary objective, the collection of periprosthetic membrane fragments showed higher sensitivity, statistically significant (P < 0.05), as compared to three of the remaining five collecting points. CONCLUSIONS: The microbiological culture liquid obtained by sonication of the implants removed from patients with diagnosis of periprosthetic infection and initially seeded in blood culture bottles was shown to have superior sensitivity, statistically significancy, as compared to conventional culture of the periprosthetic tissue fragments seeded on solid media. The microbiological culture of the periprosthetic membrane seems to be more sensitive compared to most other sites that had periprosthetic tissue fragments surveyed

Les vitamines B et les facteurs liés au métabolisme monocarboné (C1) aident à maintenir la synthèse de l'ADN, régulent l'expression des gènes, et peuvent affecter le risque de cancer. L'objectif général de cette thèse est d'étudier l'importance des biomarqueurs du C1 dans l'étiologie de trois cancers distincts qui diffèrent dans leur force d'association avec le tabagisme. Les articles inclus dans cette thèse ont été conduits au sein de deux études prospectives : l'étude prospective européenne sur la nutrition et le cancer (EPIC) et le consortium de cohortes du cancer du poumon (LC3). Dans l'article 1, nous avons étudié la relation entre les biomarqueurs du C1 et l'incidence ainsi que le pronostic du cancer de la sphère oto-rhino-laryngée (ORL) et de l'oesophage au sein de l'étude EPIC. Nous avons observé que les sujets ayant des concentrations élevées d'homocystéine avaient un risque accru de développer un cancer de la sphère ORL. Dans l'article 2, nous avons examiné la relation entre les biomarqueurs du C1 et l'incidence ainsi que le pronostic du carcinome à cellules rénales (CCR) au sein de l'étude EPIC. Nous avons constaté que les participants ayant des concentrations de vitamine B6 élevées avaient une diminution du risque de CCR avec un effet dose-réponse ainsi qu'une amélioration de la survie post-diagnostic. Dans l'article 3, nous avons étudié si les biomarqueurs du C1 sont associés au risque de cancer du poumon au sein de l'étude LC3. Dans l'ensemble, nous avons mis en exergue une faible association inverse, sans tendance claire, entre les concentrations de vitamine B6 et de folate et le risque du cancer du poumon. La principale conclusion de nos études est que les concentrations élevées de vitamine B6 sont associées à un risque plus faible de développer un CCR, et également à un meilleur pronostic chez les patients atteints de cette pathologie. Davantage d'études sont nécessaires afin d'évaluer si la vitamine B6 exerce une influence causale sur l'étiologie et la mortalité du CCR, ou si d'autres facteurs métaboliques sont impliqués / B-vitamins and factors related to one-carbon metabolism (OCM) pathway help to maintain DNA synthesis and regulate gene expression and may affect cancer risk. The overarching aim of this thesis is to investigate the importance of OCM biomarkers in the etiology of three distinct cancer sites that differed in their strength of association with smoking. Papers included in this thesis were conducted within two prospective studies, the European Prospective Investigation into nutrition and Cancer (EPIC) study and the Lung Cancer Cohort Consortium (LC3). In paper 1, we investigated if OCM biomarkers are associated with incidence and survival of cancer of the head and neck and esophagus in the EPIC study. We observed that subjects with higher concentrations of homocysteine had increased risk of developing head and neck cancer. In paper 2, we investigated if OCM biomarkers are associated with incidence and survival of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in the EPIC study. We observed that study subjects with elevated vitamin B6 concentrations had lower risk of RCC in a dose-response fashion and improved survival following diagnosis. In paper 3, we investigated whether OCM factors are associated with lung cancer risk in the LC3 study. Overall, we observed a weak inverse association, with no clear trend, between concentrations of vitamin B6 and folate and risk of lung cancer. The most important conclusion is that elevated vitamin B6 concentrations are associated with lower risk of developing RCC, and also better prognosis among RCC cases. Further studies are warranted to evaluate if vitamin B6 exerts a causal influence on RCC etiology and mortality, or if other metabolic factors are involved