La mondialisation de la production de la quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), initiée dans les années 80 dans l’Altiplano Sud de la Bolivie, a bouleversé le système agraire de cette région. Parmi les acteurs de la filière (producteurs, organisations professionnelles, importateurs) et ceux qui lui sont associés (gestionnaires, agents de développement, chercheurs), ces changements ont fait émerger des questionnements sur la durabilité de la production, principalement centrés sur une dégradation des sols dont la baisse des rendements agricoles serait l'indicateur le plus fiable. Cette perte de productivité des sols appellerait un changement urgent des pratiques agricoles au sein des communautés rurales, passant notamment par diverses innovations agro-techniques. Cette étude analyse les transformations agraires liées au passage d’une agriculture de subsistance à une agriculture d’exportation, ainsi que les facteurs de fonds qui expliquent les faibles rendements des parcelles. Plus largement, cette étude questionne les modes de gestion actuels des ressources du territoire. Elle s’appuie sur différentes approches (systèmes agraires, écologie politique et théorie de l'action collective) pour analyser ces transformations décrites à travers différentes échelles temporelles et spatiales, depuis le parcours individuel de vie jusqu'à l'histoire régionale des quarante dernières années. Différents outils (réalisation d’entretiens, observation participante, ateliers participatifs et jeux de rôles) ont été utilisés au sein de quatre communautés rurales représentatives et auprès d’acteurs régionaux et nationaux. Notre analyse révèle qu’il n’est pas scientifiquement prouvé que les faibles rendements soient la conséquence de la dégradation des sols. Cette explication néglige les interactions complexes qui existent entre facteurs environnementaux, techniques, sociaux et politiques. En effet ce travail démontre tout d’abord l'inadaptation de certaines pratiques actuelles de culture aux conditions agroécologiques des nouvelles zones de production ainsi que l’insuffisance des normes de certification biologique pour assurer la durabilité de la production. Il signale ensuite l’apparition de tensions liées aux nouvelles formes d’accès et d’usages des terres, dans un contexte où la gestion communautaire des activités agricoles et des ressources foncières s'est progressivement affaiblie, et où la pluriactivité et la mobilité restent des pratiques généralisées parmi les producteurs de quinoa. Il démontre enfin le manque d'articulation entre les actions de recherche et de développement et ce nouveau contexte. La dégradation des sols est un discours agro-technique diffusé par certains acteurs de la filière. Ce discours occulte des enjeux cruciaux liés à la gestion de l’espace et des ressources agricoles. La construction d’accords collectifs pour reconstruire de liens durables entre les communautés et leur environnement doit s’inscrire dans une vision plus large du territoire qui prenne en compte les processus sociaux, institutionnels et politiques. / The globalization of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) production began in the 1980s in the Southern Highlands of Bolivia. It has generated transformations in the agrarian system of the region questioning the production sustainability. The low quinoa yields experienced by quinoa producers within indigenous communities is a major issue for the different actors of the production chain, scientists, development institutions and policy makers. Today, they mainly attribute it to soil degradation. Consensus that changes in current field-level practices are needed has led to a search for agro-technical innovations. This study analyses the transition from subsistence agriculture to an export-oriented production system, underlying factors that could explain low yields and territorial resource management issues. We use various theoretical frameworks (farming systems, political ecology and collective action) to characterize the changes that occurred at different temporal and spatial scales, from actual producers’ individual life courses to the history of this region for the last forty years. Interviews, participatory observation, workshops and role-playing games were conducted in four rural communities. Results show that explaining low yields by soil degradation has no sound scientific basis. Moreover, this explanation does not take into account the complex interactions that exist between environmental, technical, social and political factors. In fact, this study first shows that actual farming practices are not adapted to the agro-ecological conditions of the new production areas, and that the organic certification norms are not sufficient to ensure the production sustainability. It also stresses the emergence of social tensions related to the new rules of land access and land use, which emerge in a context of weakening of the community’s authorities, of high spatial mobility and of the diversification of activities among the farmers. It finally reveals a disconnection between research and development activities and this new context. Soil degradation is an agro-technical discourse disseminated among market chain actors which hides crucial problems. Rebuilding a sustainable relationship between communities and their environment require collective agreements for land and agricultural resource management, and a broader vision that takes into account social, institutional and political processes. / La globalización de la producción de quinua (Chenopodium quinoa) iniciada a partir de los años 80 en el Altiplano Sur de Bolivia, se constituyó en un vector de cambios que generó profundas transformaciones en el sistema agrario de esta región. Estas transformaciones hicieron emerger, entre los actores involucrados en la cadena productiva y quienes se relacionan con ella (científicos, instituciones de desarrollo, tomadores de decisiones), una generalizada preocupación sobre la sostenibilidad de la producción. Dichas inquietudes, centradas principalmente sobre los bajos rendimientos obtenidos por los agricultores, se le han atribuido a la degradación de los suelos, alertando sobre la urgente necesidad de que se modifiquen las prácticas agrícolas mediante diversas innovaciones agrotécnicas. Frente a esta problemática, este estudio analizó las transformaciones agrarias surgidas de la transición de una agricultura de subsistencia a una agricultura de exportación así como los factores de fondo que explican los bajos rendimientos obtenidos por los agricultores. El estudio se apoya sobre diferentes enfoques teóricos (sistemas agrarios, ecología política y teoría de acción colectiva) para analizar las transformaciones descritas a través de diferentes escalas temporal y espacial, desde las trayectorias de vida de algunos agricultores hasta la historia regional de los últimos cuarenta años. Igualmente, se aplicaron diferentes herramientas (entrevistas, observación participante, talleres participativos y juego de roles) en cuatro comunidades representativas y ante actores institucionales en las escalas regional y nacional. Nuestro análisis revela que atribuirle a la degradación de los suelos la baja productividad de los cultivos no posee ningún fundamento científico serio. Esta explicación no toma en consideración las complejas interacciones que se presentan entre los factores ambientales, técnicos, sociales y políticos del sistema. En efecto, este trabajo demuestra en primer lugar, la desadaptación de las prácticas actuales de cultivo a las condiciones agroecológicas de las nuevas zonas de producción así como la insuficiencia de las normas de certificación orgánica para asegurar la sostenibilidad de la producción. En segundo lugar, revela el surgimiento de tensiones sociales vinculadas a las nuevas reglas de acceso y uso de la tierra, en un contexto en el que se presenta un debilitamiento de la gestión comunal en la gestión de los recursos y en el que la movilidad espacial y la pluriactividad caracterizan a la población cultivadora de quinua. Finalmente, demuestra la falta de articulación entre las acciones de investigación y desarrollo y el contexto actual. La degradación de los suelos es un discurso agrotécnico difundido por algunos actores de la cadena productiva. Este discurso oculta los problemas vinculados a la gestión individual y colectiva de los recursos territoriales, profundamente transformados por el auge de la quinua. La construcción de acuerdos colectivos para reconstruir una relación sostenible entre las comunidades y su ambiente debe abordarse desde una visión territorial que toma en cuenta los procesos sociales, institucionales y políticos.

Dans les hauts plateaux des Andes entre le Pérou et la Bolivie, à 3 800 mètres d’altitude s’étend le lac Titicaca, berceau des civilisations précolombiennes et l’un des principaux centres mondiaux de domestication des espèces végétales cultivées pour l’agriculture. Cette région est reconnue comme le centre d’origine du quinoa, C. quinoa Willd. Elle concentre la plus grande diversité génétique du quinoa, tant pour les variétés paysannes cultivées que pour les espèces sauvages apparentées. Notre recherche a été conduite dans la région de Puno, Pérou, qui reste l’une des principales régions productrices de quinoa au monde. Le quinoa y présente une distribution spatiale selon un gradient climatique nord-sud et une différenciation en zones agroécologiques liée à l’altitude. Actuellement, sept principales espèces de parents sauvages du quinoa y sont présentes : C.ambrosioides L., C.incisum Poiret, C.pallidicaule Aellen, C.petiolare Kunth, C.hircinum Schrad., C.quinoa ssp. melanospermum Hunz. et C.carnosolum Moq. Cette diversité de ressources génétiques a une grande valeur pour l’évolution adaptative du quinoa notamment face aux effets du changement climatique. Notre thèse s’inscrit dans l’importance économique et culturelle du quinoa, étant à la fois une ressource alimentaire des régions andines et l’objet des marchés internationaux du fait de ses qualités nutritives. Cette opportunité économique peut avoir des impacts en termes de sécurité alimentaire, d’agrobiodiversité, et de gestion de l’agroécosystème. Cette thèse a analysé comment les communautés agricoles andines intègrent la présence des espèces de parents sauvages dans leurs pratiques de gestion et leurs pratiques agricoles autour du quinoa. Des cartographies participatives et des enquêtes ethnobotaniques ont été réalisées avec les membres de six villages choisis selon des critères biogéographiques. La modélisation chorématique a été appliquée à deux périodes, avant et après 1970, année charnière au Pérou pour l’agriculture, dans le but de montrer comment les dynamiques socio-spatiales du milieu andin se modifient, notamment en lien avec l’évolution de la culture du quinoa. La distribution des espèces de parents sauvages du quinoa apparaît fortement liée à l’organisation socio-spatiale de l’agroécosystème. Ces espèces sont maintenues par les villageois pour leurs multiples usages alimentaires, médicinaux et culturels, dans des espaces naturels, des zones pâturées, aux abords et également à l’intérieur des champs cultivés. Ceci est à la fois le résultat de la gestion dynamique organisée par les communautés rurales et des savoirs liés à ces espèces qui se transmettent de génération en génération. Cependant cette gestion est en train de changer sous la pression d’enjeux globaux liés au marché international du quinoa, dont les exigences impliquent de réduire la présence de parents sauvages dans les champs cultivés. En conclusion, la thèse aborde la durabilité des pratiques de gestion et des pratiques agricoles dans un objectif de conservation dynamique in situ de la biodiversité sauvage et cultivée. Une mise en perspective historique des résultats nous a permis de questionner l’évolution des pratiques de gestion de ces différentes espèces par les communautés locales. En termes d’implication, deux types de projets pourraient être réfléchis. Le développement de projets prenant en compte le maintien de la présence des parents sauvages du quinoa dans le champ cultivé est favorable à l’introduction de gènes d’intérêt pour aider le quinoa à s’adapter à des conditions écologiques changeantes sous les effets du changement climatique. Egalement, des projets spécifiques de conservation in situ de l’agrobiodiversité, qui considèrent l’espace naturel et l’espace cultivé comme un ensemble cohérent, représentent une voie de gestion de pools de gènes importante pour l’agriculture et l’alimentation mondiale / Lake Titicaca, the cradle of pre-Columbian civilizations and one of the world’s main centres of domestication for farmed plant species, lies 3,800 m above sea level in the central Andean Highlands between Peru and Bolivia. The region is acknowledged as the centre of origin of quinoa, Chenopodium quinoa Willd. The greatest genetic diversity of quinoa and its wild relatives is concentrated there. Our research was conducted in the Puno region (Peru), which remains one of the main quinoa producing regions in the world. Quinoa displays spatial distribution along a North-South climate gradient in the region, with differentiation into mostly elevation-related, agro-ecological zones that explain its genetic diversity. Seven main quinoa crop wild relatives currently exist there: C. ambrosioides L., C. incisum Poiret, C. pallidicaule Aellen, C. petiolare Kunth, C. hircinum Schrad., C. quinoa ssp. melanospermum Hunz. and C. carnosolum Moq. This diversity of plant genetic resources is of great value for the adaptive evolution of quinoa, especially under the effect of climate change. This PhD thesis deals with the economic and cultural importance of quinoa, which is both a food resource in the Andean regions and an international commodity due to its exceptional nutritional qualities (protein-rich). This economic opportunity may have impacts on local food security, agrobiodiversity and agro-ecosystem management. One way of investigating this issue is to examine how the distribution of crop wild relatives is linked to the way quinoa cultivation is spatially organized. The thesis analysed how Andean farming communities incorporate the presence of wild relatives in their quinoa-related management and farming practices. Participatory mapping and ethnobotanical surveys were carried out with members of six villages chosen according to biogeographical criteria along a North South gradient, combined with data related to elevation and the proximity to Lake Titicaca. In order to show how the socio-spatial dynamics of the Andean environment are changing, notably linked to changes in quinoa growing, chorematic modelling was applied to two periods, before and after 1970, which was a pivotal year for Peruvian farming (agrarian reform, territorial rights of indigenous communities). The distribution of quinoa crop wild relatives seems to be closely linked to how the agro-ecosystem is spatially organized. Local communities keep these species for their multiple food, medicinal and cultural uses in natural areas, grazing areas, around and in farmed fields. This results from the dynamic management organized by rural communities, and from knowledge of those species passed down through the generations, by both women and men. However, management is changing under the pressure of global challenges arising from the international quinoa market, which calls for fewer wild parents in farmed fields. To conclude, the thesis looks at the sustainability of management and farming practices with a view to dynamic in situ conservation of wild and cultivated biodiversity. Choremes are used to place the results in historical perspective, to see how the management of these different species by local communities is evolving. In terms of implications, two types of project could be considered. Developing projects that keep quinoa crop wild relatives in farmed fields promotes the introduction of genes of interest, helping quinoa to adapt to ecological conditions being modified by climate change. Likewise, specific projects for in situ conservation of agrobiodiversity, which consider natural and cultivated areas as a coherent whole, are a way of managing gene pools that is important for agriculture and for feeding the world.

La mancanza di una buona dieta ben bilanciata nutrizionalmente, porta al persistente sottosviluppo, in particolare per la capacità fisica e intellettuale delle persone e ha un impatto negativo sullo sviluppo del Paese. La presente tesi di dottorato mirava a valutare le strategie per produrre un cibo appropriato sufficiente, sicuro e sostenibile attraverso la sperimentazione di diverse tecniche di coltivazione e cultivar locali di manioca per identificare quali tecniche e cultivar sono più performanti per aumentare la resa. Dall’altra parte, al fine di contribuire alla diversificazione della produzione del cibo e al miglioramento del piatto tradizionale congolese costituita da più di 80% di carboidrati in particolare la manioca, studi su nuove colture riconosciute contenere dei buoni livelli in proteine, vitamine e minerali come Patata dolce a polpa arancione (Ipomoea batatas) riconosciuta essere ricca soprattutto in provitamina A e quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) riconosciuta in particolare per il suo buon contenuto di aminoacidi ben bilanciato sono state condotte. Come risultato, tra tre tecniche di coltivazione (Ridge, Mound e Flat) per la produzione di manioca e 5 cultivar locali di manioca (Dunda, Kakuanga, Kasongoy, Kasonie, Ngoymuamba) valutati, la coltivazione su Ridge e il culltivar Ngoymuamba hanno dato il risultato più alto (19,2 Mg ha-1 di tuberi freschi), mentre Dunda è stata la cultivar che ha prodotto molto meno (6,8 Mg ha-1 di tuberi freschi). Le cultivar di patata dolce a polpa arancione studiati, hanno dimostrato che il contenuto in β-carotene è ragionevolmente alto perché 87 g di tuberi fresche sono sufficienti per coprire la dose giornaliera raccomandata in vitamina A per gli adulti. Per quinoa, tre cultivar (Pasankalla, Puno, Titicaca) hanno dimostrato di produrre una resa considerevole in quanto la produzione in granella è stata rispettivamente di 2,2 Mg ha-1; 1,9 Mg ha-1; 1,3 Mg ha-1 per Titicaca, Pasankalla e Puno. / The lack of a good diet well balanced nutritionally, leads to the persistent underdevelopment, particularly for the physical and intellectual capacity of the people and impacts negatively on the development of the country. The present doctoral thesis aimed to assess strategies to produce an appropriate food sufficient, safe and sustainable through experimenting different cultivating techniques and local cultivars of cassava for identifying which techniques and cultivars are more performant to increase yield. On the other hand, in order to contribute to the diversification of food production and improvement of the traditional Congolese diet constituted by more than 80% of carbohydrates particularly cassava, new crops recognized to have a better content in protein, minerals, and vitamins such as Orange-Fleshed Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) recognized to be rich especially in provitamin A and quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) recognized particularly for its well-balanced amino acids content were studied. As results, among three Planting methods (Ridge, Mound, and Flat) for producing cassava and 5 local cultivars of cassava (Dunda, Kakuanga, Kasongoy, Kasonie, Ngoymuamba) assessed, ridge and culltivar Ngoymuamba resulted to give the highest yield (19.2 Mg ha-1 in fresh roots), while Dunda was the cultivar which produced the lowest yield (6.8 Mg ha-1 in fresh roots). The Orange-Fleshed Sweet Potato cultivars studied showed that its content in β-carotene is reasonably high as 87 g per day can cover the whole daily allowances of vitamin A in adults’ people. On the quinoa side, three cultivars (Pasankalla, Puno, Titicaca) demonstrated to produce considerable yield as the production in grain was 2.2 Mg ha-1, 1.9 Mg ha-1, 1.3 Mg ha-1, respectively for Titicaca, Pasankalla and Puno.

Orientador: Anderson Marliere Navarro / Banca: Thaís Borges César / Banca: Telma Maria Braga Costa / Resumo: Mulheres pós-menopausadas estão mais susceptíveis a problemas de saúde relacionados hipoestrogenismo, o que favorece ao processo de estresse oxidativo, inflamatório e ao desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas. Visto que a inclusão de cereais integrais na alimentação veicula componentes bioativos de efeito antioxidante e hipolipemiante, como as lignanas, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos hipolipemiantes, inflamatórios e antioxidantes de lignanas provenientes da ingestão de quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) em um grupo de mulheres pós-menopausadas. Foi realizado um estudo prospectivo, randomizado, duplo cego e controlado por placebo, no qual participaram 35 mulheres que foram submetidas ao consumo diário de 25 gramas de quinoa em flocos ou placebo, no período de 4 semanas consecutivas. No início e ao final do tratamento, após as quatro semanas, foram realizadas avaliações antropométricas: peso corporal, estatura e circunferência da cintura; e coleta de sangue para a quantificação de glicose, colesterol total, LDL-C, HDL-C, triglicerídeos, marcadores de estresse (GSH e TBARS), Vitamina E, marcadores inflamatórios (IL-6 e TNF-α) e enterolignanas (END e ENL); e urina de 24 horas para quantificação de enterolignanas. Os resultados obtidos foram analisados em dois diferentes estudos os quais foram escritos na forma de artigo científico, sendo que o primeiro artigo abordou o efeito do consumo de quinoa sobre as concentrações de glicose, colesterol total e frações e de marcadores de estresse oxidativo, e o segundo artigo abordou o efeito das enterolignas sobre os marcadores inflamatórios em um grupo de mulheres pós-menopausadas. Ao comparar as dosagens no início e ao final do experimento, o presente estudo mostrou um possível efeito benéfico proveniente da ingestão do cereal quinoa, pois foram constatadas reduções significativas nas concentrações... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Postmenopausal women are more susceptible to health problems related to declining estrogen concentrations, which favor the oxidative stress and inflammatory process and the development of chronic diseases. Since daily consumption of grains involves bioactive components with an antioxidant and hypolipidemic effects, like lignans, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of quinoa consumption on the concentrations of glucose, total cholesterol and fractions, oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in a group of postmenopausal women. A prospective, randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled study has been conducted on 35 women who had to consume 25 grams/day of quinoa flakes or placebo, over a period of 4 consecutive weeks. At the beginning and at the end of the intervention, after four weeks, anthropometric assessment was performed by body weight, height and abdominal circumference; and blood was collected for the determination of glucose, total cholesterol and fractions, oxidative stress and inflammatory markers, vitamin E and enterolignans, and 24-h urine was obtained for the determination of enterolignans. The results were analyzed in two different studies which were written in the form of a scientific paper, the first one emphasizes the effect of quinoa intake on consumption on the concentrations of glucose, total cholesterol and fractions, oxidative stress markers and in the second paper investigated the effect of enterolignans on inflammatory markers in a group of postmenopausal women. Comparing the beginning and the end of the intervention, the present study showed a possible beneficial effect by quinoa intake, because significant reductions were observed in serum triglycerides, TBARS and vitamin E concentrations, and an increase in enterolignan urinary excretion in the groups that consumed quinoa and placebo. A significant reduction of total cholesterol... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Nell’ambito della ricerca di colture alternative e di alimenti ad alto valore nutrizionale, presso il Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Vegetali Sostenibili, si è svolta un’attività di ricerca sull’adattabilità della quinoa in Italia Settentrionale. La sperimentazione è durata tre anni ed ha preso in considerazione areali pedo-climatici di pianura e di collina. Il primo obiettivo era quello d’identificare le varietà di quinoa più adatte alle condizioni ambientali del Nord Italia, e come secondo obiettivo individuare la tecnica di coltivazione appropriata per gli agrosistemi intensivi; come terzo obiettivo contribuire al miglioramento della tecnica di coltivazione della quinoa nei Paesi emergenti (Colombia). In Italia settentrionale le attività di ricerca sono iniziate nel 2014 con un confronto varietale di 24 ecotipi di quinoa. Per il ciclo colturale 2015, sono state scelte le migliori 11 cultivar delle prove precedenti, insieme ad altre 5 nuove cultivar. Per quanto riguarda invece il 2016, le prove sono state divise in due: 1. Due prove riguardanti alla scelta varietale 2. Una prova con lo scopo di studiare la risposta produttiva della quinoa alla fertilizzazione azotata. Per quanta riguarda la sperimentazione nei Paesi in Via di sviluppo sono state allestite due prove agronomiche nel dipartimento di Boyacà (Colombia). / With the aim of finding alternative crops and foods high in nutrients, at the Department of Sustainable Crop Production (DI.PRO.VE.S.), a research on the adaptability of quinoa in Northern Italy was carried out. This activity has continued for three years both in the plain and in the hills. The first aim of this work was to identify quinoa varieties most suitable for Northern Italy environmental conditions and as a second purpose to identify the appropriate cultivation technique to adopt the quinoa crop in the sustainable intensive farming systems; the third aim was to contribute to the improvement of quinoa cultivation technique in emerging countries (Colombia). In Northern Italy the research activities began in 2014 with a varietal comparison of 24 quinoa ecotypes. During 2015 crop cycle, the best 11 varieties out of the previous trials were selected, together with 5 new cultivars. In the third year (2016), the trials were divided into: 1. Regarding the varietal screening, two different trials 2. In order to study the response of quinoa to nitrogen fertilization, a trial a split-plot trial was arranged. Furthermore, regarding the research in the developing countries, two agronomic trials were established in the Department of Boyacà (Colombia).

En el capítulo I se concluye que el proyecto es técnicamente viable debido a que es posible producir la compota y hay disponibilidad de materia prima, además es económicamente viable debido a que el consumo per cápita de compotas para bebé en Perú sigue la tendencia a aumentar debido a un aumento progresivo del ingreso el cual les da mayor capacidad adquisitiva a las personas e incrementa su consumo. Finalmente es socialmente viable debido a que dinamiza la economía de los agricultores ya que las materias primas que ellos producen que son el durazno, maca, quinua, kiwicha y cañihua se les está dando un valor agregado al convertirlo en una compota para bebés e incorporarlo al mercado Limeño. Asimismo conforme la planta de producción opere se presentará un aumento de la demanda de las materias primas lo cual representará un aumento en los ingresos de los agricultores y por lo tanto una mejora en su calidad de vida además de crear puestos de trabajo en la planta de producción. En el capítulo II se establece que el país al cual está destinado la compota para bebés es Perú específicamente la ciudad de Lima, para bebés menores a los 2 años de edad cuyos padres pertenecen a los niveles socioeconómicos A, B y C y cuyo estilo de vida es catalogado como los sofisticados y las modernas. En el capítulo III se determina que la planta estará ubicada en la ciudad de Lima específicamente en el distrito de Ventanilla. En el capítulo IV se establece que el tamaño de la planta es de 1849 toneladas/año el cual es determinado por el tamaño de mercado. En el capítulo V se establecen las especificaciones técnicas de la compota y se determina la fórmula a utilizar la cual es aprobada por un nutricionista. Luego se establecen las tecnologías existentes, se selecciona la tecnología a utilizar y se determina el proceso de producción. Posteriormente se muestra la maquinaria a utilizar y se determina la capacidad instalada la cual es de 2.460.326 kg de compota/año. En el capítulo VI se establece la organización administrativa de la empresa es decir los puestos que se requieren, las funciones que debe realizar y las competencias y formación profesional que debe tener. En el capítulo VII se determina que la inversión total es de 4.748.698 soles siendo el 40% financiamiento y el 60% capital propio. En el capítulo VIII se observa que tanto el VAN económico que es 4.252.919 soles y el VAN financiero que es 4.639.674 soles son mayores a 0, por lo tanto la inversión del proyecto es aceptable pues genera más ganancias después de recuperar lo invertido. Esta afirmación se ve fortalecida debido a que la TIR económica la cual es 42% y la TIR financiera la cual es 52% son mayores que el costo de capital (Cok) el cual es 23%. Además la evaluación económica muestra que el periodo de recupero sería de 4 años y 6 meses mientras la evaluación financiera muestra que sería en 4 años y 1 mes, siendo esta última la más importante para los inversionistas, pues se concentra más en los ingresos y egresos que tendría el proyecto. Luego la relación beneficio/costo financiera es de 2,63 es decir por cada sol invertido se genera 2,63 soles de ingreso. En conclusión el proyecto es viable debido a que genera más dinero de lo invertido en él y presenta unos flujos tentadores para la inversión. En el capítulo IX se realiza la evaluación social del proyecto, estableciéndose la ubicación de la planta en el distrito de Ventanilla específicamente al costado de la planta térmica de ciclo combinado de Ventanilla. Luego se determina que los impactos que genera la empresa en la comunidad donde está ubicada son: aumento de la congestión vehicular, disminución de la tasa de desempleo, revalorización de los terrenos, aumento de la contaminación por generación de residuos sólidos, emisión de gases contaminantes y generación de efluentes. Después se procede a cuantificar estos impactos y por último se realiza la medición del impacto social mediante indicadores macroeconómicos. / Trabajo de investigación

El presente estudio de pre factibilidad para la implementación de una planta procesadora de hojuelas de quinua endulzadas con miel, destinado a los NSE B y C de Lima, brinda la información necesaria para determinar la factibilidad del proyecto. / The present study of feasibility for the implementation of a sweetened quinoa flakes processing plant, destined to the NSE B and C from Lima, brings the required information to determine the project feasibility / Trabajo de investigación

Quinoa has been utilized for millennia in the Andes region of South America as a nutritious and hardy food crop. In recent years interest in quinoa has grown as need increases for an alternative to traditional cereal crops that can tolerate marginal environments while offering superior nutrition. Growers outside the Andes have experienced several complications adopting quinoa, including undesirable secondary metabolites, poor yield, lodging, and height inconsistency. Unfortunately, access to native ecotypes for crop improvement is limited, and desirable traits are difficult to introduce into available quinoa cultivars because of its allotetraploid genome and tendency to self-pollinate. A genome-wide survey of induced mutations in 244 sequenced M2 families was created from a bank of EMS-treated quinoa seeds and assembled into a library of mutant lineages with predicted variants and their effects on genes to assist in identifying agronomically valuable mutations in target genes as a supplement to crop improvement efforts. Using this library, eight families containing mutations in genes associated with reduced height "GAI1, GA20OX, GID1, and L " were identified. Several individuals exhibited a shorter than average phenotype; however, because each family contains thousands of EMS-induced mutations, the causative mutation of the reduced height phenotype in each family could not be definitively identified. In one family, absence of the GAI1 mutant allele, but the presence of a mutant CKX3 allele, provided a correlation between a mutation and the short phenotype. Genotyping each generation would be required for a targeted mutant allele to be tracked through selection.

El presente trabajo a realizar se basa en la viabilidad, escalabilidad y pertinencia del método científico respecto al producto “nuggets a base de cushuro, lentejas y quinua” con la finalidad de llevarlo al mercado para satisfacer las necesidades del público objetivo y suprimir el problema encontrado. Una alimentación balanceada a lo largo de la vida ayuda a prevenir enfermedades y es aquella que contribuye con alimentos nutricionales de cada individuo. Asimismo, nos enfocamos en aportar con la oferta y comercialización de productos saludables dentro de Lima Metropolitano, debido a que existe una escasa oferta de productos sanos en el país por el elevado costo de fabricación y porque la mayoría son importados. Se quiere dar a conocer el producto como innovador y sobre todo resaltar su valor agregado mediante las propiedades nutricionales que contienen estos súper alimentos encontrados solo en esta región del Perú. En la actualidad existen empresas que comercializan este tipo de productos, los que tienen mayor impacto en el mercado en su mayoría son los competidores indirectos que elaboran nuggets convencionales a base de pollo. No obstante, hay una industria reducida que fabrica alimentos saludables y las comercializa, enfocados en un segmento pequeño de la población, la cual paga más por productos diferenciados y sanos. Así que, nuestra propuesta es satisfacer a ese segmento de personas que, apuesta por un producto nutritivo, accesible al precio y agradable al consumirlo. / The present work to be carried out is based on the viability, scalability and relevance of the scientific method with respect to the product "nuggets based on cushuro, lentils and quinoa" in order to bring it to the market to satisfy the needs of the target audience and eliminate the problem encountered . A balanced diet throughout life helps prevent diseases and is one that contributes with nutritional food for each individual. Likewise, we focus on contributing with the supply and marketing of healthy products within Metropolitan Lima, due to the fact that there is a scarce offer of healthy products in the country due to the high cost of manufacturing and because most are imported. It wants to publicize the product as innovative and above all highlight its added value through the nutritional properties of these super foods found only in this region of Peru. There are currently companies that market this type of product, the ones that have the greatest impact on the market, the majority are indirect competitors that make conventional chicken-based nuggets. However, there is a small industry that manufactures and markets healthy foods, focused on a small segment of the population, which pays more for differentiated and healthy products. So, our proposal is to satisfy that segment of people who are committed to a nutritious product, accessible at a price and pleasant to consume. / Trabajo de investigación

O boom do consumo e da produção de quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) é um fenômeno recente que representa a transição de um cultivo andino negligenciado e subutilizado durante séculos para um supercultivo moderno do século XXI, dado o seu aporte nutricional. Nesse sentido, a presente tese apresenta e discute questões que o boom da quinoa suscita acerca das tendências das mudanças no uso da terra no Peru ― país que se tornou o maior produtor e exportador mundial do produto a partir de 2014. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa realizaram-se dois estudos. O primeiro deles objetivou analisar a dinâmica da expansão do cultivo de quinoa e identificar as mudanças no uso da terra resultantes do boom da quinoa, assim como determinar se tais mudanças ameaçam a agrobiodiversidade na principal região produtora de quinoa: Puno. O segundo estudo buscou calcular o impacto do boom da quinoa na expansão do seu cultivo, em termos de área ocupada, além de discutir os mecanismos pelos quais a expansão da demanda internacional por este produto ocasiona mudanças no uso da terra no Peru. Ambos os estudos se basearam em dados disponibilizados por entidades e órgãos oficiais do Peru, os quais foram coletados separadamente para as 18 regiões produtoras de quinoa, no período de 1995-2014. Para a análise dos dados, construíram-se mapas temáticos com as variáveis: área cultivada e variação porcentual anual de área cultivada. Também foram utilizadas as seguintes técnicas estatísticas: estatística descritiva, Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA) e exponential smoothing. Os resultados evidenciaram que o boom da quinoa no Peru começou em 2009, sendo que, a partir desse ano, a configuração da área cultivada com quinoa foi alterada drasticamente. Já no ano de 2014, inicia-se um período de expansão sem precedentes na história de sua produção. Cabe destacar, nesse sentido, que se o boom da quinoa não tivesse ocorrido, no ano de 2014 teria sido cultivada uma área 43% menor de quinoa do que foi efetivamente observado. A partir disso, foram constatados três fenômenos: (i) a evolução de uma nova geografia da produção de quinoa; (ii) a redução do uso de práticas agrícolas tradicionais (p.ex.: rotação de cultivos, descanso do solo) decorrente da intensificação da produção de quinoa; e (iii) a tendência de competição pelo uso da terra para produção de cultivos Andinos na região Puno (cañigua, mashua, oca e tarhui). Dessa forma, a expansão do mercado internacional de quinoa a partir de 2008 já começa a revelar suas consequências sobre as mudanças no uso da terra no Peru: (i) efeito de deslocamento (migração de atividades de um lugar para outro de uma maneira a ocasionar mudanças no uso da terra em novas localidades), (ii) efeito rebote (mudanças no uso da terra com as medidas adotadas para incrementar a eficiência da produção e aumento do número de empresas atuando no setor), e (iii) efeito cascata (perturbações que afetam o sistema terrestre em decorrência da substituição de áreas destinadas à produção de outros cultivos em condições agroecológicas específicas). Ao trazer uma perspectiva sobre a relação entre a intensificação do comércio internacional da quinoa e a expansão de terra cultivada no Peru, este trabalho contribui para a literatura, ainda em construção, sobre consequências das mudanças no uso da terra na sustentabilidade dos sistemas agrobiológicos. / The boom in consumption and production of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a recent phenomenon that represents the transition from a neglected and underutilized Andean crop for centuries to a modern supercrop of the 21st century due to its exceptional nutritional value. In this context, the present thesis presents and discusses issues raised as a resut of the quinoa boom regarding trends in land-use change in Peru, which, as from 2014, has become the world’s largest producer of quinoa. Therefore, two studies were carried out. The first study aimed to analyze the dynamics of the expansion of quinoa cultivation and to identify land use changes resulting from the quinoa boom, as well as to determine whether such changes threaten agrobiodiversity in the major quinoa producing region: Puno. The second study aimed to calculate the impact of the quinoa boom on the expansion of quinoa production in terms of cultivated area, and to discuss the mechanisms by which the growing international demand for this product causes land use changes in Peru. Both studies are based on data available from official sources. Data were collected separately for the quinoa producing regions, 18 in total. It covers the period from 1995 to 2014. Data were analyzed using thematic maps with the following variables: harvested area and annual variation in the percentage of harvested area. There were also used the following statistical techniques: descriptive statistics, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and exponential smoothing. The findings showed that the quinoa boom in Peru began in 2009. From this year, the configuration of the area cultivated with quinoa has changed drastically, but the year 2014 marked the beginning of an unprecedented period in the history of the production of this crop. In this regard, it should be noted that if it had not occurred the quinoa boom, the area cultivated with quinoa in 2014 would have been 43% less than the observed quantity. From this, it was found three phenomena: (i) the evolution of the new geography of quinoa production in Peru; (ii) the diminished use of traditional farming practices (eg.: crop rotation with rest for the soil) due to the intensification of quinoa production; and (iii) the trend towards increased land use competition for Andean crop production in the Puno region (cañigua, mashua, oca e tarhui). Thus, the growing international quinoa trade since 2008 has started to reveal the consequences of land use changes in Peru: (i) displacement effect (migration of activities from one place to another, causing land use changes in new locations); (ii) rebound effect (land use changes in response to the measures introduced to improve production efficiency and the increase in the number of companies operating in the sector); and (iii) cascade effect (disorders that affect the land system as a result of the substitution of land area used to produce other crops in specific agro-ecological conditions). With the perspective on the link between the intensification of international trade of quinoa and the expansion of cultivated land in Peru, this study contributes to the literature by providing insights into the consequences of land use changes on the sustainability of agrobiological systems.