Orientador: José Francisco Lopes Filho / Banca: Ana Carolina Conti e Silva / Banca: João Tomaz da Silva Borges / Resumo: A doença celíaca é caracterizada pela intolerância permanente ao glúten e seu único tratamento consiste na exclusão definitiva deste complexo protéico da dieta. Entretanto, a adesão a este tipo de alimentação causa grande impacto na vida dos celíacos, uma vez que a oferta de produtos isentos de glúten é restrita e sensorialmente limitada. A elaboração de produtos sem glúten, em especial pães, é um grande desafio tecnológico, dado o importante papel desta proteína na estrutura física dos produtos de panificação. A quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) é um pseudocereal isento de glúten com destacado valor nutricional. Assim, o presente estudo objetivou desenvolver pães sem glúten com diferentes teores de farinha de quinoa, avaliar suas características físico-químicas e sensoriais e determinar as possibilidades de uso deste pseudocereal na elaboração de pães sem glúten. Os produtos foram formulados a partir de misturas de farinha de arroz, fécula de batata e farinha de quinoa, modeladas através de um delineamento centróide-simplex. Análises de volume, firmeza do miolo e coloração permitiram selecionar formulações com teores de quinoa de 17% e 33% que apresentaram características físicas adequadas. Tais formulações foram analisadas sensorialmente, assim como um pão sem glúten padrão (isento de pseudocereal) e um pão sem glúten comercial, a fim de comparar a aceitabilidade dos diferentes produtos. A incorporação de quinoa em teor de 33 % da mistura prejudicou o sabor e a aceitação global dos pães em relação à formulação padrão. Já os produtos contendo 17% de farinha de quinoa, 66% de fécula de batata e 17% de farinha de arroz se mostraram similares ao produto padrão e foram, de forma global, preferidos pelos provadores. A análise da composição centesimal desta formulação revelou incremento de 44% no teor de fibra alimentar total em comparação... / Abstract: Celiac disease is characterized by permanent intolerance to gluten and its only definitive treatment is the exclusion of this protein complex of the diet. However, adherence to this type of diet has a great impact on celiac's lives, since the availability of gluten-free products is restricted and limited sensory. The formulation of gluten-free products, especially bread, is a technological challenge, due to the important role of this protein in the physical structure of the baked goods. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) is a pseudo-cereal with outstanding nutritional value. Thus, this study aimed to develop gluten-free breads with different levels of quinoa flour, to evaluate physical-chemical and sensory characteristics and to determine the possible uses of this pseudo-cereal in preparing gluten-free breads. The breads were formulated from mixtures of rice flour, potato starch and quinoa flour, modeled through a simplex-centroid design. Analysis of volume, crumb firmness and color were performed and allowed the selection of formulations with quinoa flour content between 17% and 33% that showed suitable physical characteristics. Sensory analyzes of these formulations, of the standard formulation of gluten-free bread made without the addition of pseudo-cereal and of a commercial gluten-free bread were conducted in order to compare the acceptability of these different products. The inclusion of 33% of quinoa in the mixture decreased bread's flavour and overall acceptability in comparison to the standard bread. The bread containing 17% of quinoa flour was similar to the standard product and it was preferred by tasters. Analysis of the chemical composition of this formulation has shown a 44% increase in total dietary fiber content compared to the conventional product. Significant increase in the mineral content was also observed. It can be seen, therefore, the viability of production of gluten-free... / Mestre

El estudio se realizó debido a la demanda creciente por parte de la comunidad europea con respecto a los productos andinos. Se tomó como mercado objetivo al país de Alemania, ya que este perfil de consumidores se interesa en consumir productos naturales y orgánicos, que provenga de una cadena de suministro en donde intervenga la responsabilidad social empresarial. Este trabajo es una guía en donde el exportador Peruano pueda aplicar una exportación especializada de la quinua para el mercado Alemán, cumpliendo con todos los requisitos arancelarios, sanitarios y estándares de calidad. Se tomó en cuenta la evolución de las exportaciones de quinua a través de los años y como su demanda se incrementó, además de todo el potencial que hay para exportar no solo en Alemania sino en toda la Unión Europea, Se contó con la participación de empresas Peruanas exportadoras de quinua al mercado Alemán, en donde brindaron su experiencia así como todos los inconvenientes que encontraron en todo el proceso exportador, a manera de cuestionario se logró fortalecer las herramientas que utilizan para exportar, sus costumbres y su procedimiento a la hora de exportar. Gracias a ello se pudo determinar conclusiones específicas de cómo debe actuar toda aquella persona que desee cubrir la demanda creciente de este gran mercado como es el Alemán. The study was conducted due to the growing demand from the European community on Andean products. It was taken as target market the country of Germany, as this profile of consumer is interested in consuming natural and organic products coming from a supply chain where corporate social responsibility is involved. This work is a guide where the Peruvian exporter can apply a specialized export strategy for the German market, meeting all tariff requirements, sanitary and quality standards. It took into account the evolution of exports of quinoa through the years and as their demand, plus all the potential that is increased to export not only in Germany but throughout the European Union, was attended business quinoa Peruvian exporters to the German market, where they offered their experience as well as all the drawbacks found throughout the export process, as a questionnaire achievement strengthen the tools they use to export, customs and export process. Thanks to this specific conclusions could be determined how to act any person who wishes to cover the growing demand for this large market like the German.

Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-06-25T17:36:20Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertação vergara final - Cópia.pdf: 685849 bytes, checksum: 100fb54a99f7c73ef885ae365bb5efa1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-07-03T18:15:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertação vergara final - Cópia.pdf: 685849 bytes, checksum: 100fb54a99f7c73ef885ae365bb5efa1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-07-03T18:37:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertação vergara final - Cópia.pdf: 685849 bytes, checksum: 100fb54a99f7c73ef885ae365bb5efa1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-03T18:37:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertação vergara final - Cópia.pdf: 685849 bytes, checksum: 100fb54a99f7c73ef885ae365bb5efa1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-14 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / A quinoa é uma planta da família Chenopodiacea, domesticada pelos povos andinos há milhares de anos. É uma cultura anual produtora de grãos, conhecida como pseudocereal devido à sua semelhança com a composição dos grãos de cereais. Suas sementes são consumidas mundialmente devido as suas propriedades nutricionais, atualmente apresentando elevada demanda. Deste modo a cultura se apresenta como uma importante alternativa para diversificação de cultivos e geração de renda para pequenos agricultores. Atualmente seu consumo e produção estão difundidos ao redor do mundo. No Brasil, sua introdução é recente, sendo os primeiros estudos desenvolvidos na região central do Brasil. Devido ao promissor mercado de alimentos nutracêuticos, a produção deste pseudocereal apresenta grande importância. Tendo em vista a necessidade de estudos que viabilizem a produção de grãos e sementes, o objetivo do presente trabalho é avaliar a influência das condições ambientais nos caracteres morfológicos e agronômicos e qualidade fisiológica de sementes.. Para tal foi efetuada a análise de crescimento da cultura, foram obtidos os caracteres agronômicos e morfológicos da cultura e foi efetuada a adaptação de um teste para determinação de vigor pela quantificação da emissão de etanol pelas sementes. Através da curva de crescimento e analise da qualidade da semente produzida, evidenciou-se que não existe diferença significativa entre a cultivar brasileira e o acesso de origem andina, tal fato demonstrando a adaptabilidade da cultura na região. Através do estudo de caracteres morfológicos e agronômicos, observou-se que a utilização de formula adaptada para calculo de potencial de produção é viável para a cultura, existindo acentuada variabilidade entre os genótipos estudados. O estudo dos caracteres morfológicos indica que é possível diferenciar os genótipos de quinoa, especialmente levando em consideração o número de dentes na folha, entretanto observou-se grande variabilidade genética dentro de uma mesma cultivar. Através do estudo do metabolismo do etanol, observou-se relação significativa entre a sua produção e o nível de vigor de sementes, assim utilizando metodologia adaptada, foi possível diferenciar pela produção de etanol lotes de sementes de quinoa com diferentes níveis de vigor, assim comprovando a eficiência do teste. / Quinoa is a plant of the Chenopodiacea family, domesticated by the Andean peoples for thousands of years. It is an annual grain crop, known as pseudocereal due to its similarity to the composition of cereal grains. Its seeds are consumed worldwide due to their nutritional properties, currently presenting high demand. In this way culture is presented as an important alternative for crop diversification and income generation for small farmers. Currently its consumption and production are widespread around the world. In Brazil, its introduction is recent, being the first studies developed in the central region of Brazil. Due to the promising nutraceutical food market, the production of this pseudocereal is of great importance. The objective of the present work is to evaluate the influence of the environmental conditions on the morphological and agronomic traits and the physiological quality of the seeds. In order to do this, the analysis of crop growth , The agronomic and morphological characters of the crop were obtained and a test was performed to determine vigor by quantifying the ethanol emission by the seeds. Through the growth curve and analysis of the quality of the seed produced, it was evidenced that there is no significant difference between the Brazilian cultivar and the access of Andean origin, this fact demonstrating the adaptability of the crop in the region. Through the study of morphological and agronomic characters, it was observed that the use of a formula adapted to calculate potential production is feasible for the crop, and there is a marked variability among the studied genotypes. The study of the morphological characters indicates that it is possible to differentiate the quinoa genotypes, especially taking into account the number of teeth in the leaf, but great genetic variability was observed within the same cultivar. Through the study of the ethanol metabolism, it was observed a significant relationship between its production and the level of seed vigor, thus using adapted methodology, it was possible to differentiate by the ethanol production lots of quinoa seeds with different levels of vigor, thus proving The efficiency of the test.

Influenser från hela världen påverkar livsmedelsindustrin och användandet av fröer har ökat kraftigt de senaste åren. Idag används endast ett begränsat antal fröer inom bageriindustrin men ett intresse finns av att finna alternativa fröer som kan bidra med sina egenskaper till bröd. Syftet med det här examensarbetet är att undersöka amarant, bovete, chia, hirs och quinoa, för att se vad de kan bidra med för näringsmässiga och sensoriska egenskaper till bröd. Examensarbetet utförs vid Pågen AB. Genom en mindre litteraturstudie och ett antal bakningsförsök med efterföljande analyser av volym, inkråm, textur och vattenhalt, kartläggs fröernas närings- och bakningsegenskaper. Sensoriska analyser görs även för att undersöka dessa egenskaper hos varje frö. Av de studerade fröerna valdes chia, bovete och quinoa ut för vidare bakningsförsök. Chia och bovete valdes ut bland annat på grund av de goda resultaten från de sensoriska analyserna och försöken visade att båda fröerna fungerar bra i olika bröd, i olika mängder. Quinoas bittra smak och lukt var svår att få bort men minskade när fröet användes som dekor. Även chia och krossat bovete passade bra som dekor på bröd. Försöken visar på att det finns spännande alternativa fröer som kan bidra med mycket både när det gäller näring och smak till bröd. Vidare försök med olika brödrecept och varierade frömängder krävs för att se hur väl fröerna skulle fungera i storskaliga projekt inom bageriindustrin.

Memoria para optar al título de Ingeniero en Alimentos / No autorizada por el autor para ser publicada a texto completo en el Portal de Tesis Electrónicas

This thesis seeks to analyze the “alternative” nature of organic and fair trade markets and whether they are truly challenging the neoliberal food system, using the case of Bolivian quinoa, traditionally a subsistence crop, to analyze the effects on producer livelihoods. Field research, conducted from April until August 2015, focuses on two areas in the Altiplano sur: the small community of Rodeo and the town of Salinas de Garcí Mendoza. The study uses a political ecology and historical materialist theoretical framework and an ethnographically oriented livelihoods approach, in order to better weave the macro-processes of power to producers’ struggles over their livelihoods. Though organic and fair trade markets are by no means revolutionizing quinoa production or relationships of production in Bolivia, they are providing better terms of trade for producers and allowing them to maintain more traditional, small scale modes of production and community levels of organization. In addition, field research helped facilitate a critical discussion about the challenges and opportunities afforded by these alternatives, talking directly to producers and tying their local difficulties to larger, structural realities: a humble first step in problematizing a common lived struggle.

Background and objectives: The commonly used afrosimetric foam-height method for quantifying saponins in quinoa is rapid but imprecise. A rapid UV/Vis method, utilizing the Liebermann-Burchard (LB) color reaction, was compared to the foam method across a range of saponin levels in washed and unwashed seed. Findings: A 6 min UV/Vis method provided greater precision and accuracy than the afrosimetric method at the lower saponin levels found in washed quinoa. The afrosimetric method did not differentiate saponin levels below 0.6 mg/mL but allows for useful relative comparisons of saponin content in unwashed quinoa where the foam height is large. Conclusions: The UV/Vis method is superior for analyzing saponins present on washed quinoa seed, while the foam method is adequate for saponin measurements in unwashed seed. Significance and novelty: The UV/Vis assay provides a new tool that can be used for in-process quality control in large-scale processing facilities, allowing for rapid, accurate determination of completion of the desaponization step.

Chenopodium quinoa Willd., an ancient Andean pseudocereal almost exclusively consumed in South America, jumped onto the global stage when Western cultures noted quinoa's advantageous nutritional profile. Quinoa seed's high protein content, nutritionally balanced amino acid profile, low glycemic index, and high fiber, vitamin, and mineral content, make it a highly sought-after 'superfood'. Pitseed goosefoot (C. berlandieri Moq.), a closely related North American species sharing quinoa's genome composition (AABB), grows across the North American continent, inhabiting diverse environments including the saline coastal soils of the Gulf of Texas and the drought-prone regions of the Southwest. Quinoa and pitseed goosefoot, along with South American avian goosefoot (C. hircinum Schrad.), make up the Allotetraploid Goosefoot Complex (ATGC). We hypothesize that an ancient hybridization event between A- and B-genome diploids, with a subsequent whole-genome duplication, gave rise to the common ancestor of the ATGC. Prior data indicate that allopolyploidization most likely occurred within North America, with long-range dispersal of the ATGC to South America. We have sequenced the genome of the North American AA-genome diploid C. watsonii and identified via DNA marker analyses the closest extant species to the AA-genome diploid ancestor of the ATGC from among a panel of 41 AA-genome diploid resequenced accessions, encompassing 30 putative AA-genome diploid species, from North and South America. We also present evidence for reciprocal long-range dispersal of Chenopodium diploids between North and South America.

Chenopodium quinoa, a South American pseudocereal, has valuable agricultural traits such as salt tolerance and drought tolerance, and it has beneficial nutritional properties such as high protein content and a complete amino acid profile. However, problems including disease susceptibility, low harvest index, lodging, seed shattering, low heat tolerance, and saponin content plague quinoa. Genetic resources for quinoa are needed to fix these problems and make quinoa more available throughout the world. We used ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) to create a mutant population of QQ74 quinoa (USDA GRIN PI 614886) of 5,030 mutant families. We did whole exome sequencing (WES) on 44 mutant families. Using the recently published quinoa reference genome and MAPS, a mutation detection pipeline, we found a mutation rate of 11.35 mutations/Mb in these families. We also used whole genome sequencing (WGS) to calculate a mutation rate of 21.67 mutations/Mb in an additional nine mutant families. To demonstrate the utility of this population as a genetic resource, we found an EMS-induced nonsense mutation in the betalain synthesis pathway that prevents red betacyanins from accumulating in the hypocotyl of quinoa. With the mutation rates in our population, we calculate that analysis of 300 mutant families will yield 3-7 mutations in any gene of interest, which will facilitate forward and reverse genetic studies in quinoa.

La presente tesis tuvo por objetivo evaluar las condiciones para la instalación de una planta procesadora de hojuelas de quinua con sabores a fruta tropicales para exportar hacia el mercado australiano donde se realizó un estudio de mercado, el diseño de la planta procesadora y se determinó la viabilidad económica financiera del presente proyecto. Sobre el estudio de mercado se muestran los pasos cómo se seleccionó el mercado objetivo; resultando el mejor mercado destino Australia con un crecimiento acumulado de importaciones de los años 2014 al 2018 del 21,6%; se presentó las tablas de importaciones y exportaciones del producto en Australia donde se apreció que las importaciones por las hojuelas de quinua de dicho mercado van creciendo enormemente en los últimos años, el precio se incrementó hasta en un 25%; del análisis de participación del mercado se obtuvo un porcentaje de participación del 12,5% equivalente a 170, 52 toneladas para el primer año de producción. Sobre el estudio Técnico, para la macro y micro localización de la planta procesadora de hojuelas de quinua, se determinó la futura ubicación de la planta, siendo este en el departamento de Lima, Provincia de Lima distrito de Ate Vitarte, ubicado en una zona industrial. Asimismo, se determinó la cantidad de producción de la futura planta que para el primer año será de 170,52 toneladas con un incremento anual del 0,5%. Sobre el estudio económico financiero se definió una inversión de $ 1 290 933,15 donde el 40% será financiado por una entidad bancaria y el 60% será asumido por el inversionista, el VANE $563 290,62, un TIRE del 40% y un TIRF del %50 lo que respalda la rentabilidad del proyecto; asimismo se pronosticó que el tiempo de recuperación de la inversión según los cálculos realizados será de 3 años con seis meses.