D.Litt. et Phil. / The shift from a modern to a postmodern culture is reverberating through the field of career psychology. This results in a rejection of the grandnarrative of the objective career and a shift to the exploration of multiple subjective realities regarding the world of work. A description of three aspects, namely, sensitivity towards diversity, the notion of the subjective self and the challenge to the general paradigm of progress, illuminate blind spots in modern career psychology. These aspects present a conceptual base for thinking on postmodern career psychology. The career psychologist’s role is determined by processes of decision making and attributing meaning. An exploration and clarification of values is useful during these processes. The aim of this study is to formulate and investigate the validity of a structure of work values during an early stage of career process by means of developing a Work Values Questionnaire. A theoretical discussion of the constructs of values and more specifically work values, presents a basis for developing items for the Work Values Questionnaire. The purpose of this theoretical description is operational. In accordance with the postmodern incrudibility towards the grandnarrative no attempt is made to present a unified value or work values theory. The work of Buchholz and Hofstede forms the basis for a description of work values. From this theoretical basis five work value scales, namely, Collectivism, Uncertainty Avoidance, Power Distance, Individualism and Humanist Values were postulated. 93 items representing these scales were written and administered on 1365 South African participants. The responses of 637 participants were used to perform an exploratory factor analysis on the 93 items. The responses of the remaining 717 participants were used to perform confirmatory factor analysis of the obtained empirical structure. Five factors were identified and described in the first group by means of exploratory factor analysis. Based on these results, a postulated model was generated and tested with the Group Two data. The fit between the model and the data was explored by means of the chi-square statistic, the Goodness of Fit Index, the Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index and the Steiger Lind Root Mean Square Error of Approximation Index. The results indicate a satisfactory fit between the postulated model and the data. Based on the outcome of the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, these five factors can be described as iv empirically well defined. The factors also appear to represent meaningful psychological constructs. It is therefore stated that the validity of a structure of work values is supported. The five constructs are Group Involvement, Uncertainty Tolerance, Structured Work, Visible Success, as well as, Progressive Advancement and Success. The results of this exploration can be utilised in further research aimed at the development of a Work Values Questionnaire.

Rip currents present a severe hazard to water users worldwide, resulting in over 100 drownings and thousands of lifeguard rescues annually. This thesis examines the demographics of who is effected by rip currents in the UK, what activity they are undertaking, when and where incidents occur, how much the public know, what people have experienced, and how best to educate them. Analysis of 7909 rip current lifeguard rescues (16777 people) across the UK between 2006-2013 highlighted the most at risk group, and subsequent target audience for education, to be male teenagers aged between 13-17 years old (n=2906, 17%). Geographically, the highest incidents occurred on the beaches in the Southwest of England (n=6911, 87%). Incidents mostly occurred outside of lifeguard flagged areas (n=4302, 54%) and mainly involved those using bodyboards (n=5290, 52%). Through the analysis of 407 public beach-based rip current and beach safety questionnaires, it was established that beach users have a poor understanding of rip currents (n=263, 65%) but a good perception of the beach safety flags (n=389, 96%). People with greater knowledge were typically educated by a lifeguard, enter the sea more frequently or have been caught in rip currents themselves. The experiences of 553 people caught in rip currents were analysed using an online questionnaire. The gender split was 69% male (n= 382) to 31% female (n= 171), indicating that males are caught in rip currents more than females. Swimming directly to shore against the rip followed an initial panic (n=108, 34%) for most people caught in a rip. Swimming parallel to the beach was the most remembered, advised, utilised, and promoted safety message. Respondents advocated the use of lifeguards to disseminate rip current safety messages. A new and unique rip current education programme was developed from the synthesis of these results. A lifeguard delivered a pilot programme to 185 teenagers in three schools and two community groups in the Southwest of England. This interactive pilot consisted of exercises using videos, photographs, news reports, and a swimming machine. Levels of rip current knowledge were evaluated before and after, and at regular intervals, to assess knowledge retention. The short-term effects after 3 months were positive, showing statistically significant (p < 0.0005) improvements in mean knowledge levels. This thesis provides a new contribution to the expanding field of social and behavioural rip current research. The development of a unique rip current education programme presents an alternative method for increasing public awareness, and supports the worldwide prevention of rip current incidents and fatalities.

The use of Standards to reduce the complexity of Health Facilities Design has become an indispensable and integral part of the planning process. Unfortunately the structure of present Standards is inflexible, and while this structure may have been acceptable in the past, the standards it produces have become ineffective. Such Standards have been unable to adapt to the changing attitudes and needs of the planning participants who respond to the societal changes around them. It is our objective to develop a method which can build better Standards. In the first chapter we examine the structural problems of Standards and find that there is a fundamental difference between the positive purpose of Standards as used by hospitals and planners and the restrictive purposes of Standards used by government. We have used the terms Guidelines and Standards to denote these different contexts. Having established that a good Standard is one which is similar to a Guideline, we then explore an alternative structure developed at Berkeley, California, called a "Pattern" which we observe will satisfy the requirements for "good" Standards. Since Pattern formats are admirably suited to developing societally-responsive Guidelines and Standards we evolve a method to assemble these new Standards. This method is based upon the Delphi Technique. It uses the technique's inherent advantages to establish communication between two groups of experts (Planners and Medical) who then interact to explore problems and solutions in planning Newborn Nurseries and Neonatal Intensive Care Units. The methodology which is described in Chapter 2 uses the classical components of a Policy Delphi with three rounds of questionnaires sent to Medical Experts (Physicians and Nurses) in various parts of British Columbia and Alberta. It adds such variations as the including of input from the Planner Experts as one method for the feed back of information. This special Delphi design anticipates effects from independent variables and builds in compensatory steps. One of the steps included is a Mini-Survey of a larger group of potential participants, to evaluate the Patterns resulting from the Delphi Study. This larger group was sixteen hospitals in British Columbia and ten hospitals in Alberta. Chapter 3 describes the details in carrying out the three questioning rounds of this modified Delphi method, and its success in assisting the production of a series of Nursery Patterns which are usable as Guidelines. In the methodology is the inherent capability for retaining flexibility, and there are a series of process adjustments that occur. Evaluation of the method in Chapter 4 shows that despite weaknesses, both anticipated and unanticipated, the results provide an important starting point that helps create better, more usable Standards. Possible future developments are briefly mentioned in the hope that evaluation and change will occur as the planning environment changes about us. / Medicine, Faculty of / Population and Public Health (SPPH), School of / Graduate

Orientadores: Glaucia Maria Bovi Ambrosano, Camila Pinelli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T00:57:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Costa_ElianaDantasda_M.pdf: 3129735 bytes, checksum: dc57001b021783932e8881c4c94b29ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: A equipe odontológica deve seguir as precauções padrão e utilizar protocolos de controle de infecção para evitar a contaminação cruzada e transmissão de doenças. Na Radiologia Odontológica, o risco para contaminação ocorre principalmente durante a realização dos exames radiográficos intrabucais, pelo contato com saliva e/ou sangue, quando o receptor de imagem é retirado da boca do paciente, ou quando o profissional manipula o equipamento de raios X com as mãos/luvas contaminadas. Assim, a adesão ao controle de infecção em Radiologia é um componente que merece atenção, podendo ser mensurado por meio da aplicação de questionários específicos. Considerando-se a escassez de instrumentos para essa finalidade, o presente estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver e validar um questionário para medir as práticas de controle de infecção em Radiologia Odontológica. O questionário foi desenvolvido após extensa revisão de literatura sobre os trabalhos publicados e consulta aos protocolos de biossegurança disponíveis em agências de saúde nacionais e internacionais. A versão inicial do questionário foi composta por 17 questões de múltipla escolha, relacionadas à higiene das mãos, à utilização de barreiras protetoras de superfícies, e ao tipo de desinfetante utilizado para limpeza/desinfecção. A confiabilidade foi avaliada por meio do teste-reteste, estimada pelo coeficiente de correlação intra-classe (ICC) para as variáveis ordinais e kappa para as dicotômicas. A consistência interna foi verificada pelo coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. Um total de 115 estudantes de Odontologia de 3º a 5º ano de graduação, de duas faculdades públicas e de uma faculdade particular do Estado de São Paulo participaram da fase do teste-reteste. A validade de conteúdo foi realizada por dois comitês de especialistas; o primeiro comitê revisou o conteúdo do questionário, verificando o seu conteúdo e abrangência; o segundo comitê verificou a relevância de cada item do questionário. A validade de constructo foi verificada por meio da análise fatorial e teste de Kruskal-Wallis (para comparação entre os grupos conhecidos), comparando-se a resposta de 641 acadêmicos de Odontologia de 2 faculdades públicas e 4 faculdades particulares do Estado de São Paulo, 20 alunos de doutorado e 15 professores de Radiologia Odontológica. Os resultados indicaram confiabilidade (teste-reteste) satisfatória a excelente (1,000?ICC?0,722); boa a ótima (0,662?kappa?0,913) e ótima consistência interna (alfa de Cronbach =0,88). A etapa de análise do conteúdo pelo comitê de especialistas e análise fatorial resultaram na redução de alguns itens do questionário, que foi aprovado pela equipe de desenvolvimento do questionário. Assim, a versão final do questionário foi composta por 15 questões e 7 domínios. Diferenças estatisticamente significantes (p<0,05) foram observadas entre os estudantes de graduação, doutorandos e professores, para a maioria das respostas, indicando o poder discriminatório do questionário. Concluiu-se que o novo questionário mostrou boas propriedades psicométricas e pode ser uma ferramenta importante para medir a adesão aos protocolos de controle de infecção por profissionais de Odontologia / Abstract: The dental team should follow standard precautions for infection control in order to prevent cross-contamination and disease transmission. In Dental Radiology, the risk of contamination occurs primarily during intraoral radiographs by contacting saliva and/or blood, as well as during removing of image receptor from the patient's mouth, or when the practitioner manipulates the X-ray equipment with contaminated hands/gloves. Thus, adherence to infection control in Dental Radiology is an important component deserves attention and can be measured by using specific questionnaires. Considering the scarcity of instruments for this purpose, this study aimed to develop and validate a questionnaire to evaluate infection control practices in Dental Radiology. The questionnaire was developed after extensive literature review on published papers and on the biosafety protocols available in national and international health agencies. The initial version of the questionnaire consisted of 17 multiple-choice questions related to hands hygiene, surface barrier protection, and cleaning/disinfection. Reliability was assessed by test-retest, using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) for ordinal variables and kappa for dichotomous ones. Internal consistency was assessed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. A total of 115 dental students in third to fifth years from two public and one private dental schools, in the state of São Paulo, participated in the test- retest reliability. The content validity was performed by two expert committees; the first one reviewed the content and coverage of the questionnaire; the second one determined the relevance of each item of the questionnaire. Construct validity was determined by the factor analysis and the Kruskal-Wallis test (for comparison between known groups), comparing the responses of 641 students from two public and four private dental schools, 20 PhD students and 15 teachers of Dental Radiology. Results indicated (test-retest) satisfactory to excellent reliability (1.000?ICC?0.722); good to great (0.662?kappa?0.913) reliability, and good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.88). The content analysis performed by the expert committee and the factor analysis indicated the exclusion of some items, which was approved by the questionnaire development team. Thus, the final version of the questionnaire consisted of 15 questions and 7 domains. Statistically significant differences (p<0.05) were observed among students, doctoral students and teachers, for most of the responses, indicating the discriminatory power of the questionnaire. It was concluded that the new questionnaire showed good psychometric properties, and can be an important tool for measuring adherence to infection control protocols by dental professionals / Mestrado / Radiologia Odontologica / Mestra em Radiologia Odontológica

The Work-Disability Functional Assessment Battery (WD-FAB) is a self-reported measure, developed to allow the SSA to collect systematic and comprehensive information about claimants’ functioning. It consists of eight scales: Basic Mobility, Upper Body Function, Fine Motor Function, Community Mobility, Cognition & Communication, Resilience/Sociability, Social Interactions, and Mood & Emotions. Three studies were conducted to evaluate the WD-FAB and apply it as an outcome measure to examine questions relevant to work disability measurement. "Examining Activity Domain Structure of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF)" empirically tests the structure of the WHO’s ICF Activity subdomains by comparing it to the empirical structure of the WD-FAB. The comparison found good alignment between the physical function WD-FAB scales and ICF Mobility; several Activity subdomains converge into Cognition & Communication in the WD-FAB. Mental Functions and certain Interpersonal Interactions converge. A re-organization of the subdomains into distinct, measurable constructs is presented for future ICF revisions. "Who Applies to Social Security Disability Programs? Demographic and Functional Differences among Claimants" examines how Social Security disability claimants compare sociodemographically to the working age US population, assesses differences in claimants’ functional status by demographic characteristics, and showcases a method to detect Differential Item Functioning (DIF), which, once controlled for, minimizes measurement error. 17 items displayed DIF, primarily based upon gender. Claimants were sociodemographically different from the general sample and reported lower functioning. Within claimants, there were very few differences of consequence in function between different sociodemographic groups. "Determining Functional Profiles of Common Conditions explores the relationship between diagnoses and function." Common patterns of diagnoses among claimants were identified: musculoskeletal, cancer, multisystem, neurological & sensory, and mental conditions. Many of the diagnosis groups showed unique functional features. The identification of functional profiles for different condition groups suggests that WD-FAB scores may add value to the disability determination process. There is no single litmus test for work disability, but incorporating self-reported experiences is becoming an increasingly common focus in the field. This work demonstrates how a conceptually grounded self-reported measure of functioning can be used to understand the condition of individuals whose health limits their ability to work.

The purpose of this research was to identify teachers’ perceptions of barriers to math achievement below Grade 10, if any, to determine which, if any, of the identified barriers teachers reported, and to determine which, if any, previous recommendations for positive changes in mathematics classrooms teachers reported, as well as identify any teacher reports of resistance to change. I conducted research on 19 participants by collecting questionnaires online due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants were teachers of mathematics from Grade 4 through Grade 8. I compared participants’ responses to literature-based components using predetermined coding along with emergent coding to identify new themes in this basic interpretive study. The main finding of this study was low math self-efficacy was a widespread problem among students, which must be overcome to prepare students to pursue a STEM degree due to its role in career development when focusing on mathematics as the social cognitive career theory applied to students seeking a STEM degree. Other finding of this study were teachers still used purely procedural mathematics instruction, students were not developing a strong start in mathematics, and teacher math content knowledge still needed improvement.

Denna studie är ett projekt som undersöker användandet av Mark Twains klassiska roman The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn i det svenska ESL klassrummet genom action research. Syftet är att undersöka hur en lärandemodell med utgångspunkt i The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn kan utformas för att utveckla det kritiska tänkandet, samt behandla rasistiska samhällsfrågor och fördomar i det svenska ESL klassrummet. Utformandet av frågeställningen är grundad i flera av de mål som nämns i Lgr11. Forskningen utfördes i tre olika klassrum, på två olika skolor, av två lärarstudenter. Forskningens resultat visar att Twains roman är ett lämpligt verktyg för att behandla de mål som nämns i läroplanen så som projektets mål. Trots att romanen först publicerades för mer än hundra år sedan så är den än idag användbar i vårt moderna samhälle. Den kritik som följt romanen under åren har mestadels rört USA, men vår studie visar att den även är relevant gällande dagens svenska elever. / This study is an action research project dealing with the use of Mark Twain’s classical novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn in Swedish ESL classrooms. Our purpose with this project is to investigate how a teaching module on The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn can be designed to encourage critical thinking as well as address racial, societal and prejudice topics in Swedish ESL classrooms. The basis for this question is made up of several requirements stated in Lgr11. The research was conducted in three different classrooms, at two different schools, by two different student teachers. Our findings show that Twain’s novel can be an adequate tool to meet the requirements stated in the curriculum as well as the goals for our project. Even though the novel was first published more than a hundred years ago, it is still applicable to our modern society. Most controversies surrounding the book has taken place in the US, but our study shows that it is significant for today’s Swedish students as well.

Certaines populations, dont les aînés, consultent peu pour le traitement des troubles anxieux. Une faible littératie en santé mentale a été proposée comme un facteur associé à un plus grand délai de la recherche d’aide. Disposer d’un outil mesurant les connaissances sur les troubles anxieux de façon valide et fiable serait utile pour les chercheurs et cliniciens. Le Questionnaire des Connaissances des Troubles Anxieux (QCTA) a été développé afin de pallier les limites des instruments déjà existants. La présente étude vise à évaluer les qualités psychométriques du QCTA. L’échantillon est composé (a) d’adultes répartis dans trois groupes d’âge (18-39 ans, 40-59 ans et 60 ans et plus) ne possédant pas une formation et une expérience professionnelle en santé mentale (n = 196) et (b) de spécialistes de la santé mentale, soit des psychologues ayant une formation de 2e ou 3e cycle en psychologie clinique et une expérience dans ce domaine ainsi que des étudiants ayant complété au moins 3 ans d’un programme de 3e cycle en psychologie clinique (n = 16). En plus d’un questionnaire sociodémographique, les participants ont répondu au QCTA et à la version française du Mental Health Literacy Scale (MHLS-F). Un sousgroupe de participants a répondu une seconde fois au QCTA après un délai d’une semaine. Les indices d’ajustement d’une analyse factorielle confirmatoire montrent que la structure factorielle postulée à sept facteurs est acceptable. Les résultats indiquent aussi une corrélation modérée entre le QCTA et le MHLS-F, ce qui appuie la validité convergente du QCTA. Ils révèlent aussi que les spécialistes en santé mentale obtiennent de meilleurs résultats que les autres participants et que les aînés obtiennent des résultats plus faibles, ce qui témoigne de la validité liée à un critère. Enfin, la cohérence interne et la stabilité testretest sont satisfaisantes. Le QCTA semble donc un outil valide et fiable pour évaluer les connaissances sur les troubles anxieux.

La création de Facebook en 2004, l’augmentation grandissante du nombre d’abonnés dans le monde depuis, et la place que prend ce réseau social peuvent être perçu pour certains positivement, alors que pour d’autres, c’est plutôt négativement. Facebook fait partie du quotidien de plusieurs personnes. La présente recherche consiste à élaborer un questionnaire portant sur l’usage problématique de Facebook (UPF) à partir des étapes proposées par Dussault, Valois et Frenette (2007). La théorie développée par Davis (2001) et adaptée par Caplan (2002) sur l’usage problématique d’Internet a servi de point de départ pour l’UPF. Les dimensions retenues pour la création du questionnaire sont : Perte de contrôle, Négligence et Distraction. Suite à un prétest, le questionnaire a été envoyé à deux listes de courriel d’une université québécoise (étudiants et travailleurs), puis il a été mis sur le groupe Facebook de cette dernière. Un total de 925 étudiants et travailleurs, dont 692 femmes, 204 hommes, a répondu à la version finale du questionnaire. Les résultats obtenus démontrent que le modèle qui représente le mieux les données, parmi les quatre modèles testés, est un modèle avec trois facteurs corrélés (Perte de contrôle, Négligence et Distraction). Ce questionnaire pourrait servir de point de départ pour définir ce concept. Des recherches futures visant à définir les antécédents menant à l’UPF sont nécessaires.

Les questionnaires mesurant l’alliance thérapeutique utilisent des définitions variables pour opérationnaliser ce construit, reflet d’un manque de cohésion théorique, et plusieurs écueils concernant leur fiabilité et validité ont été identifiés (redondance conceptuelle avec la satisfaction des services, items moins pertinents dans les phases avancées des suivis, structures factorielles instables et effets plafond). Le Questionnaire Intégratif de l’Alliance Thérapeutique (QIAT) a été élaboré afin d’opérationnaliser une définition modernisée, intégrative et flexible de l’alliance thérapeutique et de pallier ces lacunes. Pour valider le QIAT, 223 canadiens francophones suivis pour des motifs reliés à la santé mentale ou au bien-être psychologique ont été recrutés par le biais de médias sociaux et de courriels institutionnels afin de remplir des questionnaires sur une plateforme web sécurisée. Un processus de sélection des meilleurs items à partir de la théorie classique des tests et de la théorie de réponse aux items (TRI), de l’analyse factorielle exploratoire et de plusieurs autres critères a mené à la création du QIAT-SG-10 (suivi global) et du QIAT-DS6 (dernière séance). Les deux versions du QIAT ont démontré des indices de cohérence interne nettement appréciables ainsi que des preuves solides de validité convergente, discriminante et concourante. La structure factorielle (deux facteurs corrélés) a également été confirmée. En comparaison au Session Rating Scale, le QIAT-DS-6 a démontré une meilleure fidélité en TRI, alors que le QIAT-SG-10 a présenté un effet plafond légèrement plus élevé que le Working Alliance Inventory – Short Revised (WAI-SR), mais il discrimine mieux l’alliance de la satisfaction des services. Malgré une certaine redondance avec le WAISR, le contenu des items du QIAT révèle des distinctions importantes (emphase sur les compétences affectives du thérapeute et sur les aspects de négociation, intégration du lien émotionnel relié au travail collaboratif et la pertinence des items peu importe les phases du suivi) justifiant son existence. / Questionnaires measuring therapeutic alliance use various definitions to operationalize this construct, reflecting a lack of theoretical cohesion, and several pitfalls concerning their reliability and validity have been identified (conceptual redundancy with service satisfaction, less relevant items in the advanced phases of therapeutic process, unstable factor structures and ceiling effects). The Therapeutic Alliance Integrative Questionnaire (QIAT) was developed to operationalize a modernized, integrative, and flexible definition of therapeutic alliance and to address these shortcomings. To validate the QIAT, 223 French-speaking Canadians engaged in a therapeutic process for reasons related to mental health or psychological well-being were recruited through social media and institutional emails to complete questionnaires on a secure web platform. Selecting the best items based on classical test theory and item response theory (IRT), exploratory factor analysis, and several other criteria led to the creation of the QIAT-SG-10 (overall follow-up) and QIAT-DS-6 (last session). Both versions of the QIAT demonstrated appreciable indices of internal consistency as well as strong evidence of convergent, discriminant, and concurrent validity. The factor structure (two correlated factors) was also confirmed. In comparison to the Session Rating Scale, the QIAT-DS-6 demonstrated better reliability in IRT, while the QIAT-SG-10 showed a slightly higher ceiling effect than the Working Alliance Inventory - Short Revised (WAI-SR), but its discrimination from service satisfaction was higher. Despite a certain redundancy with the WAI-SR, the content of the QIAT items reveals important distinctions (emphasis on the emotional skills of the therapist and on aspects of negotiation, integration of the emotional bond specifically related to collaborative work, and the relevance of the items regardless of phases of therapeutic process) justifying its existence.