This thesis, titled “Normative Media Theory and the Rethinking of the Role of the Kenyan Media in a Changing Social Economic Context,” is a theoretical study that discusses the role of normative media theory in shaping and guiding debate on the role of the media and attendant policy making processes in a changing Kenyan social economic context. This is done against the background of acknowledgment of the general state of flux that characterizes normative media theory in a postmodern, globalized and new media landscape. The study thus extensively describes the Kenyan media landscape, with a view to demonstrating how it has and is continuing to be transformed by a variety of developments in the social economic set up of the Kenyan society. In order to provide a theoretical basis for explaining these developments, the study then indulges in an extensive theoretical discussion that presents a synthesis of current arguments in the area of normative media theory. This discussion fundamentally brings to the fore the challenges which characterizes normative media theory in a changing social economic context and therefore the inability of traditional normative theory to account for new developments in the media and society in general. In an attempt to integrate normative media theory and practice, the study then discusses (against the backdrop of theory) the views and opinions of key role players in the Kenyan media landscape, in regard to how they perceive the role of the media. Particular attention is given, inter alia, to matters such as media ownership, media accountability processes, changing media and communication technologies, a changing constitutional landscape, the role of the government in the Kenyan media landscape, the place of African moral philosophy in explaining the role of the media in Kenya, and the growth of local language radio. Finally, on the bases of theory, experiences from other parts of the world and the views of key role players in the Kenyan media landscape, the study presents several normative guidelines on how normative theory and media policy making in Kenya could meet each other, taking into account the changes occasioned by globalization and the new media landscape. These proposals are essentially made to enrich general debate on the role of the media in Kenya, as well as attendant media policy making efforts. / Communication / D.Litt. et Phil. (Communication)

2000年Denhardt氏二人提出新公共服務理論，主張「信任合作」、「公共利益」、「服務」、「共享」等理念，強調政府角色的轉變由領航轉變成為服務、重視公民社會與公共利益、注重政府與社區之間的溝通等，以提升公共服務的尊嚴與價值，並確保公共行政的民主、公民資格與公共利益等核心價值。因此，現今政府機關除了講求為民服務，也應該重視人性尊嚴，強調民主參與及公民精神，而公共行政人員也應當自我省思、重新體會服務的意義，以及現代公務人員應有的認知、態度和價值，同時建立民主參與或民主治理的機制，引導公民透過公共事務的參與和意見的表達，共同建立公民社會，以追求公平、正義、關懷等價值之實現。 區公所作為臺北市政府最基層的為民服務單位，其如何提供公共服務並引導民眾參與公共事務、協助公民社會之建立，實有研究之必要。本研究乃從新公共服務面向切入，藉由文獻的回顧與整理，建立新公共服務、公民社會與臺北市區公所三者的關係，並且運用參與觀察法及深度訪談法，蒐集分析區公所人員、里長、社會團體代表及區民對於公共服務及公民參與的認知與看法，以及區公所和與民眾、社區和團體的互動情形，期能對於政府機關、公務人員及民眾在為民服務、公民參與及公民社會的建立上提供相關建議。 本研究發現，臺北市區公所近年來致力於公共服務品質的提升，已獲民眾肯定，而在公私協力合作方面，亦獲得許多社會資源的協助；另一方面，雖然市政府及區公所提供了許多管道讓民眾得以參與公共事務，但民眾之公民參與仍有待加強，而其公民意識亦有待培養。因此，本研究建議，政府機關服務要更主動積極，對於各項活動及政策要加強宣導，並應負起公民教育的責任，與民間團體建立長期的夥伴關係，同時應落實輪調制度、建立內部參與管道並適時激勵員工；公務人員應體認新公共服務精神，把公務生涯當作修行、公共服務當作志業，同時對自己的工作進行反思，透過自我充實，增加智慧解決問題與壓力，以建立服務的心態與熱忱，勇於面對未來的挑戰；而民眾亦應瞭解新公共服務的意涵，提昇自己的公民性格及民主素養，學習尊重別人並為他人服務，積極參與公共事務並承擔社會責任，為公民社會的建立共同努力。 / In 2000, Denhardt and Denhardt unveiled their theory of the new public service to give out such concepts as trust and cooperation, public interest, serving and sharing. They stress the government should change its role from steering to serving, pay attention to civil society and public interest, and lay emphasis upon its communication with communities, so as to boost the importance and value of public service and assert the democracy of public administration and the core value of citizenship and public interest. For the sake, in addition to serve people, the government nowadays should also pay attention to human dignity and encourage democratic participation and civil spirit, while public administrators should reconsider the meaning of service and what knowledge, attitude and values they should learn as a public administrator. Meanwhile, they should establish institutions for democratic participations and democratic rule and find ways for people to establish a civil society through participation in public affairs and expression of personal opinions to pursue the cause of fairness, justice and humanistic concerns. Since district offices are grass-root service unit for Taipei Municipal Government, finding how they offer public service, steer people to participate in public affairs and help establish a civil society is essential. So, focusing on the new public service, the Study managed to establish the links between the new public service, civil society and district offices of Taipei Government by reviewing and taking up the literature available. Furthermore, by means of participant observation and in-depth interview, the Study has succeeded in collecting data about district office staff, li heads, representatives of social group and district residents’ knowledge and views of public service and citizen participation, and interactions between district offices, the general public, communities and social groups. The purpose is to offer ideas to government institutions, government employees, and citizens in general with respect to public service, citizen participation and the establishment of a civil society. As a result, the Study found that the district offices’ efforts at boosting the quality of public service has been approved by the people while obtaining lots of help from many sources in the society for their cooperation program between public and private units. But, on the other hand, though lots of opportunities were offered by Taipei Government and its district offices for people to participate in public affairs, their participation willingness is still be desired and their civil identity is still to be cultivated. So, the Study suggested the government institutions to render their service more positively, boost their policy and activities introduction, bear their responsibilities for civil education, establish long-term partnership with civil groups, enforce rotation system, and establish channels for inside participation so as to encourage the employees at due course. It is expected that government employees will heed the spirit of the new public service and make their career a life-time devotion and public service their cause. They should also examine their jobs critically and try to better themselves so as to solve their problems and pressure with more wisdom while facing future challenge with their readiness to service and enthusiasm. On the part of the citizens, they should learn to understand the meaning of the new public service, uplift their citizen character and breeding, respect others and render service to others, take part in public affairs positively and shoulder their own social responsibility so as to establish a civil society through mutual efforts.

University of Macau / Faculty of Law

Thèse par articles. Articles (4) annexés à la thèse en fichiers complémentaires. / Les bases de données populationnelles (gouvernementales, biobanques) occupent l’espace de la santé et des politiques publiques depuis longtemps. Les données personnelles qui y sont contenues sont toutefois soumises à une pression nouvelle, de par la valeur qu’elles représentent pour la recherche populationnelle. L’étude des maladies communes nécessitent de grands échantillons pour produire des résultats statistiquement significatifs. D’ailleurs, les collaborations internationales et initiatives de réseautage se multiplient. Les bases de données populationnelles agissent alors en synergie, générant de nombreux bénéfices pour la société (ex. : identifier des facteurs de risques, mieux connaître l’épidémiologie humaine, stimuler les économies nationales, etc.). Dans ce système complexe, les intérêts des acteurs (sujets de recherche, chercheurs, comités d’éthique – CÉR -, gouvernements, organismes subventionnaires) déterminent l’action et les normes applicables. La recherche avec des sujets humains et l’utilisation massive de données personnelles comportent de nombreuses sensibilités. Des balises juridiques ont été érigées pour protéger les personnes et leur vie privée, mais elles s’avèrent inadéquates dans un contexte de recherche populationnelle. L’obligation d’obtenir un nouveau consentement pour chaque utilisation, l’incapacité des CÉR locaux à représenter une population et la multiplication des disparités normatives entre juridictions sont autant de barrières qui se dressent. Après avoir exploré différents modèles normatifs internationaux (patrimoine commun de l’humanité, biens publics mondiaux, modèles dits libres), le modèle en réseau apparaît comme le plus apte à rallier les différents niveaux de gouvernance impliqués (individuel, populationnel et international). La création d’un réseau de ressources collectives pour la recherche populationnelle est ici proposée. La recherche scientifique est une finalité compatible aux autres utilisations pour lesquelles les données ont été collectées. Les bases de données sont maintenues pour servir l’utilité publique. Le réseau devrait donc faciliter l’accès aux projets de recherche populationnelle socialement utiles, ou dans l’intérêt public. Pour qu’un tel réseau fonctionne, la population devrait être sensibilisée à la valeur des données personnelles pour la recherche, des liens directs entre CÉR devraient être créés afin de favoriser l’empuissancement des acteurs locaux, les initiatives internationales et locales devraient s’influencer de manière réflexive. L’État, en tant que gardien des données personnelles et promoteur de la recherche, agirait comme coordonnateur du système avec pour objectif, d’optimiser l’utilisation des données personnelles à des fins de recherche populationnelle. / Populational databases (governmental databases and biobanks) have been effective tools in the field of public health and policy making. The personal data stored in these databases are central to identifying the risks of diseases in population-based research. Many initiatives of networking, collaborative research and implementation of electronic health records are deployed in the world. Population-based research depends on synergy between populational databases due to the large sample size of data that is needed to obtain statistical significance. In the complex system of public research, the various interests of agents involved (e.g. research subjects, researchers, research ethics boards (REBs), governments, funding agencies) collectively determine the applicable strategies and norms. Research involving human subjects and the extensive use of personal data raises numerous issues. Ethical and legal requirements have been set up to protect dignity and privacy. However, these requirements are not adequate for population-based research. Issues of re-consent for secondary uses; the limited reach of local REBs; and discrepancies between jurisdictions present barriers to population-based research. In a comparative study of international normative models (Common Heritage of Mankind, Global Public Goods, Commons), ‘network governance’ seems the most appropriate model to link the various governance structures that are implicated in population-based research (e.g. individual, populational and international). The creation of a Collective Resources Network for population-based research is proposed for this purpose. Scientific research is compatible with other uses for which consent has been obtained. Databases are maintained for public utility. This network should facilitate population-based research that is socially useful or in the public interest. To be effective, the value of personal data in scientific research must be recognized; REBs should be empowered by the creation of direct links between them; and international and local initiatives should be integrated in a reflexive manner. The State, both as the steward of personal data and the promoter of innovative research, should act as the coordinator of the system, with the objective of optimizing the use of personal data for population-based research.

專利權人在權利保護期間享有法律保障之排他性，而智慧財產權之制度設置，必須兼顧個人權利與社會公益，藉由保護權利人進而促進社會公益，但專利權制度中，專利權濫用之現象，對於專利發展中國家而言，尤其是外國專利強權企業利用專利奪取私益已達浮濫程度，造成私益與公益之間的矛盾與衝突，因此專利公益訴訟是平衡兩者之利益的一個手段。而因專利要件審查難以完善，造成許多具有無效事由的專利被授予專利權，這些專利權的存在侵害公眾利益甚鉅，中國大陸的對策為：提起專利公益訴訟使瑕疵專利無效，鼓勵任意第三人對專利之有效性提出挑戰，請求專利管理機關重新進行專利有效性的審查，維護公眾的合法利益；本文比較我國目前具有瑕疵之專利權，仍由民間企業基於非公共利益之商業利益考量而提出專利舉發，分析兩岸的制度及案例，檢視我國專利公益訴訟提出之可能，期使舉發專利無效之制度得以更臻健全。 / The purpose of the study was to analyze the public interest with regards to patent litigation cases in China. Public interest litigation is litigation for the protection of the public interest. Patentees have the exclusive right to prevent others from exploiting the invention without the patentees' consent during the legal protection. However, intellectual property rights are set up to protect not only rights of patentee but also that of social welfare. To reconcile the contradictions between private interest and public welfare, the study focuses on the phenomenon of abuse of patents discussed in the patent systems and the merits of public interest in patent litigation. Furthermore, the study examines China public interest patent litigation to invalidate defected patent system and encourage any third party to challenge the validity of the patent. Under the comparative legal study approach, the study can provide different perspective for our legal system to improve more beneficially our Patent law system.

This thesis deals with the Act no. 52/2009 Coll., which amends the Act no. 141/1961 Coll. (Penal Procedure Code), as amended by latter Acts, and some other Acts. Because of its alleged censorial character, it was often referred to as the "Muzzle Act" by local media. The thesis is composed of five parts. The first one describes methods used in the rest of the text, the second one explains main theoretical concepts and essential topics that are important for understanding the other parts - right to privacy, right to information, publication of transcripts obtained by eavesdropping devices etc. It also describes contents of the "Muzzle Act" and its amendment. The third part reviews how the Act passed the legislative process in both chambers of the Parliament, including protests of media and some scholars against it. All the main reasons why protestors considered the Act censorial or even unconstitutional are drawn up in the fourth part of the thesis. It also sums up thoughts and confronts thoughts of people who argued in favour of the Act. In the fifth part, journalists from Czech News Agency (ČTK), daily newspaper Mladá fronta DNES, weekly magazine Respekt and news website Aktuálně.cz describe how the Act influenced their working habits and contents of their media. One specialist in the field of journalism...

This master thesis deals with the phenomenon of journals published by local municipalities, defined in a recent amendment to the Press Act in the legal order of the Czech Republic as "journals of territorial administrative units". According to the press law the purpose of these journals is to deliver information about the self- governing unit while providing adequate space for presenting opinions and views of all ideological spectrum of the local council. These journals were recently criticized for being abused by the ruling political representation and being misused as a form of political PR rather than an independent news platform. My research is focused on their gradual professionalization that was recently encouraged by the changes in the Czech law. The research is based on a survey of editors of these journals. In the survey I investigated the background of the content production of these journals, various aspects of their organization, details about staff editors and their reflection on the topic, as well as control mechanisms that are set to ensure the statutory requirements of objectivity and impartiality. In addition to the survey, I also present a brief case study of the Hobulet magazine, published in the Prague 7 district, which is considered to be a progressive example of the genre. The...

對於已開發國家而言，都市土地的開發往往趨於飽和，因此多藉助舊有土地再開發之策略增加居住或者使用空間，並以此為「公共利益」而證立其正當性。然而，開發行為亦涉及諸多對人權之干預，尤其在強制拆遷的執行上，一方面侵害既有居住者之私人與家庭生活，另方面則因欠缺程序權保障而徒增糾紛。同時，因為臺灣當前對強制拆遷之司法論述，仍聚焦於財產權範疇，而使司法人權保障難以及於非正式住居者。 本文擬以非正式住居之居住權保障為中心，整合人權法治與政治思想，透過國際人權法與當代正義理論的詮釋，以討論公權力主張公共利益執行強制拆遷之界限。本文主張，衡平權利衝突之公共利益，應進一步以差異政治之觀點加以審視。法律做為一種權利保障機制，應避免制度設計對於對社會弱勢形成壓迫、支配。故自承認政治的觀點出發，非正式住居者亦應受正當法律程序保障，才是社會正義實踐之基礎。 / For developed countries, urban region was overdeveloped. Facing with this condition, the government used to resort to the strategy of urban renew, trying to make the most efficient use of the urban land and claim the renew project was based on the public interest. However, the urban renew project execution often violate the human right condition, especially the execution of forced eviction. In Taiwan, the government disobeyed the due process principle, infringed the right to respect for private and family life. The process also resulted the conflict between government and citizens. Such kind of dilemma reveals that the legal protection of housing right was limited primarily to the property rights, and it’s also the reason why informal settlement resident in Taiwan still couldn’t acquire the legal protection. In this article, we will focus on the housing right of the informal settlement and ascertain the boundary of the public interest in which created by urban renew, by the international humanitarian law and contemporary justice theory perspectives. In the end, from the point of the politics of difference, we consider that the informal-settled resident still should have the legal due process protection. The law should protect the social vulnerable from the oppression and domination of the injustice institution.

O presente trabalho acadêmico procura construir um referencial teórico baseado no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro para definir o papel da empresa estatal no mundo contemporâneo. Trata-se do ponto de partida para compreender a atuação do Estado como acionista controlador e as regras de convivência com acionistas privados em posição minoritária e com outros grupos de interesse afetados pela atividade empresarial. A abordagem do tema apóia-se na idéia central de que toda empresa estatal está investida de uma missão pública, explícita ou implicitamente incorporada no objeto social, que varia conforme a natureza da atividade exercida e está sujeita a adaptações ao longo do tempo. A missão pública coexiste com a finalidade lucrativa inerente ao modelo de companhia e serve para condicionar a ação do Estado enquanto acionista controlador e dos administradores, dando conteúdo a seus deveres fiduciários. / This dissertation aims at establishing a theoretical framework according to Brazilian law to identify the role of state-owned enterprise in contemporary world. This is the first step to understand what the governments behavior should be as a controlling shareholder and the legal rules applied to its relationship with equity investors and others stakeholders. The approach is based on the assumption that every state-owned enterprise has a public mission implicitly or explicitly included in its bylaws objectives. The public mission varies according to the nature of the business and should be redefined from time to time to keep adherence to the external environment. The public mission coexists with the companys profit scope and guides the States actions, as well as those of directors and officers. For that reason the public mission is embedded in their fiduciary duties.

Consideradas uma das principais medidas das reformas regulatórias financeiras pós-crise 2008, as novas políticas para os bancos \"too big to fail\", também conhecidos como bancos globais sistematicamente importantes (G-SIBs), representam uma grande oportunidade para um melhor entendimento da complexa relação entre Estados Nacionais e os grandes conglomerados financeiros. Dialogando com a ideia -ubíqua na literatura de economia política internacional de finanças - que com frequência identifica na regulamentação financeira transnacional a presença de regulatory capture, este trabalho objetiva verificar, a partir de um estudo empírico, em que medida essas novas regras produzidas em âmbito internacional foram forjadas em prol dos interesses e preferências dos atores privados afetados por tal regulamentação. As opiniões dos representantes do setor bancário privado no processo de consulta para as regras estabelecidas pelo Comitê de Basiléia de Supervisão Bancária (Basel Committe on Banking Supervision) em 2011, sob a epígrafe \"Global Systemically Important Banks: Assessment Methodology and the Loss Absorbency Requirement\" constituíram o material de base para o estudo. O argumento central apresentado neste trabalho é o de que o setor bancário transnacional não foi bem-sucedido em fazer valer seus interesses e preferências na elaboração desta regulamentação, confirmando a tese defendida por Kevin Young (2009;2012; 2013c), de que a influência do setor privado financeiro é assistemática, circunscrita e condicionada. Entre os mecanismos que limitaram a capacidade de influência dos grandes bancos nessa fase regulatória, dois aspectos foram especialmente significativos: a adoção do paradigma macroprudencialista pelos reguladores e o contexto político, principalmente dos países desenvolvidos. / Considered as one of the key measures of the financial regulation overhaul following the 2008 crisis, the new policy towards \"too big to fail\" banks, also known as global systemically important banks (G-SIBs), represents a great opportunity for a better understanding of the complex relationship between national states and major financial conglomerates. Discussing the generally ubiquitous idea in the international political economy literature which often identifies the presence of regulatory capture in transnational financial regulation, this paper aims to verify, based on an empirical study, whether these new international rules have been elaborated according to the interests and preferences of the private actors affected by such regulation. The opinions and views of the private banking sector in the consultation process of the rules established in 2011 by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, named \"Global Systemic Important Banks: Assessment Methodology and the Loss Absorbency Requirement\", constituted the base material for this work. The central argument presented in this paper is that the transnational banking sector was not successful in asserting its interests and preferences in the elaboration of this regulation, confirming the thesis sustained by authors such as Kevin Young (2009, 2012; 2013c) claiming that private financial sector influence is limited, conditioned and not systematic. Two aspects have been especially significant among the mechanisms that limited the influence of large banks in this regulatory phase: the macroprudential ideational shift in the international regulatory policy community and the political context, especially in developed countries.