Introduktion: Postcovid har en bred symtombild som kan påverka människors vardagliga aktiviteter. Det har beskrivits att det varit utmanande för hälso-och sjukvårdspersonal att bedöma tillstånden efter covid-19 samt att det finns behov av att följa dessa patienter över tid för att öka kunskapen kring patientgruppen.   Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva arbetsterapeuters upplevelser av arbetet inom primärvården med patienter som har postcovid.   Metod: En kvalitativ intervjustudie med åtta arbetsterapeuter genomfördes. Arbetsterapeuterna var verksamma inom primärvård och hade träffat patienter med postcovid. Urvalsmetoden var bekvämlighet- och snöbollsurvalet. Analysen genomfördes med Graneheim & Lundmans innehållsanalys. Resultat: I analysen framkom tre kategorier: Betydelsen av multiprofessionellt teamarbete, Dra nytta av tidigare kunskaper och Utmaningar i arbetet. Kategorierna innehåller tillsammans sex underkategorier. Slutsats: Studien visar att det kan vara en fördel att arbeta i team kring patienter med postcovid, vikten av att ta vara på tidigare kunskaper samt utmaningar i arbetet. Resultatet kan fungera som ett underlag för att belysa vikten av riktlinjer och utbildningar om Postcovid samt att dessa behöver integreras med forskning. / Introduction: Postcovid has a broad symptom picture that can affect people's everyday activities. It has been described as challenging for health care professionals to assess the conditions after covid-19 and that there is a need to follow these patients over time to increase knowledge about the patient group. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe occupational therapists' experiences of working in primary care with patients who have postcovid. Method: A qualitative interview study with eight occupational therapists was conducted. The occupational therapists were active in primary care and had met patients with postcovid. The selection method was convenience- and snowball selection. The analysis was implemented with Graneheim & Lundman's content analysis. Results: The analysis revealed three categories: The importance of multi-professional teamwork, Benefit from previous knowledge and Challenges in work. The categories together contain six subcategories. Conclusion: The study shows that it can be an advantage to work in teams around patients with post-covid, the importance of taking advantage of previous knowledge and challenges in the work. The results can serve as a basis for highlighting the importance of guidelines and education about postcovid and that these need to be integrated with research.

Background: Threats and violence are a major problem in healthcare that negatively affects both staff and patients. Acute Psychiatric wards are one of the most affected workplaces in healthcare and where work on threat and violence prevention is highly relevant. Violent preventive theories and concepts exist as developed research like the Bergenmodel, Deescalation and low-impact arousal. Aim: The aim is to describe the nurse's experience of the working group's application of threat and violence prevention measures in emergency psychiatric care. Method: The study is a qualitative interview study with a descriptive approach. Results: Three themes were identified - Prophylaxis measures, avert escalation and preserve knowledge. Crucial to the violence prevention work in emergency psychiatric care was to seek for respectful tone in encounters with patients to avoid escalating a suspected threatening situation. Knowledge, experience and training together with good cooperation inthe working group can lead to reduced situations of violence as staff is given the opportunity to experience safety and security. Conclusion: Adequate care with a focus on communication and professional encounter together with solid training is important for the working group's ability to work with violence prevention.

Bakgrund: Världen har drabbats av pandemier åtskilliga gånger under historiens gång. Den 11 mars 2020 stod det klart att världen drabbats av en ny pandemi, viruset SARS-Cov-2 som orsakar sjukdomen Covid-19. Alla världens länder vidtog olika åtgärder för att försöka begränsa smittspridningen. Sverige gick in i denna pandemi med otillräckliga lager av skyddsutrustning, lågt antal vårdplatser och begränsat med vårdpersonal. Arbetsbelastningen under en pandemi förväntas öka, vilket innebär att sjuksköterskor riskerar att utsättas för stor stress, som kan komma att påverka deras hälsa negativt. Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka hur arbete i kommunal hälso- och sjukvård under pågående pandemi påverkar sjuksköterskors upplevda hälsa. Metod: Studien genomfördes med en induktiv ansats. Data samlades in genom kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer. Åtta sjuksköterskor, varav sex inom ordinärt boende och två från särskilt boende, deltog i studien. Datainsamlingen analyserades utifrån en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Det framkom tre kategorier och åtta underkategorier. Första kategorin blev organisationens påverkan som inkluderade underkategorierna bristande riktlinjer, okunskap kring sjukdomen och ökade krav, som upplevdes orsaka ökad arbetsbelastning. Emotionella påfrestningar bestod av ensamhet, rädsla för sjukdomen och brist på återhämtning. Sjuksköterskor upplevde sig ensamma på både arbetet och privat. De hade en rädsla för sjukdomen, både för att själva bli smittade och för att smitta familj och vänner. Den ökade stressen som arbetet innebar gjorde att sjuksköterskor upplevde brist på återhämtning. Den tredje kategorin var etisk stress som omfattade underkategorierna otillräcklighet och att arbeta mot sina värderingar. På grund av bristande resurser upplevde sjuksköterskor att de tvingades ta beslut som gick emot deras egna värderingar. Slutsats: Sammanfattningsvis indikerar den aktuella studien att brist på riktlinjer, okunskap om sjukdomen och ökade krav tillsammans med emotionella påfrestningar och etisk stress, är faktorer som påverkar sjuksköterskors upplevda hälsa negativt när de arbetar inom kommunal hälso- och sjukvård. / Background: The world has been facing pandemics several times during our history. The eleventh of March 2020, the world was facing a new pandemic, the disease Covid-19, caused by the virus SARS-cov-2. Countries all over the world took actions to prevent the virus from spreading. Sweden faced the pandemic with limited amount of supplies of protective gear and a low number of both hospital beds and caregivers. The workload during a pandemic is supposedly increased, and may affect the levels on stress to nurses, and in the long term have a negative effect on their health. Purpose: The aim of the study was to examine how work in municipal healthcare during the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic affect nurses and their perceived health. Method: The study had a qualitative design with an inductive approach. Data was collected through semi structured interviews. Eight nurses, of which six worked in ordinary homes and two of them worked in nursing homes, participated in the study. The material was transcribed and analyzed with a qualitative content analysis. Result: Three categories and eight subcategories emerged. The first category, impact of the organization included the subcategories lack of guidelines, ignorance of the disease and increased demands, altogether experienced as causing increased workload. Emotional stress comprised loneliness, fear of disease and lack of recovery. Nurses felt alone both at work and in private. They had a fear of the disease, both to become ill themselves and to infect family and friends. The increased stress that the work entailed meant that the nurses experienced a lack of recovery. The third emerged category was ethical stress comprising the subcategories inadequacy and working in disagreement with one’s personal ethical values. Due to lack of resources, nurses experienced a feeling of inadequacy and that they were forced to make decisions that went against their own values. Conclusion: In conclusion, the current study indicates that lack of guidelines, ignorance of the disease and increased demands together with emotional and ethical stress are factors affecting nurses perceived health negatively when working in municipal healthcare during a pandemic.

The aim of this study was to examine whether male and female sport journalists in Sweden differ in their view of gender equality in sport editorials and how it could be achieved. Qualitative interwievs were conducted with seven men and women working as sport journalists in Sweden. The theoretical framework used are Kanter’s theory of tokenism, a theory about Suppression techniques and a Gender theory. The result shows that men and women have different perceptions of how to achieve gender equality in sport editorials. The majority of the female respondents experience the masculine culture as the reason why there is such a male dominance in the business. The male respondents experience the same issue, but claims that the male culture is not that comprehensive as before.

Children with medical complexity (CMC) require increased number and length of hospitalizations, and increased need for care coordination.1-3 Many complex children with neuromuscular diseases have scoliosis, or a deformity of the spine. Often, scoliosis in these patients affects multiple organ systems and requires spinal fusion surgery to repair the deformity and decrease the likelihood of further organ damage.4,5 While it is well-known that spinal fusion surgery is costly and a high-risk procedure, little research has evaluated the perioperative process of spinal fusion patients. Furthermore, few care pathways exist for medically complex patients undergoing spinal fusions.6 This study examines the pre-, peri-, and post-operative experiences of families of patients undergoing spinal fusion surgery at Boston Children’s Hospital. Providers, organization, leadership and teamwork, and overall outcomes are assessed by this qualitative study. Initial data suggest that a pathway improving coordination and communication, especially among interactions with the surgical coordinator, should be implemented to improve scheduling of surgery and appointments throughout the perioperative process

Instructional processes comprise three basic components: planning, delivery of instruction, and assessment. Educators frequently reflect on the relationships among those components to choose the most effective approaches to increase student learning. Teachers’ continual assessment of student knowledge and understanding through reliable, valid measures critically propels teachers’ effective instruction forward. Constraints on funding for public education have resulted in larger class sizes and smaller budgets for the arts, as well as a heightened focus on standardized testing, less instructional time, and fewer resources (Slaton, 2012). How, then, are music teachers effectively assessing student achievement while grappling with those challenges? To fill a gap in the research literature, the purpose of this research was to explore singing voice development assessment practices that public-school elementary-general-music teachers use with their students. The following overall question guided this research: What can we learn from three kindergarten through fifth grade general music teachers about their approaches to singing with their students? I sought to document three teachers’ singing voice development processes and assessment techniques. Recognizing that this study took place during the COVID-19 pandemic, I also sought to document participants’ perceptions of the benefits and challenges of the techniques they shared, especially as they grappled with teaching singing in new learning models that were emerging; and adaptations they were using to safely and effectively guide students’ singing voice development—whether they were teaching their students virtually and/or in person. For this study, I chose symbolic interactionism as a theoretical lens and an interview-only design. Upon approval from Temple University Institutional Review Board, I invited the three participants who consented to engage in three semi-structured individual interview conversations to explore singing voice development assessment techniques, and benefits, challenges, and adaptations of those techniques, especially as they grappled with teaching singing in new instructional models that emerged as a result of COVID-19. After participants completed member checking of each of their transcripts, I used a content analysis approach to the data to identify emerging codes. Four themes summarized participants’ approaches to singing voice development assessment: teachers rely on their (a) personal philosophy formed from influences and values, (b) planning processes and objectives, (c) interactions with their students through selected techniques and tools, and (d) having time to make necessary adaptations in their singing voice development assessments. The key idea emerging from the study: the three teachers prioritized providing worthwhile musical experiences for their students. They situated singing voice development and assessment as one piece of their broader general music curriculum. A symbolic interactionist lens informed my themes and key idea by placing the context of teachers’ interactions in the forefront, and my understanding of how their experiences have shaped their views. While findings from this study are not generalizable, readers may find them transferable. Potential applications for other music teachers’ assessment practices include the following six examples: using a variety of tools to model appropriate use of singing voice, implementing pattern instruction to develop and assess singing voice, incorporating opportunities for individual singing, providing students with performance experiences, maintaining consistency in changing instructional models, and focusing on informal assessment through observation and questioning techniques. Future researchers can continue to shed light on how teachers approach singing with their elementary general music students by learning about factors outside of teachers’ instructional processes that impact singing voice development assessment, and how music teachers adapt their processes for singing voice development assessment in emerging instructional models. / Music Education

The following research is a qualitative theory consuming study which investigates China's actions in Kenya regarding the postcolonialism and colonialism theory. The purpose of the essay is to understand how the theory can be used in the actions between China and Kenya by answering the following questions: How has Kenya been influenced by China's development efforts from a colonial perspective, as well as in terms of political, economic, and cultural dimensions?  In what ways has China been crucial in the development work that has impacted Kenya's political, economic, and cultural dimensions, and how can the postcolonial perspective be applied to this development work? The research established the theory where postcolonialism and colonialism is described, with a following analysis where eight people living in Kenya got interviewed to be able to understand the problem and the actions from China. The research is separated into the following perspecitves, politics, economics and culture. The study concludes with a result that proves that both theories of postcolonialism and colonialism are difficult to apply to China's actions in Kenya today due to their ongoing nature.

In Bosnia and Herzegovina mobile phone numbers can in some way reflect ethnicity. This study will describe how and why urban youth in Sarajevo, in their own stated reality motivate and perceive selection of mobile phone companies and mobile phone numbers in Bosnia and Herzegovina according to their ethnic group. The research questions are: How do urban youth in Sarajevo reason when they choose mobile phone companies? How do urban youth in Sarajevo perceive and understand consequences of the divide of mobile phone companies and numbers in Bosnia and Herzegovina? To what extent can mobile phone numbers be perceived as an ethnic marker? By using qualitative interviews the results of the study is presented. Mobile phone numbers can serve as an ethnic marker, but it is not used by urban youth in Sarajevo to distinguish ethnicity. Finally, the thesis argues that an ethnic structure among mobile phone companies are discovered but even in this rigid ethnic structure people choose mobile phone companies of economic reasons rather than of ethnic implications.

Yes / Evidence-based national guidelines recommend that women practise pelvic floor muscle exercises (PFMEs) during their first pregnancy in order to reduce the likelihood of becoming incontinent of urine. Adherence to these exercises during pregnancy is low, although little is known about the factors that influence some women to exercise during pregnancy while others do not. The aim of this study was to increase understanding of the motivating factors for, and barriers to, performing PFMEs during a first pregnancy using data gathered from four qualitative interviews. Analysis of the interview transcripts revealed four relevant themes: knowledge and understanding; experience of incontinence; attitude to incontinence; and cues to exercise. Having adequate knowledge of the PFMEs and the benefits of these exercises, knowing an incontinent woman of the same age and believing that the PFMEs would prevent incontinence, and having a regular cue to exercise prompted exercise adherence. Recommendations are made for practice and further research.

<p>The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the implications and challenges of intercultural communication. An in-depth study was performed of the perspectives from people who work within an international organization. How they experience cultural differences and how they handle them, in particular when it comes to communication. Also, their perceptions of communicative competence were explored. The study was carried out at Svalorna India Bangladesh, at the Swedish office in Lund. Svalorna’s staff was interviewed on their experiences of intercultural communication. Both employees at the Swedish office and employees on location in India and Bangladesh were interviewed. The method used in the study was qualitative interviews where the interviewees could expand their answers fully as the interview developed. The main theory used was Geert Hofstede’s cultural dimensions, presented in the thesis and considered in the study. It was concluded that being aware of cultural differences and having knowledge of other cultures but also your own is important for understanding the so-called non-verbal communication in an intercultural situation. There are also differences in to what extent a certain culture uses non-verbal communication. Both India and Bangladesh, according to the interviewees, are high context cultures whereas Sweden has a low context culture. All the interviewees had similar experiences when it comes to intercultural communication. A cultural difference in the perception of time is an example of when verbal communication can be inadequate, if one is not aware of cultural differences. Both India and Bangladesh use polychronic time whereas in Sweden monochromic time is used. This is indeed confirmed by all interviewees. Many of Hofstede’s cultural dimension theories are found to be coherent with the results of this study, for example the Individualism.</p>