A soja é a cultura agrícola brasileira que mais se expandiu nas últimas três décadas. Atualmente é uma commodity comercializada em larga escala na forma de grão, farelo e óleo. Por ser uma importante fonte de proteína, possui papel fundamental na indústria alimentícia, tanto humana quanto animal. O monocultivo em extensas áreas tem ocasionado o aumento da vulnerabilidade da cultura a patógenos e insetos-praga, com consequências relevantes na produção dos grãos. Dentre tais insetos-praga, os percevejos fitófagos representam um dos grupos de maior relevância para a cultura, pois podem comprometer o rendimento, a qualidade e a sanidade dos grãos. As perdas no rendimento da cultura devido ao ataque por percevejos são superiores a 30%, e o comprometimento no valor germinativo das sementes pode ser superior a 50%. Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar QTLs (Quantitative Trait Loci), a partir de um conjunto de fenótipos associados à resistência aos percevejos e a caracteres agronômicos, utilizando a abordagem de mapeamento multivariado. Uma população de 228 indivíduos F2, obtida a partir do cruzamento entre as cultivares IAC-100 e CD-215, foi utilizada para a obtenção dos dados genotípicos. Os caracteres agronômicos avaliados na geração F2:3 foram: número de dias para o florescimento (NDF), altura da planta no florescimento (APF), número de dias para a maturidade (NDM), altura da planta na maturidade (APM), acamamento (AC), valor agronômico (VA) e produtividade de grãos (PG). Oito caracteres associados à resistência aos percevejos foram avaliados: período de granação (PEG), retenção foliar (RF), número de vagens por planta (NVP), índice percentual de dano nas vagens (IPDV), número de sementes (NS), peso de cem sementes (PCS), peso de sementes boas (PSB) e peso de sementes manchadas (PSM). O mapa genético obtido, representando os 20 grupos de ligação (GLs) da soja, foi constituído por 417 marcadores SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism), 61 SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat), 30 AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism) e 8 marcadores TRAP (Target Region Amplification Polymorphism). A cobertura do genoma da soja foi de 2.814,82 centiMorgans (cM), com um intervalo médio de 5,46 cM entre marcadores adjacentes. A identificação de QTLs (Quantitative Trait Loci) para os caracteres fenotípicos foi realizada utilizando-se o mapeamento de intervalos múltiplos univariado (MIM) e multivariado (MT-MIM), com estimativa dos efeitos principais dos QTLs. A abordagem MIM revelou um total de 60 QTLs, distribuídos por 13 GLs da soja, sendo 29 QTLs associados a caracteres de resistência aos percevejos e 31 QTLs relacionados a caracteres agronômicos. A percentagem da variação fenotípica explicada pelos QTLs (R2) variou de 14,27% para AC a 65,45% para NDM. Na abordagem MT-MIM, foram selecionados nove conjuntos de variáveis, de acordo com a correlação entre as mesmas. Foram reveladas 20 regiões genômicas distintas, com uma alta tendência de concentração de QTLs em posições similares. No geral, para a maioria das características, os valores marginais de R2 obtidos para os modelos MT-MIM foram superiores em relação aos modelos MIM, variando de 27,98% para APF a 65,30% para NDM. A abordagem MT-MIM permitiu a identificação de 13 novas posições genômicas, com efeito em pelo menos uma das variáveis analisadas, que não foram reveladas nos modelos MIM. Uma comparação com o banco de dados do Soybase forneceu evidências de que muitos QTLs, identificados nesta população em estudo, coincidem com QTLs descritos em outros backgrounds genéticos. No entanto, 56 QTLs identificados no presente estudo ainda não foram descritos na literatura. A maioria dos QTLs identificados explicam, individualmente, até 10% da variação fenotípica das características avaliadas. No entanto, QTLs presentes em oito novas regiões identificadas pela abordagem MT-MIM e oito novos QTLs identificados pela abordagem MIM contribuíram para explicar uma maior percentagem da variação dos fenótipos estudados. Esses QTLs devem ser melhor investigados considerando sua relevância para a seleção simultânea de características de interesse, permitindo uma maior eficiência de seleção e um maior ganho genético. Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo forneceram informações para auxiliar na melhor compreensão da arquitetura genética dos caracteres quantitativos analisados, bem como sobre a relação genética entre os mesmos. / Soybean is the Brazilian crop with the most expansion along the past three decades. Currently, it is a commodity commercialized in large scale as grain, bran and oil. Because it is an important source of protein, it plays a fundamental role in the food industry, both human and animal. Soybean monoculture in large areas has increased crop vulnerability to pathogens and insect pests, with significant consequences on grain production. Among such pest insects, stink bugs are considered a major pest of soybean crop, feeding directly on seeds, reducing yield and seed quality. Losses in crop yield due to stink bugs attack are greater than 30% and seed germination compromising can be greater than 50%. This study aimed to identify QTL (Quantitative Trait Loci), for stink bug resistance traits and agronomic traits using the multivariate multiple interval mapping. An F2 mapping population of 228 plants derived from a biparental cross between IAC-100 and CD-215 was used for genotyping. An F2:3 population was developed to evaluate eight stink bug resistant traits such as graining period, leaf retention, pod number per plant, percentage of pod damage, number of seeds, hundred seed weight, weight of healthy seeds and spotted seed weight. Other seven agronomic traits were evaluated such as number of days to flowering, plant height at flowering, number of days to maturity, plant height at maturity, lodging, agronomic value and grain yield. A total of 417 SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) markers, 61 SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat), 30 AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism) and 8 TRAP (Target Region Amplification Polymorphism) markers were mapped into 20 soybean linkage groups. The total map length was 2,814.82 cM with an average of 5.46 cM between markers. QTL mapping for those traits was performed using univariate (MIM) and multivariate (MT-MIM) multiple interval mapping, with main QTL effects estimates. MIM analysis identified a total of 60 QTL, through 13 soybean linkage groups, with 29 QTL related to stink bug resistant traits and 31 QTL related to agronomic traits. Phenotypic variation explained by QTL ranged from 14.27% for lodging to 65.45% for number of days to maturity. The traits were divided into nine groups for MT-MIM analysis considering their correlation coefficient. Twenty different genomic regions were identified showing a very high QTL clustering. For most of the traits phenotypic variation estimates for MT-MIM models were higher than MIM models, ranging from 27.98% to 65.30% for plant height at flowering and number of days to maturity, respectively. MT-MIM analysis showed 13 genomic regions controlling at least one of the evaluated traits which were not identified at MIM analysis. Comparison between identified QTL and QTL database at Soybase demonstrated that some QTL were similar to those described in different genetic background. However, 56 QTL detected in the present study were described for the first time in literature. Most of the QTL identified explain, individually, less than 10% of phenotypic variation. However, eight genomic regions identified with MT-MIM analysis and eight QTL identified with MIM analysis explain a great amount of phenotypic variation. These QTL should be investigated considering their importance for simultaneous selection for a high genetic gain. Results obtained in the present study provided information for a better understand of genetics architecture underlying quantitative traits studied and the genetic relation among them.

Nas regiões tropicais os solos apresentam diferentes níveis de acidez. Assim, o estudo da herança dos caracteres de importância econômica no milho nas regiões tropicais é necessário para se delinear os programas de melhoramento para os diferentes níveis de acidez do solo. Atualmente, o estudo da arquitetura dos caracteres quantitativos tem sido realizado através do mapeamento de QTLs. Nos programas de melhoramento de milho, linhagens de populações de melhoramento são cruzadas com linhagens elites (testadores) e os testecrosses são utilizados para avaliar o potencial genético de cada linhagem para o desenvolvimento de híbridos. O objetivo deste estudo foi mapear QTLs em testecrosses avaliados sob diferentes níveis de acidez do solo. Duzentas e cinqüenta e seis plantas F2, obtidas do cruzamento das linhagens L 14-04B e L 08-05F, foram genotipadas com marcadores microssatélites para a construção de um mapa genético. As 256 plantas F2 foram autofecundadas e suas respectivas progênies F2:3 foram cruzadas com os testadores L 04-05F e L 02-03D. Os testecrosses foram avaliados em três tipos de solos: solo não ácido (SNA), solo de moderada acidez (SMA) e solo de alta acidez (SAA) em três anos agrícolas em Piracicaba, SP, em látices simples 16 x 16. Foram avaliados os caracteres: produção de grãos (PG), acamamento e quebramento de plantas (ACQ), prolificidade (PROL), alturas de planta (AP) e de espiga (AE), posição relativa de espiga (PRE), florescimento masculino (FM) e feminino (FF) e intervalo entre florescimentos (IF). O método de mapeamento por intervalo composto expandido para múltiplos ambientes foi utilizado para o mapeamento de QTLs e para detectar a interação QTL x acidez do solo. O número de QTLs mapeados diferiu de acordo com o testador utilizado; por exemplo, para PG foram mapeados 20 e 39 QTLs nos testecrosses da linhagem L 04-05F (TC1) e nos testecrosses da linhagem L 02-03D (TC2), respectivamente. Houve uma grande variação nas variâncias fenotípicas explicadas pelos QTLs; por exemplo, para PG houve uma variação de 0,01% a 5,29% e para AP houve uma variação de 0,01% a 13,54%. Foram mapeados QTLs em todos os cromossomos para a PG, ACQ e PROL; e para os outros caracteres foram mapeados QTLs na maioria dos cromossomos. A maioria dos QTLs mapeados para todos os caracteres interagiu com a acidez do solo. Por exemplo, para PG cerca de 80,00% dos QTLs mapeados apresentaram interação com a acidez do solo, enquanto que para os outros caracteres a porcentagem de QTLs que interagiu com a acidez do solo variou de 50,00% para FM a 93,03% para ACQ. O grande número de QTLs que interagiu com a acidez do solo é um sério desafio para a aplicação da seleção assistida por marcadores moleculares em programas de melhoramento de milho em regiões tropicais. / In tropical maize cropping areas the soils present different levels of acidity. Thus, to study the inheritance of maize traits for these areas it is necessary to conduct experiments under different levels of soil acidity. Nowadays the architecture of the polygenic traits has been assessed by means of QTL mapping. Also, in applied breeding programs, experimental lines are crossed to elite lines (testers), and the testcrosses are used to assess their genetic potential for hybrid development. The objective of this research was to map QTLs in testcrosses evaluated under three levels of soil acidity. Two hundred and fifty six F2 plants, developed from the cross between the inbreds lines L14-04B and L08-05F, were genotyped with microsatellite markers to construct a genetic map. The 256 F2 plants were selfed and their respective F2:3 progenies were testcrossed to the testers L04-05F and L02-03D, and these testcrosses were evaluated in three types of soils: non-acid soil (NAS), moderate acitity soil (MAS) and high acidity soil (HAS) in three cropping seasons in Piracicaba, SP, in 16 x 16 simple lattices. The traits recorded were: grain yield (GY), plant lodging (PL), prolificacy (PRO), plant (PH) and ear heights (EH), ear placement (EP), days to anthesis (DA), days to silking (DS), and anthesis-silking interval (ASI). The composite interval mapping extended to multiple environment was used to map QTLs and to detect QTL x soil interaction. The number of QTLs mapped was different for each tester; for instance, for GY, 20 and 39 QTLs were mapped in the testcrosses with L04-05F and L02-03D, respectively. The range of the phenotypic variance explained by the QTLs was very large for all traits; for instance for GY the range was from 0.01% to 5.29% and for plant height it was from 0.01% to 13.54%. QTLs were mapped in all chromosomes for GY, PL, and PRO; and for the other traits QTLs were mapped in almost all chromosomes. Most of the QTLs mapped for all traits interacted significantly with soil acidity. For instance, for GY about 80.00% of the QTLs mapped interacted with soil acidity, whereas for the other traits the percentage of the QTLs that interacted with soil acidity ranged from 50.00% for DS to 93.03% to PL. The high number of the QTLs that interacted with soil acidity imposes a serious challenge for marker assisted selection in maize breeding programs for tropical regions.

A vassoura-de-bruxa (Crinipellis perniciosa) é a doença mais importante da cacauicultura no Brasil. Sua principal forma de controle é o emprego de variedades resistentes, entretanto, devido à estreita base genética encontrada nos plantios comerciais de cacaueiro, esta resistência tem sido freqüentemente quebrada. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: selecionar novas fontes de resistência a C. perniciosa entre acessos de cacaueiro originalmente coletados na Amazônia Brasileira (série CAB), identificar por mapeamento genético locos controladores de características quantitativas (QTLs) associados a esta resistência nos genótipos selecionados; e avaliar a relação genética dos clones CAB utilizados como genitores resistentes nos cruzamentos contrastantes com os acessos selecionados por agricultores do Sul da Bahia e as fontes tradicionais de resistência a C. perniciosa. Com base na proporção de infecção de vassoura-de-bruxa, foram avaliados os níveis de resistência a C. perniciosa de 44 famílias de cacaueiro em condições de casa de vegetação e campo. Nos ensaios de casa de vegetação, as médias das proporções de infecção foram comparadas através de contrastes pelo teste de Wald, e nos de campo por análise de medidas repetidas e contrastes. Dentre as famílias avaliadas em casa de vegetação e campo, as que apresentaram menores incidências de sintomas de vassoura-de-bruxa foram aquelas derivadas de ‘CAB 0169’, ‘CAB 0208’, ‘CAB 0214’, ‘CAB 0270’, ‘CAB 0371’, ‘CAB 0388’, ‘CAB 0392’ e ‘CAB 0410’. Foram desenvolvidos dois mapas de ligação conjuntos para as populações dos cruzamentos contrastantes entre os acessos selecionados como mais resistentes a C. perniciosa e o genitor suscetível ‘ICS 39’. Nas construções dos mapas de ligação foram utilizados 65 locos de microssatélites. Para a família derivada do cruzamento de ‘ICS 39 x CAB 0208’ foram formados 11 grupos de ligação com cobertura total de 541 cM e distância média entre marcas de 14 cM. O mapa de ligação ‘ICS 39 x CAB 0214’ apresentou cobertura total de 501 cM nos 10 grupos de ligação formados com distância média entre marcas de 11,4 cM. Dectataramse três QTLs associados à resistência a C. perniciosa, um no grupo de ligação VIII de ‘ICS 39 x CAB 0208’ e dois no mapa de ‘ICS 39 x CAB 0214’, sendo um no grupo de ligação IV e outro no grupo IX. A relação genética entre os dois clones ‘CAB’ genitores das populações contrastantes e 81 genótipos de cacaueiro utilizados como fontes de resistência a C. perniciosa foram baseadas nas freqüências alélicas de 20 locos de microssatélites. As análises de dissimilaridade genética entre os acessos de cacaueiro originaram dois grupos. Os ‘CAB 0208’ e ‘CAB 0214’ não fizeram parte dos grupos formados. O grau de parentesco entre estes dois acessos foi muito alto, chegando próximo ao de irmãos-germano, não sendo aparentados com nenhum dos outros acessos. Os clones selecionados por agricultores derivam na sua maioria de ‘Scavina 6’, a fonte de resistência comumente empregada. / The witches’ broom (Crinipellis perniciosa) is the most important disease of cacao in Brazil. The main method of disease control is the use of resistant cultivars, however due to the narrow genetic basis found in commercial cacao growing areas, the resistance is frequently broken. The objectives of this work were: to select new sources of resistance to C. perniciosa among cacao accessions originally collected in the Brazilian Amazon (CAB series); to identify by genetic mapping, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with resistance in selected genotypes; and to evaluate the genetic relationship between the selected accessions and clones selected by cacao growers from Southern Bahia with traditional resistance sources against C. perniciosa. Based on the proportion of witches’ broom infection, the levels of resistance to C. perniciosa were estimated in 44 cacao families under greenhouse and field conditions. Under greenhouse conditions, the average proportion of infection was compared based on Wald test, and under field conditions using an analysis of repeated measures and contrast. Among the families evaluated under greenhouse and field conditions, the ones with least incidence of witches’ broom symptoms derived from ‘CAB 0169’, ‘CAB 0208’, ‘CAB 0214’, ‘CAB 0270’, ‘CAB 0371’, ‘CAB 0388’, ‘CAB 0392’ and ‘CAB 0410’. Two linkage maps were developed for populations derived from crosses between contrasting accessions selected as the most resistant to C. perniciosa (‘CAB 0208’ and ‘CAB 0214’) and a susceptible accession ‘ICS 39’. The linkage maps were developed using 65 microsatellite loci, applying the software JoinMap 3.0®. The identification and localization of QTLs associated with resistance to C. perniciosa were performed using MAPQTLTM 4.0. For the family derived from ‘ICS 39 x CAB 0208’, 11 linkage groups were formed, with total coverage of 541 cM and 14 cM average distance between markers. The linkage map from ‘ICS 39 x CAB 0214’ presented a total coverage of 501 cM in 10 linkage groups formed with an average distance between markers of 11.4 cM. Three QTLs associadted with resistance to C. perniciosa were detected, with one at linkage group VIII of ‘ICS 39 x CAB 0208’, and two for the ‘ICS 39 x CAB 0214’ family, with one located at linkage group IV and another at group IX. The genetic relationship between these two CAB accessions and 81 genotypes used as source of resistance to C. perniciosa were determined using genetic dissimilarity and co-ancestry based on allele frequencies of 20 microsatellite loci. The dissimilarity analyses among the accessions generated two distinct groups. ‘CAB 0208’ and ‘CAB 0214’ did not belong to any of the two groups. The co-ancestry between the two accesions were high, close to full-sib, but without any relationship with any of the other genotypes. The clones selected by growers derived mostly from ‘Scavina 6’, a commonly used source of resistance to C. perniciosa.

Doctor of Philosophy / Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) catalyses undesirable darkening in wheat products such as Asian noodles. Genetic variation for PPO activity is characterized in bread wheat. Australian wheat breeding programmes recognize that reduced PPO activity is an important quality target. Despite this interest from breeders, no varieties possessing extremely low and null PPO activity exist. The development of null PPO wheat varieties is dependant on an understanding of the genetic control of the null phenotype. Knowledge of these factors will accelerate efforts to develop them. The inheritance of PPO activity was investigated in two populations that were derived from hybrids between a null PPO genotype and Australian wheat varieties Lang and QAlBis. Observed genetic ratios were consistent with two and three gene control, respectively in these populations. QTL mapping was performed in the QALBis x VAW08-A17 population. The Diversity Array Technology (DArT) approach was employed to genotype the QALBis x VAW08-A17 population. Three highly significant QTLs that control PPO activity were identified on chromosomes 2AL, 2BS and 2DL. Close associations between PPO activity and DArT marker loci wPt-7024, wPt-0094 and wPt-2544 were observed, respectively. Collectively, these loci explained 74% of the observed variation in PPO activity across seasons. Significant QTLs on chromosomes 1B and 3B were also identified that together explained an additional 17% of variation in PPO activity. The relationship between PPO activity and yellow alkaline noodles (YAN) colour stability parameters was investigated in a DM5637*B8 x H45 doubled haploid population. PPO activity and changes in YAN brightness (ΔL* 0-24h) and yellowness (Δb* 0-24h) in both seasons were analysed. Quantitative trait analyses of PPO activity, flour yellowness (b*) and YAN colour stability was also conducted in this population. QTL mapping of variation in PPO activity in the DM5637*B8 x H45 DH population identified a highly significant QTL on chromosome 2AL, which explained 52% of the observed variation across seasons. Regression analysis identified that wPt-7024 was highly significantly associated with PPO activity in this population. A highly significant association between this marker and PPO was also identified in the QALBis x VAW08-A17 population. Collectively, the three identified QTLs (on chromosomes 2AL, 7A and 7B) explained 71% of variation in PPO activity across seasons. A highly significant (P<0.001) QTL on chromosome 2B along with significant (P<0.01) QTLs on the chromosomes 1A, 3B, 4B and 5B were found to control flour yellowness. The QTLs on 2B, 4B and 5B were detected in both seasons analysed and accounted for 90% of variation in flour b* across seasons. The study on YAN colour stability located two highly significant (P<0.001) QTLs and two significant (P<0.01) QTLs that controlled the change in brightness of yellow alkaline noodle. The 2A QTL accounted for 64% of observed variation across seasons. It was in the same location as the PPO QTL and shared a common closest marker wPt-7024. Only one significant QTL for YAN a* (0-24h) was identified. It accounted for 12% of variation across seasons and was only detected in one season. One highly significant (P<0.001) QTL and two significant (P<0.01) QTLs were identified that controlled the change in yellowness of yellow alkaline noodle. The 2A QTL accounted for 68% of observed variation across seasons. The location of this QTL corresponded with that of 2A QTLs for PPO activity and L* of YAN in this study. Furthermore, wPt-7024 was also identified as the marker with the most significant association with L*. The identification of a correlation between the characters and a common location of a highly significant QTL for each of these characters indicates that it is likely that PPO activity is directly responsible for a large proportion of the changes in brightness and yellowness of YAN. QTLs for L* and b* of YAN were detected in a common location on chromosome 1A. However, no corresponding QTL was identified that controls PPO activity, highlighting the complexity of the relationship between these traits. Resistance to three rust pathogens (Puccinia graminis, Puccinia striiformis, and Puccinia triticina) was also investigated in the DM5637*B8 x H45 DH population because they are major yield limiting diseases in wheat. Disease response data at the seedling stage were converted to genotypic scores for rust genes Sr24/Lr24, Sr36, Lr13 and Yr7 to construct a genetic linkage map. No recombination was observed between rust resistance genes Sr36, Lr13 and Yr7 in this DH population. Therefore, these genes mapped in the same position on chromosome 2B. The Lr24/Sr24 locus was incorporated into the chromosome 3D map. Interval mapping analysis identified QTLs on chromosomes 2B, 3B, 4B and 5B that control adult plant resistance (APR) to stripe rust. Two QTLs on chromosomes 2B and 3D were identified that controlled APR to leaf rust in this DH population.

A l'échelle mondiale, la majorité des variétés de pommier cultivées (Malus x domestica) sont sensibles à la tavelure (champignon Venturia inaequalis). La lutte génétique est une des voies privilégiées pour réduire drastiquement le nombre d'applications fongicides en verger commercial. Les stratégies actuelles de lutte génétique reposent principalement sur l'utilisation de quelques gènes majeurs. Le contournement du gène majeur Vf, introgressé de l'espèce sauvage M. floribunda, montre clairement les limites de telles stratégies de sélection. Dans un tel contexte, ce projet de thèse visait à étudier les facteurs de résistance du pommier à la tavelure dans l'optique d'une gestion durable de la résistance face aux capacités d'adaptation de l'agent pathogène. Deux axes ont été abordés : (i) recherche de nouveaux loci de résistance chez la variété résistante ‘Dülmener Rosenapfel' et dans un ensemble de descendances du programme d'amélioration INRA connectées par leur pedigree ; (ii) combinaison de différents facteurs de résistance (majeure et partielle) dans un plan de croisement demi-diallèle, et comparaison de l'efficacité relative de ces constructions génétiques vis-à-vis de la variabilité de l'agent pathogène. Un nouveau gène majeur, Rvi14, a été caractérisé chez la variété ‘Dülmener Rosenapfel', ainsi que deux QTL : le premier co-localise avec Rvi14, et le second avec un QTL à large spectre d'action déjà identifié dans d'autres fonds génétiques. L'étude de la population en pedigree a confirmé l'occurrence fréquente d'un polymorphisme à ce second QTL et a mis en évidence différents allèles à un troisième QTL co-localisant avec le gène Vf. L'analyse des différentes combinaisons génétiques a permis d'initier la modélisation du niveau de résistance des génotypes de pommier en fonction des loci de résistance portés et face aux souches/races du champignon auxquelles ils sont confrontés. Les résultats obtenus au cours de ce travail sont le support d'une réflexion sur l'efficacité des méthodes de détection de loci de résistance et sur l'utilisation de ces loci en vue d'une gestion durable de la résistance.

La réponse adaptative de populations de bioagresseurs aux pressions de sélection exercées par les activités agricoles détermine la durabilité des moyens de lutte. Chez le melon, le gène Vat qui confère la résistance à Aphis gossypii étant déployé depuis plus de 10 ans, on craint son contournement. L'enjeu est de proposer des éléments stratégiques aux semenciers sur le risque d'évolution des pucerons vers la virulence, pour développer de nouvelles variétés avec des résistances durables. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons : i) Estimé la diversité génétique disponible dans des populations d'A. gossypii de différentes régions de production de melon. Elle est structurée géographiquement. La grande diversité observée en France aurait en partie pour origine des évènements de reproduction sexuée suggérant un potentiel évolutif élevé d'A. gossypii. ii) Estimé la pression de sélection exercée par différentes combinaisons de résistance (gène Vat et QTL) sur ces populations. Les densités de population sont plus faibles sur les plantes Vat que sur les plantes non Vat et la structure génétique des populations est modifiée dans certaines régions de production quand le gène Vat est présent. Les clones se multipliant sur les plantes Vat ont une forte fitness et le risque de leurs extensions est grand. Aucun effet de QTL de résistance n'a été mis en évidence en plein champ. iii) Caractérisé les clones contournant le gène Vat. Nos résultats suggèrent que l'adaptation des clones s'effectue soit par modification du gène d'avirulence du puceron soit par l'adaptation du puceron aux effecteurs de la résistance. De nouvelles stratégies de gestion de la résistance Vat sont proposées

Les tiges constituent l'élément fondamental du peuplement de luzerne et la partie aérienne limitant la digestibilité. Au cours de la croissance les tissus de soutien et de transport d'eau se mettent en place dans la tige. La proportion de ces tissus et des éléments constitutifs pourrait jouer un rôle déterminant dans leur dégradabilité. L'objectif de la thèse est de déterminer les bases génétiques des variations de la structure histologique des tiges de luzerne et d'établir la relation avec la digestibilité des tiges. Sur deux génotypes contrastés en digestibilité, différents caractères histologiques ont été quantifiés par analyse d'images, les teneurs en parois et en lignine mesurées et leur profil d'évolution observé le long de tiges caractérisées pour leur morphologie. La variabilité génétique pour ces caractères histologiques a été recherchée au sein et à l'intérieur de cultivars choisis pour leur différence de digestibilité. Enfin, la recherche de marqueurs associés à la variation de ces caractères a été initiée grâce au marquage d'une population F1 autotétraploïde issue du croisement entre deux plantes hétérozygotes. Les corrélations génétiques entre les différents caractères ont été calculées. L'analyse le long des tiges montre que la hauteur joue un rôle primordial dans la variation des caractères, et qu'ils évoluent similairement quel que soit le génotype. L'augmentation des teneurs en parois et en lignine en bas des tiges est associée à la mise en place du cambium responsable du développement de nouvelles assises cellulaires dont les parois se lignifient (xylème secondaire). Peu ou pas de variabilité entre cultivars mais une forte variabilité intra cultivar pour tous les caractères mesurés ont été mises en évidence. Une variabilité génétique importante au sein de la population F1 a permis de rechercher des marqueurs associés aux caractères histologiques, morphologiques et à la solubilité enzymatique des tiges. Cette étude a mis en évidence des marqueurs significativement associés à tous les caractères, expliquant de 6,5 % de la variation observée pour la proportion de parenchyme médullaire dans la tige à 40 % pour la hauteur des tiges. Nous avons également pu mettre en évidence des colocalisations entre la hauteur des tiges et le rapport feuilles/tiges, entre la hauteur des tiges, leur solubilité enzymatique, et la proportion d'écorce et la densité surfacique des parois du xylème. D'autre part l'analyse des corrélations a montré une relation négative entre la proportion de xylème, l'épaisseur et la densité surfacique des parois cellulaires du xylème, et la solubilité enzymatique des tiges; et une relation positive entre la solubilité enzymatique et la proportion des tissus non lignifiés. Cette thèse a montré qu'il est possible de sélectionner des luzernes de meilleure digestibilité en retenant comme critère de sélection des caractères liés à la proportion des différents tissus des tiges, et de rechercher des QTLs impliqués dans leur variation chez une espèce autotétraploïde. La saturation des cartes et la disponibilité d'un logiciel permettant de localiser des QTLs chez les espèces autotétraploïdes pourraient permettre d'envisager d'améliorer la digestibilité du fourrage grâce à la sélection assistée par marqueur. Une voie possible pour améliorer la digestibilité du fourrage serait de diminuer les proportions de xylème en introgressant les QTLs responsables de la diminution de ce caractère, et de l'épaisseur de ses parois en prenant garde à ne pas affecter la rigidité des tiges.

Maîtriser l'impact des modifications liées à l'activité humaine sur les populations de pathogènes des cultures est un des grands enjeux actuels pour la mise en place d'une agriculture durable. L'objectif de cette thèse était d'évaluer l'impact de la domestication du pommier et de l'utilisation de résistances quantitatives dans les variétés en cours de sélection, sur le pouvoir pathogène du champignon Venturia inaequalis, responsable de la tavelure. Par des inoculations croisées sur pommiers sauvages et domestiques, nous avons comparé le pouvoir pathogène de souches isolées de milieux naturels et cultivés. Puis nous avons comparé le pouvoir pathogène de ces souches sur des génotypes de pommier domestique cumulant plusieurs facteurs de résistances quantitatives (QTL) afin d'évaluer si les pommiers sauvages pouvaient héberger des souches plus agressives que les pommiers domestiques. Enfin, nous avons évalué les pressions de sélection exercées par ces QTL de résistance sur un mélange de souches par pyroséquençage quantitatif. Nos résultats montrent que la domestication du pommier se serait accompagnée d'une modification importante du pouvoir pathogène de V. inaequalis. Les souches issues de pommiers sauvages sont capables d'infecter des génotypes cumulant un grand nombre de facteurs de résistance mais elles ne sont pas plus agressives que les souches issues de pommiers domestiques ; elles ne représenteraient donc pas une menace supplémentaire pour les vergers. Enfin nous différencions nettement l'impact de QTL à spectre d'action étroit et large ; ces derniers, n'exerçant pas de pression de sélection différentielle entre souches co-inoculées, seraient plus durables.

La plupart des maladies humaines ont une étiologie complexe avec des facteurs génétiques et environnementaux qui interagissent. Utiliser des phénotypes corrélés peut augmenter la puissance de détection de locus de trait quantitatif. Ce travail propose d'évaluer différentes approches d'analyse bivariée pour des traits corrélés en utilisant l'information apportée par les marqueurs au niveau de la liaison et de l'association. Le gain relatif de ces approches est comparé aux analyses univariées. Ce travail a été appliqué à la variation de la densité osseuse à deux sites squelettiques dans une cohorte d'hommes sélectionnés pour des valeurs phénotypiques extrêmes. Nos résultats montrent l'intérêt d'utiliser des approches bivariées en particulier pour l'analyse d'association. Par ailleurs, dans le cadre du groupe de travail GAW16, nous avons comparé les performances relatives de trois méthodes d'association dans des données familiales.

Les téléostéens euryhalins peuvent vivre dans des milieux à salinité très différentes. L'objectif de mon travail est de décrire les processus d'acclimatation à l'eau salée chez la truite arc-en-ciel par une étude couplant approches de génomique fonctionnelle et génétique. A partir d'une première approche cinétique de transcriptomie différentielle menée sur la branchie, une liste de gènes candidats a été établie et la réponse physiologique des poissons étudiée. Les principaux résultats révèlent de bonnes capacités d'euryhalinité et une réponse transcriptomique maximum 24h après le transfert en eau de mer. Des processus biologiques impliqués dans les mécanismes d'acclimatation sont également proposés. Une seconde partie de ce travail consistait en la caractérisation d'un contrôle génétique des processus liés à l'acclimatation à l'eau de mer chez la truite. Utilisant comme caractères, les teneurs plasmatiques en sodium et en chlore mesurées 24h après un transfert d'eau douce en eau salée répété à 2 reprises, ainsi que le poids branchial, des analyses univariées et multivariées ont permis de détecter 18 QTL dont 9 sont qualifiés de robustes. Une dernière étape de détection de QTL d'expression a alors permis de proposer 69 gènes candidats de premier choix. C'est la première fois qu'une approche mêlant transcriptomie différentielle et approche QTL / eQTL est menée chez une espèce d'intérêt aquacole au génome non séquencé pour la capacité d'acclimatation à un milieu osmotique différent. Ces résultats pavent la route pour une investigation précise des bases génétiques des processus d'acclimatation à l'eau de mer chez les téléostéens.