Les organismes de réglementation des valeurs mobilières doivent veiller à la protection des investisseurs et à l'efficience des marchés financiers. Pour ce faire, ils ont été investis de larges pouvoirs discrétionnaires leur permettant de contrôler les opérations qui, quoique conformes aux prescriptions légales, sont susceptibles de porter atteinte à l'intérêt public. La notion d'intérêt public étant malléable et difficile à circonscrire, la discrétion conférée à ces organismes est étendue. Son exercice pouvant menacer la sécurité juridique des opérations et être associé à l'arbitraire, elle a été décriée par de nombreux observateurs qui ont demandé qu'elle soit limitée aux cas de transgression de la législation sur les valeurs mobilières. Le texte cherche à déterminer si les organismes de réglementation des valeurs mobilières ont fait preuve de l'ingérence appréhendée par certains en recourant à leur discrétion relative à l'intérêt public. Tout en faisant ressortir la portée large et flexible de cette discrétion, il cherche à cerner les types d'opérations susceptibles d'en entraîner l'exercice. Bien qu'il ne propose pas une refonte du cadre juridique actuel, il soulève des points de réflexion et suggère des avenues qui pourraient être envisagées afin de limiter les risques y étant associés. / Securities regulators must ensure the protection ofinvestors and the ejJiciency of capital markets. With this intention, they have been vested with broad discretionary powers enabling them to control the operations that, although in conformity with legal requirements, are likely to undermine public interest. The public interest notion being malleable and difJicult to circumscribe, the discretion conferred to these organizations has a wide scope. As its exercise can threaten the legal safety of operations and be associated to the arbitrary, it has been disparaged by many observers who required that it be limited to cases in which the securities legislation has been breached. The text seeks to determine if securities regulators have shown the interference dreaded by some by resorting to their public interest discretion. White emphasizing the broad andflexible range ofthis discretion, it seeks to determine the types ofoperations likely to lead to its exercise. Although it does not propose a revision ofthe current legal framework, it provides points for reflection and suggests avenues that could be considered in order to limit the risks being associated to it. / "Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maîtrise en droit (LL.M) option droit des affaires"

Teorijos bei praktikos analizė leido pažvelgti į kaltinimo formų pakeitimą probleminiu aspektu. Teisės doktrinoje kaltinimo formų pakeitimo baudžiamajame procese problemos nekeliamos, tačiau tiek praktinė medžiaga, tiek patys praktikai išduoda, jog šiai temai turėtų būti skiriamas dėmesys – pirmiausiai iškeliant problemas į dienos šviesą, o po to jas sprendžiant. Praverstų tiek šiuo metu galiojančių teisės normų, susijusių su privačiai viešo ir ypač su privataus kaltinimo institutais, peržiūrėjimas, detalesnis reglamentavimas ar bent jau išaiškinimas, tiek bandymas formuoti kitokią praktiką. Šiame darbe analizuojamos Lietuvos, Vokietijos, Norvegijos bei Rusijos baudžiamuosiuose procesuose įtvirtintos kaltinimo formos. Detaliai aptariami jų požymiai bei sąlygos, leidžiančios vieną kaltinimo formą pakeisti kita. Tokia teorinė analizė atveda prie praktinių problemų, kurios apribojamos Lietuvos baudžiamuoju procesu. Daug dėmesio skiriama „visuomeninio intereso“ neapibrėžtumui bei formuluotės „dėl svarbių priežasčių negali ginti teisėtų savo interesų“ traktavimui, svarstomas privačiai viešo bei privataus kaltinimo veikų tinkamumas ir vertinamas nuoseklus baudžiamojo proceso vykdymas dviem kaltinimo formomis. / Theory and practice‘s analysis let aproach to a change of prosecution form in a problematic aspect. In the law doctrine the problems of a change of a prosecution form are not imposed, but as a practical matter, both issued by practitioners themselves, that this topic should focus on - primarily by bringing problems to light, and then solving them. Useful for both the current law relating to private public and especially the private prosecution institutions review, more detailed regulation, or at least the interpretation, and attempt to shape a different practice. This work examines Lithuanian, German, Norwegian and Russian prosecution forms enshrined in criminal proceeding. Discussed in detail the characteristics and conditions for a change of prosecution form. This theoretical analysis leads to practical problems that are limited by the Lithuanian criminal proceeding. Much attention is paid to an uncertainty of "public interest" and treatment of "unability to defend one‘s legitimate interests for valid reasons". Public private and private prosecution acts are under consideration and the appropriateness of criminal proceeding in two prosecution forms consistently is assessed.

In a Swedish setting an audience orientation is applied to investigate public service TV in the ongoing development of terrestrial digital television. Focus is on institutionalized politics and public service TV companies Sveriges Television (Swedish Television) and Utbildningsradion (Education Radio). In a case study through a multitude of material, emphasizing policy documents and interviews but also including media coverage, it is explored how and why the audience is involved in public service digital TV development. Is it an operation in the public interest, and what does this mean for public service as a media policy principle? The empirical result indicates a complex and problematic audience, which is not constantly prioritized but always present. The audience legacy is threatened in public service TV by a consumer orientation. Concluding implications are on the one hand that feedback from the audience can not only be based in ratings and market analysis. On the other hand there is a need for an attitude towards public service legitimacy as utopian realism.

The right to collectively negotiate salaries afforded to Public Employees has been a longstanding controversy in our country. Especially, in the light of the prohibitions established by Budget Laws. However, this conflict has been recently resolved by the Constitutional Court. This decision marks a fundamental landmark for Labor Law because it crystallizes the right of public employee to collectively bargain salaries with the State. In this article, the author recount the path travelled by the Constitutional Court in this field, that is, from the absolute prohibitions to a reasonable restriction in the pursue to achieve balance between this right and the public interest at stake. / El derecho de los trabajadores públicos de negociar colectivamente sus salarios ha sido una controversia de larga data en nuestro país. En especial, a la luz de las prohibiciones establecidas por las normas presupuestales. Sin embargo, este conflicto ha sido resuelto recientemente por el Tribunal Constitucional. Esta sentencia marca un hito fundamental en el derecho laboral colectivo, pues ha cristalizado el derecho de los trabajadores de la Administración Pública a negociar colectivamente sus salarios con el Estado. En el presente artículo, el autor realiza un recuento del camino transitado por el Tribunal Constitucional en este campo, esto es, desde la absoluta prohibición hasta la restricción razonable de este derecho en su afán por conciliarlo con el interés público en juego.

The authors discussed on the alleged utility as well as the drawbacks of the mandatory determination of corporate purpose. They analyze and criticize the required characteristics of the corporate purpose by the Peruvian corporate regulation as well as the alleged benefits of making mandatory its determination. The authors propose the elimination of the obligation to determine the corporate purpose in order to give corporations freedom to configure their economic activity without being limited by an outdated rule. / En el presente artículo, los autores discuten la presunta utilidad como inconvenientes de la obligación de determinar el objeto social. En ese sentido, se analiza las características exigidas al objeto social, como los supuestos beneficios que traería su regulación. Los autores proponen la eliminación de la obligación de determinar el objeto social a fin de permitir a las sociedades configurar libremente su actividad, sin verse limitadas por una norma rígida.

A investigação proposta no trabalho foi estimulada pela reduzida preocupação doutrinária e jurisprudencial em compreender o efetivo papel e o atual significado do “interesse público” no âmbito do Direito Administrativo Brasileiro, dúplice escopo do presente estudo. Estabelece-se, em um primeiro momento, breve análise dos fundamentos político-normativos que legitimam a atuação dos agentes públicos, reforçando a relevância das normas jurídicas produzidas por autoridades democraticamente investidas na construção das finalidades estatais que acabam por configurar o interesse público em perspectiva constitucional ou política. Como decorrência, aborda-se a necessária vinculação da atuação administrativa à lei e ao Direito no âmbito do Estado Democrático, condição imposta pelo princípio da legalidade para que a Administração Pública tenha sua atuação delimitada juridicamente, o que indica que no processo de concreção do interesse público (passando para uma perspectiva administrativa ou jurídica do conceito) a função da autoridade pública é integrativa, condicionada à concessão de certa margem de liberdade pelas normas jurídicas, por meio do emprego de conceitos indeterminados ou mediante asseguramento de discricionariedade. O trabalho ocupa-se, ainda, em ressaltar que o Direito Administrativo teve sua origem na busca pela regulação do conflito dialético entre as prerrogativas assecuratórias do exercício da autoridade estatal e as garantias de liberdade e direitos individuais dos cidadãos, o que acaba levando à abordagem do aventado caráter “supremo” do interesse público e sua contraposição aos interesses privados. Dessa forma, é feita a interpretação do polêmico “princípio da supremacia do interesse público sobre o interesse privado” em conformidade com a Constituição Federal de 1988, de modo a evidenciar que a função dessa norma-princípio acabou sendo incorporada na ordem constitucional atual por meio dos princípios apresentados no caput do art. 37, especialmente da legalidade e da impessoalidade, os quais atuam como parâmetros para o controle jurisidicional do interesse público, já que condicionam a atividade administrativa ao respeito dos limites formais impostos pela regra de competêcia (legalidade na forma da reserva legal) e à observância da espécie e grau de interesse público incorporado na previsão legal, evitando-se um possível desvio de finalidade (impessoalidade) no agir dos agentes da Administração Pública, imbricação que, inclusive, vem reconhecida no direito positivo pátrio, conforme se constata na redação dos arts. 1º e 2º da Lei nº 9.784/99. / The research was stimulated by the reduced concern of doctrine and jurisprudence in understanding the actual role and the current meaning of "public interest" under the Brazilian Administrative Law, wich is the twofold scope of this study. It’s established, at first, a brief analysis of the political-normative elements that legitimize the actions of public servants, reinforcing the relevance of the legal standards produced by democratically invested authorities on the State’s purposes definition that shapes the public interest in constitutional or political perspective. In consequence, it’s analized the necessary linkage of administrative action to the rules and the Law in a Democratic State, condition imposed by the principle of legality to juridically limitate Public Administration’s activities, indicating that the fuction of administrative staff in the concretion of public interest (in administrative or legal perspective) is posterior and integrative, especially in situations wich the rules allows a certain margin of freedom, like when there is an indeterminate concept to interpretate or the administrative discretion needs to be use. The dissertation seeks, furthermore, to emphasize that the Administrative Law had its origin by searching for the regulation to pacify the dialectical conflict between the prerogatives that ensure the authority’s exercise and the guarantees of freedom and individual rights, imposing the analisis of the alleged “supreme” character of the public interest and its opposition to private interests. So, it’s enphasized the controversial “principle of the supremacy of public interest over private interest” and its normative interpretation under the Brazilian Constitution of 1988 in order to show that the function of this principle was incorporated in the current constitutional order through the principles presented in the chapeau of article 37, specially the legality and impersonality, which act as parameters for the public interest’s judicial review, since they affect the administrative activities to respect the formal limits imposed by the rule that delegates power (legality in the legal reserve form) and the observance of the kind and degree of public interest incorporated into the legal provision, avoiding a possible deviation of objective (impersonality), overlapping that comes recognized in national positive law, as noted in articles 1 and 2 of Brazilian Statute Law n 9.784/99.

Land Government in Bohemia in Relation to the Public between 1900-1908 Abstract At the beginning of the 20th century, the term Czech Kingdom referred to one of the crown lands forming the "West half" of the Habsburg monarchy, called Cisleithania. The Czech Kin- gdom was a public corporation which participated in implementing public administration. Its activities included mainly administrative tasks and to a limited extent also tasks related to exercising state power. The Czech Kingdom as a public body managed in the early years of the 20th century a very complex public agenda ranging from supervision and regulation of the subordinate self-governance bodies, significant activities related to public construction work, tasks related to education on the national level to tasks from the field of culture. Agricultural issues and tasks related to small scale business were of great importance. In 1890s, coalition of conservative nobility and Czech citizenship policy won a majority of parliamentary seats in the representative assembly of the Czech Kingdom. However, the coalition lost its position due to political changes in the civil bloc. The early years of the 20th century already saw long term escalation of the delicate Czech-German relations. This also impacted provincial politics in Bohemia. Despite complex...

Islamic Jurisprudence comprises of the laws that govern a Muslims daily life. The Prophet Muhammad explained and practically demonstrated these laws. The jurists studied the Quran and the Prophet's life and they adopted a refined methodology which they used to extract legal rulings and verdicts. This methodology is known as the Principles of Jurisprudence. The jurists expanded on this methodology with some differences among them on the usage and the application of some aspects as acceptable forms of evidence. Eventually, the Muslim world was left with four schools of jurisprudence that are present to this day. There are differences between these schools on some issues but these differences never caused conflict, instead it provided us with a wealth of knowledge. We need to study these schools and its principles together with the objectives and intent of the Shariah and utilize this to find solutions to all new issues that arise. / Religious Studies and Arabic / M. A. (Islamic Studies)

A investigação proposta no trabalho foi estimulada pela reduzida preocupação doutrinária e jurisprudencial em compreender o efetivo papel e o atual significado do “interesse público” no âmbito do Direito Administrativo Brasileiro, dúplice escopo do presente estudo. Estabelece-se, em um primeiro momento, breve análise dos fundamentos político-normativos que legitimam a atuação dos agentes públicos, reforçando a relevância das normas jurídicas produzidas por autoridades democraticamente investidas na construção das finalidades estatais que acabam por configurar o interesse público em perspectiva constitucional ou política. Como decorrência, aborda-se a necessária vinculação da atuação administrativa à lei e ao Direito no âmbito do Estado Democrático, condição imposta pelo princípio da legalidade para que a Administração Pública tenha sua atuação delimitada juridicamente, o que indica que no processo de concreção do interesse público (passando para uma perspectiva administrativa ou jurídica do conceito) a função da autoridade pública é integrativa, condicionada à concessão de certa margem de liberdade pelas normas jurídicas, por meio do emprego de conceitos indeterminados ou mediante asseguramento de discricionariedade. O trabalho ocupa-se, ainda, em ressaltar que o Direito Administrativo teve sua origem na busca pela regulação do conflito dialético entre as prerrogativas assecuratórias do exercício da autoridade estatal e as garantias de liberdade e direitos individuais dos cidadãos, o que acaba levando à abordagem do aventado caráter “supremo” do interesse público e sua contraposição aos interesses privados. Dessa forma, é feita a interpretação do polêmico “princípio da supremacia do interesse público sobre o interesse privado” em conformidade com a Constituição Federal de 1988, de modo a evidenciar que a função dessa norma-princípio acabou sendo incorporada na ordem constitucional atual por meio dos princípios apresentados no caput do art. 37, especialmente da legalidade e da impessoalidade, os quais atuam como parâmetros para o controle jurisidicional do interesse público, já que condicionam a atividade administrativa ao respeito dos limites formais impostos pela regra de competêcia (legalidade na forma da reserva legal) e à observância da espécie e grau de interesse público incorporado na previsão legal, evitando-se um possível desvio de finalidade (impessoalidade) no agir dos agentes da Administração Pública, imbricação que, inclusive, vem reconhecida no direito positivo pátrio, conforme se constata na redação dos arts. 1º e 2º da Lei nº 9.784/99. / The research was stimulated by the reduced concern of doctrine and jurisprudence in understanding the actual role and the current meaning of "public interest" under the Brazilian Administrative Law, wich is the twofold scope of this study. It’s established, at first, a brief analysis of the political-normative elements that legitimize the actions of public servants, reinforcing the relevance of the legal standards produced by democratically invested authorities on the State’s purposes definition that shapes the public interest in constitutional or political perspective. In consequence, it’s analized the necessary linkage of administrative action to the rules and the Law in a Democratic State, condition imposed by the principle of legality to juridically limitate Public Administration’s activities, indicating that the fuction of administrative staff in the concretion of public interest (in administrative or legal perspective) is posterior and integrative, especially in situations wich the rules allows a certain margin of freedom, like when there is an indeterminate concept to interpretate or the administrative discretion needs to be use. The dissertation seeks, furthermore, to emphasize that the Administrative Law had its origin by searching for the regulation to pacify the dialectical conflict between the prerogatives that ensure the authority’s exercise and the guarantees of freedom and individual rights, imposing the analisis of the alleged “supreme” character of the public interest and its opposition to private interests. So, it’s enphasized the controversial “principle of the supremacy of public interest over private interest” and its normative interpretation under the Brazilian Constitution of 1988 in order to show that the function of this principle was incorporated in the current constitutional order through the principles presented in the chapeau of article 37, specially the legality and impersonality, which act as parameters for the public interest’s judicial review, since they affect the administrative activities to respect the formal limits imposed by the rule that delegates power (legality in the legal reserve form) and the observance of the kind and degree of public interest incorporated into the legal provision, avoiding a possible deviation of objective (impersonality), overlapping that comes recognized in national positive law, as noted in articles 1 and 2 of Brazilian Statute Law n 9.784/99.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-05-30T13:48:51Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Raphaela Xavier de Oliveira Ferro - 2018.pdf: 3634512 bytes, checksum: 857e30743c6768f2f9fcb224f6c3edaa (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-05-30T13:49:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Raphaela Xavier de Oliveira Ferro - 2018.pdf: 3634512 bytes, checksum: 857e30743c6768f2f9fcb224f6c3edaa (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-30T13:49:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Raphaela Xavier de Oliveira Ferro - 2018.pdf: 3634512 bytes, checksum: 857e30743c6768f2f9fcb224f6c3edaa (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Based on the intention to understand how regional journalism is configured in its printed and online interface regarding news quality and the public interest, this research establishes a semiodiscursive analysis of the newspaper O Popular, considering its physical and digital versions. The study starts from the perspective that journalism is related to ideas of truth, public interest and citizenship and is justified by the limited bibliography on regional journalism and an urgent need to understand the practices adopted by the newspapers at the transitory moment in which it lives. A moment that Charron and Bonville (2016) consider a paradigmatic transition from information journalism to communication one. After the popularization of the Internet, there is a definition lack of journalism place. In addition, there is no knowledge about how to finance journalistic practices. It is believed, according to Charaudeau (2015), that the media maintains a space of citizenship essential for democracy. Thus, it is investigated how this commitment to offer quality information remains active in the face of the challenges with which newspapers live in the network society. To do so, the research was developed between 2016 and 2018, with three specific periods of data collection: August 21 to 24, October 25 to 31 and November 6 to 12, all in 2017. In the analysis, it is possible to perceive that the practices adopted for the printed version of the journal have more traditional characteristics and are directly related to the legitimating discourse of journalism, while the practices adopted for the online version show less commitment with ideas of public interest and citizenship, presenting subjects in a hurried and incomplete way, which reduces the reliability and credibility of the media, as well as diminishing the true effect of the journalism practiced. We can see the distance between the two points of the interface analyzed, with the predisposition of the digital newspaper to "sensationalism" and the nonthematic focus on the "exercise of power" in the printed version. It attends to the public interest in subjects, but not in deepening and contextualization, which occurs to the detriment of the quality of the newspaper and impedes the access of the reader to information that helps in the process of construction of reality and in the capacity to self-govern socially and politically. / A partir da intenção de compreender como se configura o jornalismo regional em sua interface impresso e on-line no que concerne à qualidade das notícias e ao interesse público, esta pesquisa estabelece uma análise semiodiscursiva do jornal goiano O Popular, considerando suas versões física e digital. O estudo parte da perspectiva de que o jornalismo se relaciona com ideias de verdade, interesse público e cidadania e se justifica pela limitada bibliografia existente sobre o jornalismo regional e necessidade urgente de compreender as práticas adotadas pelos jornais no momento transitório em que vivem. Um momento que Charron e Bonville (2016) consideram ser de transição paradigmática, do jornalismo de informação para o de comunicação. Com a popularização da internet, há uma indefinição de qual o lugar reservado à prática jornalística e sobre como financiar esse serviço. Acredita-se, conforme Charaudeau (2015), que as mídias mantêm um espaço de cidadania imprescindível para a democracia. Assim, investiga-se o quanto esse compromisso de oferecer informação de qualidade segue atuante frente aos desafios com os quais os jornais convivem na sociedade em rede. Para tanto, o desenvolvimento da pesquisa foi elaborado entre 2016 e 2018, com três períodos específicos de coleta de dados: 21 a 24 de agosto, 25 a 31 de outubro e 6 a 12 de novembro, todos em 2017. Na análise, torna-se possível perceber que as práticas adotadas para a versão impressa do jornal têm características mais tradicionais e diretamente relacionadas ao discurso legitimador do jornalismo, enquanto as práticas adotadas para a versão on-line demonstram menor comprometimento com as ideias de interesse público e cidadania, apresentando matérias de forma apressada e incompleta, o que reduz a confiabilidade e a credibilidade do veículo, assim como diminui o efeito de verdade do jornalismo praticado. Constata-se o distanciamento dos dois pontos da interface analisada, com a predisposição do jornal digital ao “sensacionalismo” e o enfoque não-temático no “exercício do poder” na versão impressa. Atende-se ao interesse público em assuntos, mas não em aprofundamento e contextualização, o que ocorre em detrimento da qualidade do jornal e prejudica o acesso do público-leitor à informação que o auxilie no processo de construção da realidade e na capacidade de se autogovernar social e politicamente.