`Organ of state' as a constitutional concept was first introduced by the 1993 Constitution, in which it was defined as including any statutory body or functionary. In their interpretation of this notion, the courts and academic writers invoked the tests developed at common law in order to determine its meaning. The commentators, on the one hand, used a variety of tests. The courts, on the other hand, subscribed to what has come to be known as the `control test'. The 1996 Constitution followed with a comprehensive definition of `organ of state'. This notion is also employed in other laws by direct reference or incorporation of the definition in section 239 with slight adjustments. Regrettably, the limited approach developed by the court in their interpretation of the notion of `organ of state' for the purposes of the 1993 Constitution has spilled over to the interpretation of the concept under the 1996 Constitution. The question is whether this is justifiable. The constitutional definition of `organ of state' makes it clear that other institutions and functionaries are organs of state on the basis of what they are and others by virtue of the functions they are engaged in. Therefore strict adherence to the control test or any other test could unjustifiably limit the application of the Constitution. / Jurisprudence / LL.M.

This thesis, titled “Normative Media Theory and the Rethinking of the Role of the Kenyan Media in a Changing Social Economic Context,” is a theoretical study that discusses the role of normative media theory in shaping and guiding debate on the role of the media and attendant policy making processes in a changing Kenyan social economic context. This is done against the background of acknowledgment of the general state of flux that characterizes normative media theory in a postmodern, globalized and new media landscape. The study thus extensively describes the Kenyan media landscape, with a view to demonstrating how it has and is continuing to be transformed by a variety of developments in the social economic set up of the Kenyan society. In order to provide a theoretical basis for explaining these developments, the study then indulges in an extensive theoretical discussion that presents a synthesis of current arguments in the area of normative media theory. This discussion fundamentally brings to the fore the challenges which characterizes normative media theory in a changing social economic context and therefore the inability of traditional normative theory to account for new developments in the media and society in general. In an attempt to integrate normative media theory and practice, the study then discusses (against the backdrop of theory) the views and opinions of key role players in the Kenyan media landscape, in regard to how they perceive the role of the media. Particular attention is given, inter alia, to matters such as media ownership, media accountability processes, changing media and communication technologies, a changing constitutional landscape, the role of the government in the Kenyan media landscape, the place of African moral philosophy in explaining the role of the media in Kenya, and the growth of local language radio. Finally, on the bases of theory, experiences from other parts of the world and the views of key role players in the Kenyan media landscape, the study presents several normative guidelines on how normative theory and media policy making in Kenya could meet each other, taking into account the changes occasioned by globalization and the new media landscape. These proposals are essentially made to enrich general debate on the role of the media in Kenya, as well as attendant media policy making efforts. / Communication / D.Litt. et Phil. (Communication)

S’il est désormais clairement établi que les personnes publiques peuvent, d’une part, prendre en charge des activités sur le marché, d’autre part, candidater à des contrats de la commande publique, les conditions dans lesquelles s’exerce la concurrence des personnes publiques sont souvent l’objet de contestations dans la mesure où on leur fait reproche d’être avantagées par leur statut de droit public. L’objet de cette thèse est de démontrer que les personnes publiques ne sont ni avantagées, ni défavorisées par leur statut mais simplement inadaptées et inadaptables au milieu concurrentiel car le statut de droit public implique structurellement une distorsion concurrentielle et donc une atteinte à l’exigence d’égale concurrence. Cette difficulté pourrait toutefois être surmontée en consolidant les sociétés publiques. / It is now established that a public law person can take over activities on the market, and apply for public procurement contracts. But the terms under which these public law persons are present on the competitive market are disputed, as their statute under public law is often criticized as an unfair advantage. This thesis aims to demonstrate that public law persons are neither advantaged nor disadvantaged by their statute, but are simply not suited – and can't be adapted – to the competitive market, as their public law statute structurally implies a competitive distortion and an infringement to the legal requirements for fair competition. That difficulty may however be overcome by consolidating state-owned enterprises.

A modulação temporal de efeitos como técnica de decisão possibilita ao Supremo Tribunal Federal a mitigação dos efeitos retroativos da declaração de inconstitucionalidade, ao mesmo tempo em que resguarda o princípio da supremacia da Constituição. Nos casos em que há mudança de jurisprudência, atua como importante mecanismo de salvaguarda das legítimas expectativas dos jurisdicionados na estabilidade dos julgados do Tribunal Constitucional. Em ambas as hipóteses, concretiza o princípio da segurança jurídica, inclusive na sua vertente subjetiva, a proteção da confiança legítima e assegura a melhor realização dos interesses públicos, próprios de uma sociedade pluralista. / The prospective doctrine as a decision technique makes possible the mitigation of the retroactive effects of the unconstitutionality declaration to the Brazilian Federal Supreme Court, at the same time it protects the Constitution supremacy principle. In cases with statement of overruling precedents, it plays an important role in protecting the legitimate expectations of the citizens in the stability of the Constitutional Court precedents. In both cases, it enforces the principle of legal certainty, including its subjective aspect, the legitimate confidence protection and it assures the best fulfilment of the public interests that are typical of a pluralist society.

A presente tese tem por objetivo a análise das convenções processuais entabuladas entre as partes antes ou depois de instaurada a relação jurídica processual. O enfoque da pesquisa são os limites e a eficácia dessas convenções, em respeito à ordem pública processual. São analisados ordenamentos jurídicos estrangeiros e, posteriormente, o tratamento que a legislação brasileira confere ao tema. Outro ponto da pesquisa é a influência das ideologias publicista e privatista no processo civil. Por fim, são examinados o modelo de flexibilização procedimental por calendário e o tratamento dado pelo projeto de novo Código de Processo Civil. / The present thesis has as its objective the analysis of procedural agreements established between parties before or after the case has arrived at a courthouse. The emphasis of the research is the way by which those agreements can be enforced within the procedure without disrespecting relevant public interests. Foreign systems and, later on, the way Brazilian law treats the subject are analyzed. Another point of the research is the influence of the public interest based and the private interest based systems in civil procedure. Finally, the timetabling model of civil procedure and the upcoming reform of the Brazilian Civil Procedure Code are examined.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T13:53:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ElidaRMS_DISSERT.pdf: 2121129 bytes, checksum: a588269dcbb9d940a7267a0f2c55eb74 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-14 / Based on the definitions of Public Communication, Political Marketing, Public Interest Information and Communication as a Tool of Governance, the study notes the use of the news section of the websites of the City Christmas and Mossoro, Rio Grande do Norte, in regard to strengthening citizenship and encouraging participatory management, from the characterization of materials like pieces of Political Marketing and Public Communication. Data collection in qualitative research was conducted from August to September 2011 and content analysis showed that the appropriation of public property for personal use is a reality, despite legal requirements to the detriment of strategic communication and governance for results from the dissemination of information of public interest and the establishment of a communication channel between State Government and Society. Elements of this study suggest the need for further research to deepen the discussion / Baseado nas defini??es de Comunica??o P?blica, Marketing Pol?tico, Informa??o de Interesse P?blico e na Comunica??o como Ferramenta de Governan?a, o estudo observa o uso da se??o de not?cias dos sites das Prefeituras de Natal e Mossor?, no Rio Grande do Norte, no tocante ao fortalecimento da cidadania e incentivo ? gest?o participativa, a partir da caracteriza??o das mat?rias como pe?as de Marketing Pol?tico e Comunica??o P?blica. A coleta de dados da pesquisa qualitativa foi realizada de agosto a setembro de 2011 e a an?lise do conte?do demonstrou que a apropria??o da coisa p?blica para uso pessoal ? uma realidade, apesar das exig?ncias legais, em detrimento de a??es estrat?gicas de comunica??o e de governan?a para resultados, a partir da difus?o de informa??es de interesse p?blico e do estabelecimento do canal de comunica??o entre Estado, Governo e Sociedade. Elementos deste estudo sugerem a necessidade de novas pesquisas para aprofundar a discuss?o

A modulação temporal de efeitos como técnica de decisão possibilita ao Supremo Tribunal Federal a mitigação dos efeitos retroativos da declaração de inconstitucionalidade, ao mesmo tempo em que resguarda o princípio da supremacia da Constituição. Nos casos em que há mudança de jurisprudência, atua como importante mecanismo de salvaguarda das legítimas expectativas dos jurisdicionados na estabilidade dos julgados do Tribunal Constitucional. Em ambas as hipóteses, concretiza o princípio da segurança jurídica, inclusive na sua vertente subjetiva, a proteção da confiança legítima e assegura a melhor realização dos interesses públicos, próprios de uma sociedade pluralista. / The prospective doctrine as a decision technique makes possible the mitigation of the retroactive effects of the unconstitutionality declaration to the Brazilian Federal Supreme Court, at the same time it protects the Constitution supremacy principle. In cases with statement of overruling precedents, it plays an important role in protecting the legitimate expectations of the citizens in the stability of the Constitutional Court precedents. In both cases, it enforces the principle of legal certainty, including its subjective aspect, the legitimate confidence protection and it assures the best fulfilment of the public interests that are typical of a pluralist society.

A presente tese tem por objetivo a análise das convenções processuais entabuladas entre as partes antes ou depois de instaurada a relação jurídica processual. O enfoque da pesquisa são os limites e a eficácia dessas convenções, em respeito à ordem pública processual. São analisados ordenamentos jurídicos estrangeiros e, posteriormente, o tratamento que a legislação brasileira confere ao tema. Outro ponto da pesquisa é a influência das ideologias publicista e privatista no processo civil. Por fim, são examinados o modelo de flexibilização procedimental por calendário e o tratamento dado pelo projeto de novo Código de Processo Civil. / The present thesis has as its objective the analysis of procedural agreements established between parties before or after the case has arrived at a courthouse. The emphasis of the research is the way by which those agreements can be enforced within the procedure without disrespecting relevant public interests. Foreign systems and, later on, the way Brazilian law treats the subject are analyzed. Another point of the research is the influence of the public interest based and the private interest based systems in civil procedure. Finally, the timetabling model of civil procedure and the upcoming reform of the Brazilian Civil Procedure Code are examined.

This thesis seeks to define the difference between commercial media and public service media, given the degree of tabloidization. The work is based on the assumption that the tabloid principles do not interfere only the commercial media, but due to the gradual development of the media industry they even penetrate the public service media. The work is focused on the reasons and forms of penetration by the tabloid media principles to the public. The theoretical section outlines the basic theoretical background and terminology to the topic of public service media and to the topic of tabloid principles. There are presented the characteristics of the tabloid media in the theoretical part, not only in theme but also in language. At first the methods used are presented in the analytic part and then work attempts to outline the current situation in the public service media, specifically on the example of radio broadcasting. The practical part of this thesis is based on the content analysis of media messages. Public media represents the Český Rozhlas 1 - Radiožurnál, concretely its news reports. This work not only tries to find the tabloid principles in broadcast of this media, but also try to make its comparison with the news of commercial media, represented by broadcasting station Radio Impuls. Aim of this work is to confirm or eventually to refute the assumption that public service media in the Czech Republic are affected by some degree of tabloidization in the form of penetration of tabloid principles.

This article explains the contentious process of harmfulness. Thus, the author mentions that the foundation of the process of harmfulness has been on our right the survival of the Administrative security of the legality and the public interest butlimiting the self-enforcement, the requirement of belief in authority to pursue the annulment of an administrative act and to ensure the due process of law is being administered. / El presente artículo explica el proceso contencioso de lesividad a partir de la naturaleza jurídica de éste .Así, el autor menciona que el fundamento del proceso de lesividad ha sido en nuestro derecho la pervivencia de la tutela administrativa de la legalidad y del interés público pero limitando la autotutela, la exigencia de convicción en la autoridad para perseguir la anulación de un acto y garantizar el debido proceso del administrado favorecido con el acto.